pain

Open Access Article

1 - Image and its Position in Iranian Portrait Painting
جواد عليمحمدي اردكاني مصطفی گودرزی محسن مراثی

This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings More

This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings from different Persian painting schools so that it can better show how this field of art has always used the element of image and mystical understanding to convey a figurative universe. The article, first, introduces image and its position in Iranian painting, then contrasts the figurative elements in both Persian poetry and portrait painting, and finally concludes that Persian painting, using institutionalized signs and symbols in poetry has created its own figurative and ideal human. This feature can be found in Persian painting up to the first half of Qajar reign in the 13th century A. H.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A comparative analysis poetry and painting in Safavid era Based on theory of Henry Remak
Morad Esmaeeli

As an interdisciplinary study in comparative literature, this paper is to address the linkage between literature and painting in Safavid era. Integrating Remak’s theory of Comparative Literature and Art, this study is to disclose how the same concept can be represented More

As an interdisciplinary study in comparative literature, this paper is to address the linkage between literature and painting in Safavid era. Integrating Remak’s theory of Comparative Literature and Art, this study is to disclose how the same concept can be represented in different forms in poetry and painting in that era. Findings show that poetries and paintings in the investigated era are not in the perpetuation of previously dominant styles. Rather, poetry and painting in this era has their own special paradigm. In fact, Safavid poets and painters enjoy a set of common principles which cannot be compared with the previous eras. Furthermore, secularism is one main presupposition which make the building blocks of thought and art in the era. Indeed, the poets and painters in the era have created their own work in various forms such as: realism, partialism (micro reading), entertainment-related reading, using surrounding elements, etc. which all are the main components of secularism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A critical Survey of Mark Maller’s View of Animal Suffering
Sayed Mahmoud Musawi Mohammad Molaye

Animal pain and suffering in the domain of nature are undeniable facts, which give rise to the problem of incompatibility of such facts with divine attributes of omniscience, omnipotence and absolute benevolence of God in Abrahamic faiths. Theologians have endeavored to More

Animal pain and suffering in the domain of nature are undeniable facts, which give rise to the problem of incompatibility of such facts with divine attributes of omniscience, omnipotence and absolute benevolence of God in Abrahamic faiths. Theologians have endeavored to meet this challenge by both explaining the compatibility and persevering their traditional faith in divine attributes. Mark Maller, however, attempted to solve the problem by reinterpretation of divine attributes and abandoning the orthodox beliefs. The problem with Maller and his like Christian theologians was to rely on nonreligious presumptions rather than on theistic foundations in finding a solution for the problem. The critique of their stance is that one cannot formulate a logical consistent argument by adopting some premises from religious fources and other premises from nonreligious ones. It seems that a holistic view and looking into scriptural thrives can provide a better and more coherent solution for animal suffering. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Role of Creating Flexible Patterns of Behavior through Value-Based Exposure in the Psychotherapy Process on Chronic Pain Reduction and Clinical Syndrome in Patients with Systemic Lupus
Ali Mohammad Rezaei Sharifi Tayyebeh Ahmad Ghazanfari Elham aflaki Mohammad jafar bahre dar

The purpose of the present study was to The Role of Creating Flexible Patterns of Behavior through Value-Based Exposure in the Psychotherapy Process on Chronic Pain Reduction and Clinical Syndrome in Patients with Systemic Lupus. The research method was quasi-experiment More

The purpose of the present study was to The Role of Creating Flexible Patterns of Behavior through Value-Based Exposure in the Psychotherapy Process on Chronic Pain Reduction and Clinical Syndrome in Patients with Systemic Lupus. The research method was quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest) with a 3-month follow-up period and a control group. For this purpose, 60 subjects were selected based on inclusion criteria and were selected by purposeful sampling in two intervention groups: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (20 patients), Compassionate Focus (20 patients) and Control (20 patients). To collect data, the Zong Anxiety Inventory (SAS) and Chronic Pain Questionnaire were used. Analysis of variance was performed by repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the intervention and acceptance-based intervention and compassion-focused intervention in chronic anxiety and pain and the control group in pre-test and post-test scores (P <0.001). Overall, the results of this study show that acceptance-based and commitment-based and compassion-based treatment modalities reduce anxiety and chronic pain in lupus patients. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Comparing the Effectiveness of Group Positive Psychotherapy and Psychodrama on Spiritual Attitude of Women with Chronic Pain
Oranous Ghotbinejhad Bahre Asemani Marjan Hassaniraad

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy and psychodrama on spiritual attitude of women with chronic pain. The study was a semi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with control group, a More

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy and psychodrama on spiritual attitude of women with chronic pain. The study was a semi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with control group, and the statistical population included all women suffering from chronic pain who visited Pars Royal Clinic in Tehran, from among whom a sample of 45 women were selected using convenience sampling method and were assigned to three groups of 15 people. Research tools included Spiritual Attitude Scale, Group Positive Psychotherapy Protocol and Therapeutic Psychodrama Package. For analyzing the data, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized. Research findings indicated that group positive psychotherapy was more effective than psychodrama on improving the spiritual attitude of women suffering from chronic pain (p<0.01). Based on the results, compared to psychodrama, group positive psychotherapy is more effective on strenghtening the spiritual attitude of women with chronic pain in using adaptive strategies to cope with chronic pain and thereby improving their quality of life Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Role of Creating Flexible Patterns of Behavior through Value-Based Exposure in the Psychotherapy Process
Ali Mohammad Rezaei Sharifi Tayyebeh Ahmad Ghazanfari Elham aflaki Mohammad jafar bahre dar

The aim of the present study was to establish flexible patterns of behavior through value-oriented exposure in the psychotherapeutic process to the reduction of chronic pain and clinical symptoms in patients with systemic lupus. The present research method was quasi-exp More

The aim of the present study was to establish flexible patterns of behavior through value-oriented exposure in the psychotherapeutic process to the reduction of chronic pain and clinical symptoms in patients with systemic lupus. The present research method was quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test) with a three-month follow-up period and a control group. For this purpose, 60 subjects were selected based on the criteria for entering the study and were assigned by available sampling method in two groups of treatment based on acceptance and commitment (20 people), treatment focused on compassion (20 people) and one control group (20 people). Zong SAS Anxiety Questionnaire and Chronic Pain Questionnaire were used to collect information. To analyze the findings, the variance analysis method was used with repeated measurement and non-parametric follow-up tests of Bonfroni, Kalmograf-Smirnov and Krovit Machli. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two intervention groups of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and treatment focused on compassion on anxiety and chronic pain and the control group on pre-test-post-test scores (p <0.001). Overall, the results of this study show that treatment based on acceptance and commitment and compassion-focused therapy has an effect on reducing anxiety and chronic pain in lupus patients. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - fear of death in philosophy of epicurus
Seyednima Salehi Ahmad asgari

this is a philosophy paper about epicurus and what is his philosophy of death and why he thinks that death is nothing to fear and his arguments for this thesis. our problem here is that first to know that what exactly is the epicurus thesis and why it can be enterpreted More

this is a philosophy paper about epicurus and what is his philosophy of death and why he thinks that death is nothing to fear and his arguments for this thesis. our problem here is that first to know that what exactly is the epicurus thesis and why it can be enterpreted differently second we want to know that why he thinks what he thinks and at the end we want to know that who were his predecessors in the philosophical and cultural context in general. this work is important because if we interpret it without knowing its context it can be misleading and we may think that we know what he says but we are wrong. main problems of this paper are what is the foundations of epicurus thesis that fear of death is unjustified and wether his argument for this is sound or not? we see that in philosophy of epicurus soul is mortal and this means that death is annihilation. despite this is not the reason for not being happy but fear of death is actually an obstacle to happiness for this reason he thinks that fear of death is unjustified and say to us how we should face death. in this paper first we try to understand the thesis in the cultural and philosophical context and history of it and then we try to show that the fear of death is distinguished from fear of dying to clarify what epicurus argument really says. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The effect of yoga exercises on body posture, fatigue intensity, pain and trunk kinematics of girls with erectile dysfunction
Abdolrasoul Daneshjoo Hoda Yazdani Esfahaninejad Shamim Roghanian

10.61186/jspac.41139.3.10.1

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one cycle of regular yoga exercises on body posture, fatigue severity, pain and trunk kinematics in girls with erectile dysfunction. Materials and Methods: The present study was an applied study that wa More

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one cycle of regular yoga exercises on body posture, fatigue severity, pain and trunk kinematics in girls with erectile dysfunction. Materials and Methods: The present study was an applied study that was performed by quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all girls aged 25-35 years living in Rasht with erectile dysfunction that 24 people were selected as a sample based on G-Power software based on entry and exit criteria in a targeted and accessible manner. An equal number (12 experimental and 12 control) were divided. The experimental group underwent Iangar yoga for 3 weeks each week for eight weeks, and the control group performed only their daily activities. Then, in order to measure the pre-test and post-test of the head-forward variables, dorsal kyphosis, lumbar lordosis from a flexible ruler, to measure fatigue severity from the MFIS fatigue questionnaire, for back pain from the visual pain intensity scale (vas) and to measure upper rotation Shoulder and shoulder protection by Diota (1990) method and the total shoulder protection on the dominant and non-dominant side was considered as the distance between the two shoulders. Data were analyzed using paired t-test at the significance level of P≥0.05. Results: The results of paired t-test showed a significant effect of eight weeks of yoga exercises on head forward reduction, dorsal kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, fatigue severity, low back pain, upper scapular rotation, scapular protrusion and distance between two scapulae (p≤ 0.001). Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be concluded that yoga exercises in girls with dorsal kyphosis and cervical and lumbar lordosis in order to strengthen the stabilizing muscles of the spine as well as strengthening the scapular retractor muscles and stretching the anterior chest muscles while reducing the kyphosis angle. Cervical and lumbar lordosis improves the position of the scapula and consequently increases the range of motion of the upper limb. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Fear of Death in Epicurean Philosophy
Ahmad Asgari Seyednima Salehi

This study investigates the basic principles and arguments of Epicurean philosophy in relation to the baselessness of fear of death and whether his reasoning in this regard is justified. In Epicurus’ philosophy, the soul is mortal and, thus, death means annihilation. He More

This study investigates the basic principles and arguments of Epicurean philosophy in relation to the baselessness of fear of death and whether his reasoning in this regard is justified. In Epicurus’ philosophy, the soul is mortal and, thus, death means annihilation. He believes that although this idea does not negate happiness, fear of death impedes happiness. Hence, he provides some arguments to prove that it is unjustified and explains the correct way of encountering death. Here, while presenting a new interpretation of Epicurean view of fear of death, the author tries to propound and evaluate his views and arguments in the cultural and philosophical context of this problem and emphasizes that one must make a distinction between “fear of the process of dying” and “fear of being dead” in order to clearly understand the Epicurean view in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The role of physical health and psychological pain in the prediction of suicide attempt: mediating factor of distress tolerance and self-directed aggression
Fateme Habibi Isaac Rahimian Boogar,

The aim of this study was to test the structural model of physical health and psychological pain with suicide with the mediating role of distress tolerance and self-directed aggression. The research method was descriptive-correlational (structural equation model) and Th More

The aim of this study was to test the structural model of physical health and psychological pain with suicide with the mediating role of distress tolerance and self-directed aggression. The research method was descriptive-correlational (structural equation model) and The participants were selected of people living in Tehran and Alborz province in the age range of 18-50 years during the period of winter 1400 to summer 1401. Using the available sampling method, 400 subjects participated in the research through an online survey. The instruments used in this study include Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36), Mental Pain Scale (OMMP), Distress Tolerane Scale (DTS), Self-Harm Inventory (SHI) and Suicide probability scale (SPS). Data analysis done through Multiple regression method and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that physical health and psychological pain had a direct and significant relationship with suicide attempts. Also, distress tolerance and self-directed aggression had a mediating role in the relationship between physical health and psychological pain and suicide attempts. findings showed that the model has an acceptable fit with the collected data. According to the research results, regarding to distress tolerance and self-directed aggression can be effective on the relationship of physical health and psychological pain with suicide attempt. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The effect of correction exercises with hydrotherapy on reduce pain, fatigue and quality of life in middle-aged women with chronic low back pain
Fereshteh Mozafari Abdolrasoul Daneshjoo Seyed Kazem Mousavi Sadati

Background and Aim: Chronic back pain is a common problem in the world, which is the most frequent among middle-aged women. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises along with water therapy on reduci More

Background and Aim: Chronic back pain is a common problem in the world, which is the most frequent among middle-aged women. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises along with water therapy on reducing pain, fatigue, life expectancy and trunk kinematic indices in women with chronic low back pain. Material and Methods: The research sample includes 30 of these people who were randomly selected and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, control and experimental. In this study, the amount of back pain was evaluated with the help of a visual pain assessment questionnaire. Also, the quality of life of the subjects was evaluated with the help of the World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire - short form and the intensity of fatigue with the help of the MFIS questionnaire. After evaluating the variables, the subjects were divided into two control and training groups, and the training group did the training program for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The control group also did their daily activities during this period. In this study, the normality of the distributions was investigated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. In order to test the research hypotheses under normal conditions, analysis of covariance (between groups) and correlation t (within groups) were used. Results: The results of this study showed that applying an eight-week corrective exercise program along with water therapy is effective in reducing fatigue and quality of life in addition to reducing pain (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed the effect of corrective exercises along with water therapy on reducing back pain, improving quality of life and trunk kinematics in middle-aged women. Based on this, it seems that applying the exercises of the present study can be effective in improving the quality of life in middle-aged women with back pain Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Etiology, Consequences and Treatments of Vginismus: A Psychological Perspective Systematic Review
shiva zare soode dashtiane Zahra Shomali

Vaginismus is one of the most common sexual disorders among women and has a significant impact on women and couples. The present review article was aimed at investigating the etiology, consequences, and treatments of Vaginismus from a psychological perspective. The c More

Vaginismus is one of the most common sexual disorders among women and has a significant impact on women and couples. The present review article was aimed at investigating the etiology, consequences, and treatments of Vaginismus from a psychological perspective. The current study was a systematic review. Relevant keywords such as vaginismus psychology, vaginismus disorder, genital pain/ penetration disorder, etc. have been searched and extracted in Springer, Science Direct, PubMed, SID, Magiran, Noormags, and Civilica database from 1940 to 2021. By reviewing the related articles, it was conducted that genital pain/ penetration disorder is the most common disorder among women. This disorder has an important impact on the quality of sexual intercourse as well as couples’ mental health. It can be concluded that changing the way of thinking, parenting and cultural building is very important. Furthermore, proper education about sex and preparing the educational content and related tools for adolescence boys and girls can be functional. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Revealing the hidden side of things, through painting based on the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze
Seyedeh Maryam Ghazi ali moradkhani Mohammad shokri

Based on the notions of Gilles Deleuze, the researcher studied the expression of hidden aspects of objects through painting. By tracing the development of art from the prehistoric era to the postmodern era, using a method based on color orientation and how it affects se More

Based on the notions of Gilles Deleuze, the researcher studied the expression of hidden aspects of objects through painting. By tracing the development of art from the prehistoric era to the postmodern era, using a method based on color orientation and how it affects sensation, going beyond figuration, which includes intersections and pauses, beyond studies focused on form and content, color and color sensation of the paintings can be investigated as an essence of the interaction of the forces affecting the concepts concealed on the canvas. The investigation of surface-level conflicts of colors on canvas was set aside in favor of examining the painting process as a result of concealed thoughts and the true expression of colors, allowing for the achievement of the ideas hidden in the colors. To collect data for this qualitative research, a desk study was carried out. The purpose was to identify the qualities of modern painting that are based on color orientation and how it impacts perception, as well as to identify the mechanisms affecting color relationships on the painting canvas. In order to explore a perspective on painting, the researcher developed a framework by highlighting the key notions in Gilles Deleuze’s theories. Making the invisible visible was finally accomplished through the study of colors, the absolute significance of a visual reality that has nothing left to convey, and by accepting the shift from the cliches of visual and action paintings. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Exploring Architectural Ornamentation: A Focus on Tile Decorations in Painting Schools
Negar Hassani Fakhrabadi Mohammad Hossein Hassani Fakhrabadi

Visual documents, including paintings, are among the most important sources in researching the history of Iranian architecture. However, the capacities and special importance of these paintings have not been sufficiently emphasized and utilized in architectural resea More

Visual documents, including paintings, are among the most important sources in researching the history of Iranian architecture. However, the capacities and special importance of these paintings have not been sufficiently emphasized and utilized in architectural research. Therefore, there is a need for a deeper examination and analysis of these paintings and their effects on architecture. The Herat School stands as one of the significant schools in the history of Iranian architecture. This school is capable of realistically representing the architectural spaces of the Timurid period, which is particularly important because the architecture of this period exhibits realistic and reflective features of Islamic architectural elements. In this article, the level of realism of the tile decorations in Behzad's paintings has been investigated and analyzed. The current research method is non-experimental and based on an interpretive-historical approach. In fact, by prioritizing the logic of "the possibility of extracting documents in the field" and "the extraction of images used in the documents" as inferential and indicative conditions in the logic of research evidence, random sampling has been utilized. The research structure, relying on Behzad's images and architectural concepts depicted in his paintings, begins with an introduction from this artist and then proceeds to analyze the influential real buildings in those works. Manuscript profile

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