Typology

Open Access Article

1 - Comprative Study of Motion Verbs in the Middle and Modern Persian
Faeghe Shahhoseini Belqis Rowshan Narjes banoo Saburi Arezu Najafian

Cognitive typology is focused on conceptual principles, experience, and cognition to analyze language universals and differences in the representation of categories, experiences, etc. among the languages of the world. One of the fundamental principles of cognitive lingu More

Cognitive typology is focused on conceptual principles, experience, and cognition to analyze language universals and differences in the representation of categories, experiences, etc. among the languages of the world. One of the fundamental principles of cognitive linguistics, and thus cognitive typology is the rejection of the distinction between diachronic and synchronic linguistics. In fact, neglecting the changes a language goes through time, results in neglecting the evidences that historically affected today’s language use. Therefore, this research aims to study different ways of using motion verbs in the Middle Persian (focusing on Zoroastrian Middle Persian) and comparing them with Modern Persian to find out about the changes in representation of motion verbs through the history of Persian language. Theoretical framework of this research is cognitive typology (Talmy, 2000) based on which languages are classified into two types of verb-framing and satellite-framing. In verb-framing languages, the information about path of movement is expressed in a verb, but in satellite –framing languages, information about the path is expressed outside the verb. One of the main elements of events is the path of motion which is represented in different ways in different languages based on their features and capacities. Therefore, motion verbs represent different information about the path of motion. In this article motion verbs in Middle and Modern Persian are analyzed and compared based on a cognitive approach. Results show that in this regard, Middle Persian is verb-framing, but Modern Persian is both verb-framing and satellite framing which may be due to the cognitive development of the speakers through time, and the growing capacity of languages to communicate the concepts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Cultural Sustainability, Density and Housing Typology; Case study : Residential Areas of Tabriz Metropolis
Islam Karami Mojtaba Rafieian Ali Javan Frozandeh Roshanak Sakhinia

By drawing on the tool of studying physical density and residential typology with reference to cultural dimensions, this study aims to examine the concept of culture, with particular emphasis on traditional and Islamic values (with qualitative nature), within both theor More

By drawing on the tool of studying physical density and residential typology with reference to cultural dimensions, this study aims to examine the concept of culture, with particular emphasis on traditional and Islamic values (with qualitative nature), within both theoretical and practical domains and bring it together with the complex and practical concept of physical density(with quantitative nature). In doing so, this study attempts to find strategies to guarantee the perpetual presence of culture in contemporary cities and particularly in residential setups (with qualitative/quantitative nature). The Spacemate is a tool based on the relation between density and structural forms in any scale under study which can assist architects, planners, and urban designers in their decision-making and design projects, where four quantitative indices of density can get involved simultaneously. In this study, not only this tool would be examined in relation to sustainability but also it will be used as a method in defining the relation between the types and sustainability itself. After a brief review on the related literature in three fields of typology, density and cultural sustainability, the study attempts to clarify the relationship between these three fields and the definition of qualitative indices, cultural sustainability and quantitative indices of physical density which relate to different types of residences. A typological approach to the issue of housing with regards to cultural debates can be instrumental because while proposing solutions and programming it can indicate which specific types are to be supported and which types to be prevented or restricted. In order to extract the dimensions and indices of cultural sustainability, qualitative concepts of residential sustainability in the domain of culture was surveyed and by utilizing the Delphi method, during two stages, the questionnaires completed by tens of experts in the field were assessed and selected. From among these concepts, six were detected as the most important concepts and were used during the analysis. Eleven samples from various points of residential spaces in the city of Tabriz were selected for the analysis as representatives of the different types while considering the geographical and cultural distribution of the city. After calculation and statistical analysis of the data, the degree of cultural sustainability of each sample was transferred to Spacemate and was interpreted. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - An Analysis of the Formal Typology of Sunken Courtyards in the Central Plateau of Iran; Case Study: Traditional Houses of Yazd
somayeh omidvari mehdi basouli

The sunken courtyard is one of the spatial types of underground architecture and an important spatial element of traditional dwellings in the city of Yazd. This spatial element is formed in response to a variety of factors, including climatic, functional, and physical r More

The sunken courtyard is one of the spatial types of underground architecture and an important spatial element of traditional dwellings in the city of Yazd. This spatial element is formed in response to a variety of factors, including climatic, functional, and physical requirements. In addition, it allows a family to live in the heart of the earth in the summer, away from direct sunshine, and in the winter, under the protection of the soil. Despite substantial research on the physical and spatial characteristics of subterranean courtyards, little is known about their formal typology. The purpose of this research is to investigate the significance and function of sunken courtyards in traditional Yazd dwellings, as well as the causes for their genesis and their formal typology. This is a qualitative study and the descriptive-analytical methodology was employed. This paper’s data was gathered through a field survey and documents. In this study, 40 traditional houses in Yazd with pit courtyards were surveyed. Following that, eight houses were chosen based on the level of the yards and the spatial features of sunken yards, and were analyzed based on formal typology. As a result, many typologies based on four different themes were presented, including the geometry of sunken courtyards, their location in houses, the organization of spaces around pit yards, and the depth of sunken yards. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Typology of Child-Related Policies in Iran
Maryam Sha’ban

This research was aimed at "the typology of child-related policies in Iran." After defining the sensitive concepts of the research, they were identified by the exploratory methodology of policy making, and then we analyzed the qualitative content analysis method. Findin More

This research was aimed at "the typology of child-related policies in Iran." After defining the sensitive concepts of the research, they were identified by the exploratory methodology of policy making, and then we analyzed the qualitative content analysis method. Findings and results show that child-related policymaking in Iran can be summarized in three phases of typology, respectively, which include domestic policy-making, include: 1. Sovereignty; 2. Government policy making; 3. Bureaucratic policy making (bureaucratic institutions); 4. Civil society (NGOs and charities), as well as policy making Foreigners included two cases: 1. The policies of the international community; 2. The policies of the Islamic world. As a result, child-related policies are widespread and broad in Iran, covering a wide range of aspects of children's lives. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Typology of Pilgrimage Styles among Youths in Mashhad
مهدی کرمانی Ahmadreza AsgharpourMasouleh Mohammadmahdi VaezMousavi

Although pilgrimage is known as a religious action, it has many socio-cultural features, which require in-depth qualitative studies. The typology of pilgrimage among different social strata is an example of such features. To understand different styles of pilgrimage, te More

Although pilgrimage is known as a religious action, it has many socio-cultural features, which require in-depth qualitative studies. The typology of pilgrimage among different social strata is an example of such features. To understand different styles of pilgrimage, ten participants were chosen. The aged 20-30 and were citizens of Mashhad. Interviews were semi-structured and were analyzed based on their themes. The main finding of this research showed four classes of pilgrimage based on the Weberian account of ideal types: introspective, traditional, pragmatic and entertaining. Each type emerged in three phases: preliminaries and essentials, practice, and achievements. The four axial concepts represented the essence of the pilgrimage styles: a. spirituality was the pivotal concept in the introspective style; b. the traditional pilgrimage related to rituals; c. the wish related to the practical style; d. leisure was the essence of entertainer pilgrimage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Typology of the body of residential houses with a central courtyard in the first Pahlavi period
Yasin Talebi Garalar majid shahbazi

The central yard, as an efficient and responsive device, has done its job well in protecting residents from environmental, social and cultural conditions in different regions of Iran. The physical typology of the central courtyard in different regions of the country, es More

The central yard, as an efficient and responsive device, has done its job well in protecting residents from environmental, social and cultural conditions in different regions of Iran. The physical typology of the central courtyard in different regions of the country, especially the buildings related to the first Pahlavi period, is a topic that this research seeks to answer. For this purpose, traditional houses with courtyards from different cities of the country have been selected as study samples. This research aims to investigate the physical structure, patterns and various types of the central courtyard in traditional houses, to study the typology of these houses. In order to carry out the research, more than 60 examples of traditional houses in the historical area of different cities of Iran were identified and 23 houses that had complete information and documents were selected for classification. According to their nature, research data has been collected by referring to library sources and field observations. The results of the classification of the location of the courtyard in the building show that one construction front (with the building mass on the northern side of the courtyard) has the most and buildings with two courtyards on both sides of the building have the lowest frequency among the samples studied. Also in In the longitudinal classification, 15.1-25 has the highest frequency, while in the transverse classification, the maximum frequency belongs to 15.1-20. Yards with an area of 100 to 400 square meters have the highest frequency among the samples studied. In the classification of proportions, the highest frequency is related to the proportions of 1.1 and the lowest is related to 1.5, which indicates the stretching of the yards towards the square. After the classification and comparison, Tousizadeh house has been chosen as the representative of the species with the highest abundance and Ganjalizadeh house as the representative of the species with the least abundance in the study context. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Reviewing the Design Parameters of the Building -Envelope in Order to Reduce Energy Consumption (Case Study: Contemporary Residential Buildings in District 15)
Reza Salimi Gargari seyed majid mofidi Haniyeh Sanaieian

The quality of the internal spaces and the impacts it has on the building's energy consumption depend critically on the right and optimal design of the building facade, which plays a significant function as the structure's envelope.Taking into account the facade's cruci More

The quality of the internal spaces and the impacts it has on the building's energy consumption depend critically on the right and optimal design of the building facade, which plays a significant function as the structure's envelope.Taking into account the facade's crucial function as the building's outer shell on On the other hand, new evaluation methods that designers and architects can utilize in the early stages of design must be replaced due to the time-consuming and challenging existing methods of optimization. The building's exterior envelope has an impact on both the outside environment and the urban environment in addition to shielding the inside environment from outside environmental conditions. Walls, ceilings, windows, doors, and other building elements are among its many parts. The goal of the current study is to create a thorough taxonomy of local structures while also examining the impact of building facade factors on their thermal behavior and energy usage. For this reason, the anatomical parameters of the façade are thoroughly studied in the first step by methodically studying sources and comparable research, and then the various types of facades in area 15 are examined. It should be noted that this article is only the first of a thorough investigation into facade design alternatives for energy consumption reduction. Following the completion of the investigations, the area's GIS map was extensively analyzed, and various and typical types were extracted using a field approach. According to the results of the field research and the components of the facade covering, the average area, orientation, length-to-width ratio, and frequency of parts are examined. The final types are extracted in the second stage after the buildings with the same length of view are classified in accordance with the map and the locations of the spaces in the main view. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A Study of Comparative History of Philosophy: With an Emphasis on Friedrich Schlegel’s View
Reza Gandomi Nasrabadi

One of the approaches in comparative philosophy is comparison based on the classification of philosophical systems, which dates back to Aristotle’s time. In the first decade of the 19th century, Gérando and Schlegel introduced this kind of comparative philosophy with a More

One of the approaches in comparative philosophy is comparison based on the classification of philosophical systems, which dates back to Aristotle’s time. In the first decade of the 19th century, Gérando and Schlegel introduced this kind of comparative philosophy with a focus on the typology of philosophical systems and their comparative analysis under the title of comparative history of philosophy. Typology allows thinkers to free themselves from the limitations of a specific philosophical system and grants them the opportunity to evaluate the contributions of various philosophers. The comparative history of philosophy is based on the principle that, in order to determine the place and share of each philosopher in the history of philosophy, one cannot judge them based on their valid and correct arguments. Rather, their contributions in the history of philosophy must be compared with the contributions and roles of other philosophers in various periods and philosophical schools and traditions. Therefore, the purpose of the comparative history of philosophy is not to provide a chronological list of different philosophical systems; rather, it aims to review all earlier schools of philosophy and explain the relationships among them. Accordingly, the quality of the emergence of a philosophical system from the core of another one and its extension and annihilation are investigated in a process of comparative analysis. Instead of relying on earlier principles, the comparative history of philosophy considers the outcomes and practical effects of various philosophies in the realms of science, art, and government as the basis for evaluation. In this paper, while exploring Schlegel’s intercultural approach to the comparative history of philosophy, its similarities to and differences from comparative philosophy in its new sense (Paul Masson-Oursel’s view) and the comparative history of world philosophy (with an emphasis on Sharfstein’s A Comparative History of World Philosophy) will be examined. Manuscript profile

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