Iran.

Open Access Article

1 - The Statistical analysis of Global Warming effect in Seasonal Rainfalls changes in Iran
zahra hedjazizadeh mohamadreza poodineh meysam toulabi nejad

Increasing greenhouse gases could increase the frequency of changes in precipitation in different regions of the world. So, identify the effects of global warming on precipitation in a country like Iran which is located in the dry area of the earth is of great importanc More

Increasing greenhouse gases could increase the frequency of changes in precipitation in different regions of the world. So, identify the effects of global warming on precipitation in a country like Iran which is located in the dry area of the earth is of great importance in planning related to water resources are. According to the study, statistical analysis method used. for analysis, total precipitation data of 34 stations from 1984 to 2012 was received from the National Weather Service. Also data of methane Gase (ppb) as one of the most important factors of global warming, the site of NOAA received. Outset this elements by method The Pearson correlation coefficient determined, afterwards long-term changes in precipitation than was calculated. The results of this study showed that, Bharhdr rainfall in the north and northwest parts of the country grew 13 mm; and Precipitation stations southern half of the country have faced long-term reduction of 46 percent. Due to the increasing amount of greenhouse gases, analysis of the data suggests a reduction of 30 mm of precipitation in summer than long-term stations in southern Iran, but in contrast rainfall in western and northern stations, an increasing of 14 mm. The results showed that the autumn precipitation is most relevant to global warming, in this season, about 24 mm of rainfall western stations to long-term decline, but the Southwest and Southeast stations surged 17 mm have experienced. Finally, the results of the Winters precipitation showed which, the West and Northwest stations were reduced 18/6 mm. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Spatial Distribution of blocking systems and its Coincidence to the Cold Seasons wet year in Iran
meysam toulabi nejad zahra hejazizadeh Mohammad سلیقه

The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the effect of blocking systems on Iran's poisoning during the period 1975-2015 using the Blocking numerical index. The results showed that in the cold seasons most of the blockades affecting the atmosphere of Ira More

The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the effect of blocking systems on Iran's poisoning during the period 1975-2015 using the Blocking numerical index. The results showed that in the cold seasons most of the blockades affecting the atmosphere of Iran were in the northern Atlas. Also, the study of the severity of effective blockades affecting Iran's climate showed that the strong blocking is moderate in terms of the highest number after the blocking, indicating that Iran was more affected by moderate blocking (74.6%) and then strong (21.1%). The number of weak blocking is very low (4.3%). Due to the frequency of occurrence of blocking also was found wet Iran in months. Cold, the core of the blocking in between longitude 30 ° west and 30 ° East over the Atlantic formed and as the warm season approaching, the core the land was transferred to the regions dominated by positive changes in parameters affect precipitation. Also, in Bandal's review in different seasons, it was revealed that in winter, with the retreat of the adjacent high pressure and the strength of the polar vertex, along with the occurrence of strong and long blockades, the average rainfall is more than the other seasons. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - ‍Calcareous algae of the Shah Kuh Formation (Early Cretaceous) in southwest of Khur (Central Iran)
hamid mirmohammadsadeghi Adabi

A complete succession of the Shah Kuh Formation with the age of Early Cretaceous is exposed in southwest of Khur, in Central Iran. In order to study and describe calcareous algae the Shah Kuh Formation a stratigraphic section was selected, sampled and studied in Kuh- e More

A complete succession of the Shah Kuh Formation with the age of Early Cretaceous is exposed in southwest of Khur, in Central Iran. In order to study and describe calcareous algae the Shah Kuh Formation a stratigraphic section was selected, sampled and studied in Kuh- e Tangal- e Bala, 80 Km southwest of Khur city. Association of calcareous algae consist of Delloffrella quercifoliipora belongs to Triploporellaceae, Montiella elitzae, Neomeris cretacea, Salpingoporella sp. and Terquemella sp. related to Dasycladacea and Permocalculus cf. minutus belongs to Gymnocodiacea. Also 2 genera of Udoteaceae (Arabicodium and Boueina) and 1 species of Solenoporaceae (Marinella Lugeoni) were identified. A species of algae ascribed to uncertain affinities (Lithocodium aggregatum) accompanied by skeletal fragments of colonial octocorals were identified in this research. In studied microfacies, ‍calcareous algae were observed in sediments of lagoon and bar environments. Based on ‍calcareous algae and benthic foraminifera association, the age of Late Barremian- Early Aptian was assigned for the succession of the Shah Kuh Formation in studied section. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Mineral chemistry and P-T estimation of formation of garnetschist Mount Argon (west of Angoran Mine)
Moazzen Izadyar

The Mount Argon garnet schists contain mineral assemblages of quartz, feldspar, mica and garnet. The chemical composition of, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and garnet in the studied sample shows that plagioclases are albite-rich, white mica flakes are rich in muscovit More

The Mount Argon garnet schists contain mineral assemblages of quartz, feldspar, mica and garnet. The chemical composition of, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite and garnet in the studied sample shows that plagioclases are albite-rich, white mica flakes are rich in muscovite end-member, phlogopite-annite is the dominant constituent in biotite and chemical composition of the analysed garnets shows that they are almandine and spessartine-rich. Maximum and minimum pressure and temperature of the studied rocks were estimated by using common calculation methods. The minimum and maximum temperature of metamorphism was calculated using Mg-Fe exchange between garnet and biotite. Considering a nominal pressure of 4 kbar, the highest calculated temperature was 615C and the lowest temperature was 380C. These were 644C and 392C for pressure of 8 kbar respectively. Also using multi-equilibria calculations, temperature of 800C and pressure of 9kbar were obtained for the peak of the metamorphism and temperature of 450C and pressure of 7kbar was calculated for the lower part of the metamorphism. . Two phases of metamorphism and deformation affected these rocks. The second deformation was associated with the peak of metamorphism. A decrease in temperature about 351°C with reduced pressure of about 2 Kbars is observed in the metapelitic rocks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Determination of relationship between sedimentological parameters and morphology of linear sand dunes in north of Ahangaran, east of Iran
Benyamin Rezazadeh Arash Amini Gholamreza Mirabshabestari

Field studies and satellite images confirmed the existence of linear sand dunes in the north of Ahangaran region, located in Zirkouh (southern Khorasan province), east of Iran. In evaluation of sand dunes, totally 21 sand dunes from 5 stations in different geographical More

Field studies and satellite images confirmed the existence of linear sand dunes in the north of Ahangaran region, located in Zirkouh (southern Khorasan province), east of Iran. In evaluation of sand dunes, totally 21 sand dunes from 5 stations in different geographical locations were studied. The obtained sedimentological evidence revealed that Ahangaran sand dunes can be classified into two simple and composite groups morphologically. Results of sedimentological analysis also indicated a positive correlation between particle size and morphology of dunes; i.e. with changes in sedimentological parameters, the morphology of sand dunes grades from simple to composite forms in central and western part of the studied area. The fine-grained pattern of crest is another characteristic which were introduced for the studied linear sand dunes. The comparison of the sedimentological parameters of these sand dunes with the other places of the world such as Kalahari, Namibia, Australia and Egyptian Sinai indicate that the Ahangaran sand dunes with an average of 2.34φ in grain size is similar to the other regions, but have lower sorting in the range of 0.79 which is more outstanding than the other parts of the world. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The main effective factors on the mineralization of Sonajil porphyry-epithermal copper-gold deposit, using remote sensing, mineralogical and geochemical studies
Mohammad Maanijou

In order to identify the main effective factors in the Sonajil Cu-Au porphyry-epithermal deposit, remote sensing, mineralogical and geochemical studies were carried on the deposit. After removing vegetation and topographic features by Normalized Difference Vegetation I More

In order to identify the main effective factors in the Sonajil Cu-Au porphyry-epithermal deposit, remote sensing, mineralogical and geochemical studies were carried on the deposit. After removing vegetation and topographic features by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), solar radiance, instrumental errors and albedo effects by Log Residual (LR), Band Ratio (BR), False Color Composite (FCC), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Mixture-Tuned Matched-Filtering (MTMF) were used to reveal main alteration zones of the study area. The phyllic, advanced argillic and propylitic altered rocks were identified and the results were validated by field and mineralogical studies. Also, geochemical data showed microdiorite, and shoshonite composition and also post-orogenic tectonic setting of the Sonajil porphyry-copper deposits. Eventually, the faulting density, composition, and the depth of mineralization were the affecting factors on the Sonajil deposit mineralization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Ideological religion and the disenchantment of politics
Mahereh Kuohnavard Ahmad bostani

The Islamic Revolution of Iran was a movement based on religious ideology, and one of its most important goals was to confront the process of secularization in society and establish a religious government. However, after the revolution, the process of disenchantment int More

The Islamic Revolution of Iran was a movement based on religious ideology, and one of its most important goals was to confront the process of secularization in society and establish a religious government. However, after the revolution, the process of disenchantment intensified both in the theoretical dimension and in the practical aspects of society and politics. Although the term disenchantment is used in Max Weber's works to describe the modernization and rationalization of Western societies, in this article, we will show that in post-revolutionary Iran, this process has not necessarily always been associated with more rational and scientific processes. Therefore, the present article aims to discuss the process through which the political and social application of religion would lead to the disenchantment of politics and society. To explain this process, we will emphasize that the Ideologization of religion requires the transformation of Sharia and religious teachings into a secular structure and adherence to the logic of temporal relations. Therefore, in certain circumstances, the ideological conception of religion can accelerate the process of disenchantment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Political Economy of State Developmentalism in Iran: A Study of Douglas North's Theory of Open and Restricted Access in the Islamic Republic
Ali Ranjbarki

This article explains the developmentalist status of political rule in the period of the Islamic Republic of Iran using the institutional theory of open and limited access "Douglas North". According to North, the elites and political rulers (ruling coalition) in a socie More

This article explains the developmentalist status of political rule in the period of the Islamic Republic of Iran using the institutional theory of open and limited access "Douglas North". According to North, the elites and political rulers (ruling coalition) in a society have two ways of forming social order and controlling violence. On the one hand, the open access system, which has impersonal rules and regulations, the rule of law and productive rent-seeking, which guarantees public access to society's resources and assets. And, on the other hand, the limited access system, which seeks to establish personal and private relationships and rules, sheikh and disciple (Murid &Morad) networks, unproductive rent-seeking and restricting the access of others to the resources and assets of society. Empirical evidence shows that open access systems guarantee and accelerate the achievement of economic development. Restricted access systems are not inherently developmental because economic development conflicts with the personal and group interests of the ruling coalition. Hence, political rule does not make a serious effort to address the problems and shortcomings in the path of economic development. In Iran, with the formation of the Islamic Revolution, the ground was opened for further opening of the social access system. But over time, with the occurrence of various internal and external events, political rule tended to limit the country's social system. This led to a special group of Islamists (traditional and fundamentalist right) becoming the dominant coalition of the country and using various strategies and policies to try to gain access to the sources of power and assets of the country in a centralized and exclusive way. Under these institutional conditions, the behavior of the country's political rulers is shaped in such a way that their main goal is to maintain the current political system in order to guarantee monopoly and centralized power and maximum access to the country's resources and assets. Therefore, increasing and allocating unproductive rents from oil revenues and government monopolies to groups affiliated with the ruling coalition, establishing personal and private relations and organizations, and restricting the participation and access of other groups to the economic and political resources of the country are the dominant coalition strategies. These strategies hinder the continuation and acceleration of economic development in the country. Thus, the behavior and plans of political rulers are not developmental. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Evaluation of representative institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran: analysis of the formation and expansion of the franchise in Iran in the 20th century
Reza Zamani

This paper has two major purposes: analyzing the franchise formation in Iran (1906-1911) and its expansionin the 20th century. All theories of the franchise are categorized into six groups (enlightenment, party competition, the middle class will, redistribution, social More

This paper has two major purposes: analyzing the franchise formation in Iran (1906-1911) and its expansionin the 20th century. All theories of the franchise are categorized into six groups (enlightenment, party competition, the middle class will, redistribution, social order, and political economy). Based on these theories, it has been shown that in the early period of the formation of elections in Iran, the trade union elections (1285) had a redistributive function and in contrast to the one-degree elections of 1290, had an enlightening function.With attention to mentioned theories, we found that the franchise adjustment in Iran in the 20th century does not have a fixed and linear trend and this level of access has varied over time. Moreover, it has been shown that both after and before the Islamic revolution, franchise expansion in Iran is compatible with both social order and redistribution theories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Geochemistry and petrology of Qareh-Dash rhyolites from Shahindej- NW Iran: Geochemical features of post- collision volcanism
Masoumeh Ahangari معصومه نظری Mohsen Moazzen

Qareh-Dash rhyolites from the Shahindej area are peraluminous rocks with high SiO2 and K2O contents. These rocks are mainly composed of quartz, K- feldspar and rare plagioclase phenocrysts in a fine-grained K-feldspar rich matrix. Geochemically, Qareh-Dash rhyolites sho More

Qareh-Dash rhyolites from the Shahindej area are peraluminous rocks with high SiO2 and K2O contents. These rocks are mainly composed of quartz, K- feldspar and rare plagioclase phenocrysts in a fine-grained K-feldspar rich matrix. Geochemically, Qareh-Dash rhyolites show enrichment in LREEs and LILEs and depletion in HREEs. Field studies, textural and petrographical relations, along with whole rock geochemistry, demonstrate that the parental magma of the Qareh-Dash rhyolites was originated from the crust. The composition of the parental magma was modified due to fractional crystallization of plagioclase and titanomagnetite evidenced by negative Eu, Sr and Ti anomalies in multielement diagrams. The chemical characteristics of Qareh- Dash rhyolites such as Rb/Nb, K/Rb, Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba and Ga/Al ratios are similar to A-Type granites/ rhyolites associated with post- collision tectonic settings. According to Precambrian age for the Qareh-Dash rhyolites, formation of these rocks might be related to extensional phases which were probably taken place after closure of proto- Thetys Ocean. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Investigating and Evaluation morality of reconsideration of contract in Iranian Law and Shiite Jurisprudence
Pour Andokht Azizi Nejad Ali Almasi tayeb afsharnia

In spite of the acceptance of the principle of contractual necessity in all legal systems and the need to respect the conflicting provisions of the parties, the impact of social and economic events between the conclusion of the contract and the enforcement of the contra More

In spite of the acceptance of the principle of contractual necessity in all legal systems and the need to respect the conflicting provisions of the parties, the impact of social and economic events between the conclusion of the contract and the enforcement of the contract is undeniable. In principle the freedom of contracts, In the event of unforeseen events and a radical change in the circumstances of the conclusion of the contract, the possibility of termination or revision has been provided to the party experiencing unforeseen difficulties or losses as a modification of the contract. Given that the principle of contract freedom is rooted in ethical principles, Thus, clarifying the ethical principles of contract law will be effective both in negotiating and concluding and enforcing it, and in limiting the principle of free will and sovereignty. The study of institutions such as possession of property, prohibition of abuse of power, prohibition of harm to others, indecency, and other institutions clearly show that their main and major basis are ethical principles and principles. Therefore, in the present study, after expanding the conceptual space of the research topic, we will examine the modification of the contract and its governing principles. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection is in libraries. According to the research findings, modification of the contract is a concept that is accepted in both national law and Islamic jurisprudence, Because the principle of contractual freedom permits the parties to the contract to impose any correct condition in the contract, it is possible to modify the contract in Imamieh jurisprudence by resorting to the three jurisprudential principles of " the juristic rule of “negation of harm and difficulty ", " prohibition of detriment " and " the juristic rule of “what is possible " but in Iranian law Modifications to the contract can be accepted on the basis of " occurredlesion theory " and "theory of change of circumstances". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Principles of the Epistemology of the Rule of Law in the Legal System of Iran
سید محمد علی آل محمد Godrat,o Allah Noruzy manoochehr Tavassol Naini,

The concept of the rule of law can be defined with its least constituent component which is the adherence of all groups of society especially the rulers to the law. In the discussion of the principles of the rule of law, the fundamental question is: "What is the obligat More

The concept of the rule of law can be defined with its least constituent component which is the adherence of all groups of society especially the rulers to the law. In the discussion of the principles of the rule of law, the fundamental question is: "What is the obligatory requirement for a person to legitimize law and adhere to it?" In answering this question, from an epistemological point of view, it is important to consider the role of revelation, experience, and wisdom in man's obligation to obey the law. The most important question that has been considered in this research is the study of the principles of the epistemology of the rule of law in the legal system of Iran. According to the findings of this research, the wisdom and experience of mankind in the current legal system of Iran are only valid in the case of the confirmation of the religion. The majority of people in Iran believe that divine law provides their prosperity and perfection, and this is the most important reason for their adherence to divine law or law approved by religion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Comparative Analytic Approach to Research & Development in Iran and Some Developed Countries
Morteza Jamali Paghalue Ehsan Shafiezadeh

The importance of investment on Research and Development (R&D) has been assumed as a clear and obvious matter in advanced industrial countries, and today it is the R&D that will determine how to allocate the budget and financial issues. Now, investment in R&D units is c More

The importance of investment on Research and Development (R&D) has been assumed as a clear and obvious matter in advanced industrial countries, and today it is the R&D that will determine how to allocate the budget and financial issues. Now, investment in R&D units is considered as a competitive advantage. Nowadays, only those countries are able to participate and survive on competitive challenges at the international levels which are determined consistently to employ the latest technologies and it cannot be obtained unless they possess dynamic and globally-adjusted R&D centers. In this paper, overviewing the literature of this regard, we go through the analysis and description of R&D success factors and its position in Iran and some developed countries such as Japan, USA, and China. Following an adaptive comparison, some solutions are portrayed to improve the place of research in Iran. In the first step, is the government via providing financial support, facilities, and encouraging and promising environment for the researchers, and in the second step, researchers should engage in innovation and service to our country via strengthening national loyalty and learning about the latest scientific methods in the world,. Especially universities -as thinker entities and society’s great scientific and cultural sources- must establish science-based approach as the dominant thought and endeavor toward applying the researches in the country. This will obtain through constant and proper communication between institutions and academic research centers, and spreading the culture of science and research among the public. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - A Review of Knowledge-Based Economy: from the Formation to the Action; Case study: knowledge-based Economy in Iran
Abdollah Elm Khah Mahdi Sadeghi Shahdani

10.7508/jstpi.2015.04.003

Theorists have predicted the emergence of the new economic era in which knowledge is the main source of wealth and economic output. In other words, in a new era, the economy is getting away from the resource-based method and is getting close to the knowledge-based one. More

Theorists have predicted the emergence of the new economic era in which knowledge is the main source of wealth and economic output. In other words, in a new era, the economy is getting away from the resource-based method and is getting close to the knowledge-based one. Knowledge-based economy formed based on the production, distribution and application of knowledge and information. Therefore, investing in knowledge and knowledge-based industries got particular attentions. This paper reviews the literatures of knowledge-based economy due to its importance, and the emphasis of The Supreme Leader on special attentions of policy makers to implementation of it based on upstream documents. This article is provided according to the analytical and descriptive method based on available documents. The knowledge-based economy is addressed in the course of economic ideas, theories of knowledge-based economy, definitions, characteristics, advantages, elements, measuring indicators, policies of the knowledge-based economy in Iran, situation of Knowledge-based economy in Iran based on World Bank Index. At the end conclusion is presented. The results show that the fulfilling of the knowledge-based economy requires trained and skilled workforce, supportive government policies, making reform in society culture, efficient innovation system, indigenous knowledge, ICT, institutional and government stimulus, supporting intellectual property rights and so on. Although the World Bank 2005 report shows that there was a very significant imbalance between the indicators. By government efforts, the imbalance was declined slightly in 2007 and according to the latest World Bank report in 2012, Iran with an average 3/91 has gained the rank of 94 between 146 countries in terms of the knowledge-based economy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Extracting and Determining the Rate of Effect of Jurisprudential rules in designing the Electronic Communication System of the Industry and Universities in Iran
Hosein Aliahmadi Jeshfaghani

One of the biggest problems facing the country, separation industry, academic institutions, such as universities, as well. Not only can reduce the distance students find jobs related to your favorite specialty and help, but can help the industry find their required forc More

One of the biggest problems facing the country, separation industry, academic institutions, such as universities, as well. Not only can reduce the distance students find jobs related to your favorite specialty and help, but can help the industry find their required force. On the other hand, narrowing the gap between industry and academia to further reduce unemployment and reduce costs of post-employment training will increase further the morale of students. The university Research & Donitz can be more well-known challenges in industry and research Industry needs to do more easily than before. Also eliminate the distance factor that has facilitated the transfer of innovation from industry and university technology transfer between the two helps. No doubt to create a communication system between universities and industry to do any work must one of the most important factors required to start a business, knowing the rules, standards and criteria is available and associated with this business. There are a number of laws in the country in e-commerce to create these businesses should consider all existing laws on this business. These laws include Iran's trade, e-commerce law, legal rules and technical standards, and ... well. On the other hand, there are many obstacles in the relationship between industry and academia. By knowing the rules of barriers to upstream and discovered the limitations facing the development of website and communication system implements the basic standards of the industry we are most familiar Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Porosity modeling in Azadegan oil field: a comparative study of Bayesian theory of data fusion, multi layer neural network, and multiple linear regression techniques
عطیه مظاهری طرئی حسین معماریان بهزاد تخم چی بهزاد مشیری

Porosity parameter is an important reservoir property that can be obtained by studying the well core. However, all wells in a field do not have a core. Additionally, in some wells such as horizontal wells, measuring the well core is practically impossible. However, for More

Porosity parameter is an important reservoir property that can be obtained by studying the well core. However, all wells in a field do not have a core. Additionally, in some wells such as horizontal wells, measuring the well core is practically impossible. However, for almost all wells, log data is available. Usually these logs are used to estimate porosity. The porosity value obtained from this method is influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, fluid type, and amount of hydrocarbons in shale formations. Thus it is slightly different from the exact value of porosity. Thus, estimates are prone to error and uncertainty. One of the best and yet most practical ways to reduce the amount of uncertainty in measurement is using various sources and data fusion techniques. The main benefit of these techniques is that they increase confidence and reduce risk and error in decision making. In this paper, in order to determine porosity values, data from four wells located in Azadegan oil field are used. First, multilayer neural network and multiple linear regressions are used to estimate the values and then the results of these techniques are compared with a data fusion method (Bayesian theory). To check if it would be possible to generalize these three methods on other data, the porosity parameter of another independent well in this field is also estimated by using these techniques. Number of input variables to estimate porosity in both the neural network and the multiple linear regressions methods is 7, and in the data fusion technique, a maximum of 7 input variables is used. Finally, by comparing the results of the three methods, it is concluded that the data fusion technique (Bayesian theory) is a considerably more accurate technique than multilayer neural network, and multiple linear regression, when it comes to porosity value estimation; Such that the results are correlated with the ground truth greater than 90%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Porosity estimation with data fusion approach (Bayesian theory) in wells of Azadegan oil field, Iran
رویا خضرلو هادی کرمانشاهی

Porosity is one of the main variables in evaluating the characteristics of an oil field. Petrophysical data are normally used to determine these variables. Measurements obtained from well logs, containes some errors and uncertainty. This porosity is influenced by dif More

Porosity is one of the main variables in evaluating the characteristics of an oil field. Petrophysical data are normally used to determine these variables. Measurements obtained from well logs, containes some errors and uncertainty. This porosity is influenced by different factors, such as temperature, pressure, fluid type, clay content and the and amount of hydrocarbons. One of the best, and yet most practical ways to reduce the amount of uncertainty in porosity measurement is using various sources of data and data fusion techniques. Data fusion increase certainty and confidence and reduce risk and error in decision making. In this research, the porosity is estimated in 4 wells of Azadegan oil field, with data fusion method (Bayesian theory). To check the ability of generalization of the method, the porosity was also estimated in one other well of this field. A maximum of 7 input variables were used to estimate porosity in this new approach. The results showed that data fusion technique is more powerfull than traditional tecniques for porosity estimation. According to the results, this method has higher credibility than traditional techniques that show 0.7 to 0.8 regressions with log data but data fusion technique showed solidarity over 0.9 with log data. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Porosity estimation with data fusion approach (Bayesian theory) in wells of Azadegan oil field, Iran
عطیه مظاهری طرئی Hoseyn Memarian Behzad Tokhmchi Behzad Moshiri

Porosity is one of the main variables in evaluating the characteristics of an oil field. Petrophysical data are normally used to determine these variables. Measurements obtained from well logs, containes some errors and uncertainty. This porosity is influenced by differ More

Porosity is one of the main variables in evaluating the characteristics of an oil field. Petrophysical data are normally used to determine these variables. Measurements obtained from well logs, containes some errors and uncertainty. This porosity is influenced by different factors, such as temperature, pressure, fluid type, clay content and the and amount of hydrocarbons. One of the best, and yet most practical ways to reduce the amount of uncertainty in porosity measurement is using various sources of data and data fusion techniques. Data fusion increase certainty and confidence and reduce risk and error in decision making. In this research, the porosity is estimated in 4 wells of Azadegan oil field, with data fusion method (Bayesian theory). To check the ability of generalization of the method, the porosity was also estimated in one other well of this field. A maximum of 7 input variables were used to estimate porosity in this new approach. The results showed that data fusion technique is more powerfull than traditional tecniques for porosity estimation. According to the results, this method has higher credibility than traditional techniques that show 0.7 to 0.8 regressions with log data but data fusion technique showed solidarity over 0.9 with log data. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - A study of architectural elements in fire temples and mosques in ancient Iran and the Islamic era
zohre nadryan yaghob zoalfeghary

With the end of the Sassanid rule, the Islamic period began in Iran, Muslims needed a mosque for worship. Hence, they turned fire temples into mosques and destroyed some of them and built mosques in their place. In different historical periods, different elements were a More

With the end of the Sassanid rule, the Islamic period began in Iran, Muslims needed a mosque for worship. Hence, they turned fire temples into mosques and destroyed some of them and built mosques in their place. In different historical periods, different elements were added to them with different styles. In this research, questions such as the characteristics of the physical and spatial elements of the fire temple and how they change and become a mosque, are clearly stated and the researcher understood the reason for the changes in the buildings. This research has been done by descriptive analytical method with a historical perspective, which has been collected through data collection, and the result of studies on the buildings of mosques and fire temples in the Islamic period is as follows: Mosques consist of 4 structures They are the first structure of the nave + the courtyard of the mosque. Second structure: quadrangular + nave + courtyard. The third structure is only one nave and the fourth structure is only four-arched. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - A study of CDS experiences in Iran and the world
amir aminzadeh

In recent decades, several schools and paradigms have emerged in the field of urban literature, some of which have profound effects on urban spaces, including the "urban development strategy" (CDS) approach, which is one of the most important and controversial, and in s More

In recent decades, several schools and paradigms have emerged in the field of urban literature, some of which have profound effects on urban spaces, including the "urban development strategy" (CDS) approach, which is one of the most important and controversial, and in several Recent years have also attracted the attention of many scientific-professional circles in Iran. Although the CDS dates back to the formal formation of the Coalition of Cities in 1999, it later published its official documents in the following years in partnership with the World Bank and the United Nations Center for Human Settlements (HABITAT). He is also the official tribune and executive trustee of CDS worldwide. Today, many managers, planners and urban theorists are trying to develop the question of how and by what mechanisms this approach is able to draw positive changes in the normal life of citizens and reduce urban poverty, based on the successful experiences of CDS. -Develop your role. An overview of CDS implementation in more than 250 Third World cities in less than a decade underscores the fact that the approach is more action-based than action-oriented. However, most cities in developing countries such as Iran experience difficult conditions, both in terms of preparation and referral, because the major approach to management and urban planning in Iran is influenced by the school of classical planning with a focus on design. It is comprehensive in which the dimensions of physical development, arrangement and physical order of cities often take precedence over the social-citizenship dimensions. Although comprehensive plans are developed in Iran with the aim of paving the way for the balanced physical growth of cities, in practice they not only impose a lot of energy and costs on the urban economy, but often most of their goals are never achieved. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Unemployment, Uneven Regional Development And Spatial Patterns of Internal Migration in Iran
Rasoul Sadeghi

Internal migration and movement occur in response to a wide range of factors with different effectiveness. One of the important and key contexts for the formation of internal migration is spatial inequality in facilities, opportunities and development components. In thi More

Internal migration and movement occur in response to a wide range of factors with different effectiveness. One of the important and key contexts for the formation of internal migration is spatial inequality in facilities, opportunities and development components. In this regard, the article uses the secondary analysis of the 2016 census data at the provincial and county levels to investigate the impact of youth unemployment and unequal regional development on internal migration in Iran. The results showed the spatial clusters of unemployment and underdevelopment in the country and inequality in access to economic and social resources and opportunities on the one hand, and regional differences in migration rates, on the other hand. The highest level of development and the lowest unemployment rate of young people, as well as high immigration in the central regions of the country, especially the capital. In contrast, the western, northwestern, eastern and southeastern border regions have the lowest level of development and the highest unemployment and emigration rates. Therefore, internal migration is a dynamic, multidimensional process that arises from structural conditions and regional inequalities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Geometric Morphology of Islamic Mosques Courtyards in Iran (Comparative Examples: 9 Mosques from Timurid, Safavid and Qajar Periods)
Nazanin Nastaranpour Mohsen Tabasi

Places of worship, especially mosques, are considered one of the richest platforms for the evolution and exaltation of the human spirit and possess great significance. The geometry of these buildings is considered one of their common and regular features, having specifi More

Places of worship, especially mosques, are considered one of the richest platforms for the evolution and exaltation of the human spirit and possess great significance. The geometry of these buildings is considered one of their common and regular features, having specific proportions and rules. Also, it has created an intangible heritage identity for the contemporary era. Knowing and interpreting these proportions can play an important role in repairing and reusing the historic building, using them in future architectures, and elevating the new architecture. This research aims to discover similarities and differences between cultural platforms from the Timurid to Safavid eras by reviewing the principles and proportions using geometric analysis. To identify the mathematical relationships of the architectural body of mosques' courtyards and understand their geometrical proportions, this research has used the combined method of historical interpretation based on valid evidence and logical reasoning of the mathematical type. Based on this, the sides and proportions of the courtyards and constituent parts of 9 Timurid, Safavid, and Qajar mosques have been subjected to numerical analysis based on Euclidean-longitudinal calculations and the scale of proportions in the courtyard plan of the mosques. Findings of this research indicate that the geometry of the courtyard and components of the discussed mosques have employed golden proportions, and Mahtabi halls attached to the mosque courtyards during the Safavid period have been developed in the same proportions through the Qajar period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The challenges of the discourse of the Islamic revolution in the face of the generation of the eighties; A case study, the fields of economic entrepreneurship, intellectualism and political governance
Meisam Ghahreman hadi keshavarz

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The Challenges of the Discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in Relation to the Generation of the 1980s: A Case Study of Economic Entrepreneurship, Intellectualism, and Political Governance       Meisam Ghahraman<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">* </a>   Hadi Keshavarz<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Religious governments such as the Islamic Republic of Iran require, on one hand, profound meanings derived from specific Islamic epistemological arguments for their effective reproduction, while on the other hand, they need legal subjects who are persuaded by these epistemic meanings. However, in today's acute reality, with the emergence of generations possessing fluid and virtual identities, deep epistemological meanings across various domains face serious challenges, gradually diminishing their role in human life. Accordingly, this article aims to investigate the changes occurring in three areas—economic entrepreneurship, intellectualism, and political governance—by focusing on the characteristics of the generation of the 1980s, which rarely occupy legal and epistemic positions due to their fluidity and virtuality. Following this analysis, we will address the transformations that the discourse of the Islamic Revolution must undergo in these emerging conditions. Overall, the findings indicate that the fading of deep epistemological meanings among the generation of the 1980s not only marginalizes the general epistemological discussions of intellectuals but also creates space for the emergence of specific intellectuals. In the economic domain, this shift results in the formation of a startup economy and the emergence of a new and high-risk type of entrepreneurship known as chain entrepreneurship. Consequently, in the realm of political governance, the need for low-cost and efficient governance over the subjects of the 1980s necessitates a departure from general and epistemological rules, transforming Islamic governance into Islamic governance management.       Keywords: eneration of the 1980s, Epistemological Approach (Transcendental Method), Non-Epistemological Approach (Inherently Methodological), Specific Intellectual, Islamic Republic of Iran.         <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* Corresponding Author: Research Assistant Professor of Islamic Revolution Historical Studies Department (Islamic Revolution Documentation Center), Iran</a>. Meisam.ghahreman@gmail.com ** PhD in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran. h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">** Ph.D in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran. </a> <a href="mailto:h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir">h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir</a> </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Does creative human capital and environmental pollution have an effect on internal migration?
Mohammadsaeed Zabihidan Vahid Kafili Abbas Khosravani

Today, the word creativity has found a very important role in the literature of urban and regional economics. The creativity of an area becomes a factor to attract people to that area. Also, the phenomenon of migration as an important issue is the concern of many resear More

Today, the word creativity has found a very important role in the literature of urban and regional economics. The creativity of an area becomes a factor to attract people to that area. Also, the phenomenon of migration as an important issue is the concern of many researchers of different sciences; such as economics, sociology, statistics, geography and environment. The reason for the importance of this topic is that immigrants can have different political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, etc. effects on the host society and region. Immigrants who enter a region can bring economic prosperity and capital inflow to a region, or can cause various social and environmental crises. Along with the creativity of the region and migration, the issue of environmental pollution is another important issue in today's world. Therefore, due to the great importance of this issue, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of economic and environmental factors on migration, as well as factors affecting environmental pollution in the provinces of Iran. For this purpose, cross-sectional data was used in 2016. Considering the very important relationship between migration and environmental pollution, a model with two equations (net migration and CO2) as a system of simultaneous equations has been designed and estimated with the 3SLS method. The obtained results show that environmental pollution has a negative effect on the amount of migration. The results obtained in this research prove this issue. On the other hand, more immigration to a province, due to the increase in population, causes more pollution in that province. Also, the results show that the provinces that have moved towards industrialization have more CO2 emissions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - A comprehensive map and prioritization of the provinces producing medicinal plants in the country based on the indicators of the physical advantage of production
darab yazdani majid shahriari

Determining the relative advantage of agricultural products in different regions is one of the important dimensions of agricultural policy and planning, based on which the appropriate pattern of production and cultivation can be achieved in different regions according t More

Determining the relative advantage of agricultural products in different regions is one of the important dimensions of agricultural policy and planning, based on which the appropriate pattern of production and cultivation can be achieved in different regions according to the conditions in each region. The current research aims to prioritize the provinces that produce medicinal plants in the country based on the indicators of the physical advantage of production (advantage of scale, efficiency advantage and collective advantage) and their fluctuation coefficient during the period of 2011-2018 using the numerical taxonomy method. The results showed that during a period of 18 years, South Khorasan, Jiroft and Razavi Khorasan provinces had the highest average scale advantage index (SAI) and the highest average efficiency advantage (EAI) was also in Alborz, West Azarbaijan and Lorestan provinces with 13/67 respectively. , 6/47 and 6/19 were obtained. According to the results of collective advantage (AAI), the provinces of Hamadan, Semnan and Sistan and Baluchistan have the lowest fluctuation coefficient of collective index with 0.26, 0.28 and 0.33 and the provinces of Alborz, Jiroft and Sistan and Baluchistan with 31.40 respectively. 2.3 and 1.65 had the highest average collective advantage among all the provinces of the country. Finally, in order to summarize, using GIS software, a comprehensivemap of the country for medicinal plants was drawn based on the indicators of physical advantage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - An overview of the development of geography knowledge
Jamshid Wasalnejad

The purpose of this article is to review the development of geography knowledge. For this purpose, the analytical-historical method has been used. The sample of the contents of this research included the works, events, efforts and actions carried out throughout the hist More

The purpose of this article is to review the development of geography knowledge. For this purpose, the analytical-historical method has been used. The sample of the contents of this research included the works, events, efforts and actions carried out throughout the history of the science of geography from the beginning until now. For this purpose, first, the title and some famous definitions of this science have been proposed, and then, the historical course of the development and evolution of this science has been discussed. Basically, it is better to study any phenomenon or subject from different angles. Because if we only look at that phenomenon from one side, it is natural that we cannot see its opposite side. Therefore, no one can consider a landscape at once with all its dimensions and parts. Another issue is related to the purpose of the viewer, that we expect different impressions and views, or if we look at them according to the role and function of the phenomena, the impressions and attitudes will be different. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Investigating the impact of complexity and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions
seyedkamal sadeghi Mohammad Arrekesh Salmasi

Sadeghi SeyyedKamal Arrekesh Salmasi Mohammad Abstract The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between the Environmental Couzens Curve (EKC) and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) as a differentiating element of the production volume f More

Sadeghi SeyyedKamal Arrekesh Salmasi Mohammad Abstract The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between the Environmental Couzens Curve (EKC) and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) as a differentiating element of the production volume for Iran. To investigate the relationship between the variables of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for the period of 2019-2020 Dynamic least squares, modified least squares, collinearity test and Johanson test were used. In order to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide gas, the traditional variables shown by the environmental Kuznets curve data of 1389-1399 have been used. These variables include GDP per capita, urban population, electricity consumption (kilowatt hours per capita), foreign direct investment, import and export of goods and services (percentage of gross domestic product) which was prepared from Iran Statistics Center, Environmental Organization and Central Bank... to obtain economic complexity (ECI) from the model proposed by Hidalgo and House Mann (2009) was used. The research results show that economic complexity has no effect on carbon dioxide emissions, but increasing production and energy consumption and increasing exports and decreasing imports are effective on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, between increasing per capita income, capital No significant relationship was found between foreign direct investment and carbon dioxide emissions. According to the research results, it is suggested to use renewable energy in production and export and import laws should be based on reducing environmental risks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Does creative human capital and environmental pollution have an effect on internal migration?
mohammad saeed zabihidan Vahid Kafili Abbas Khosravani

Mohammadsaeed Zabihidan Vahid Kafili Abbas Khosravani Abstract Today, the word creativity has found a very important role in the literature of urban and regional economics. The creativity of an area becomes a factor to attract people to that area. Also, the p More

Mohammadsaeed Zabihidan Vahid Kafili Abbas Khosravani Abstract Today, the word creativity has found a very important role in the literature of urban and regional economics. The creativity of an area becomes a factor to attract people to that area. Also, the phenomenon of migration as an important issue is the concern of many researchers of different sciences; such as economics, sociology, statistics, geography and environment. The reason for the importance of this topic is that immigrants can have different political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, etc. effects on the host society and region. Immigrants who enter a region can bring economic prosperity and capital inflow to a region, or can cause various social and environmental crises. Along with the creativity of the region and migration, the issue of environmental pollution is another important issue in today's world. Therefore, due to the great importance of this issue, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of economic and environmental factors on migration, as well as factors affecting environmental pollution in the provinces of Iran. For this purpose, cross-sectional data was used in 2016. Considering the very important relationship between migration and environmental pollution, a model with two equations (net migration and CO2) as a system of simultaneous equations has been designed and estimated with the 3SLS method. The obtained results show that environmental pollution has a negative effect on the amount of migration. The results obtained in this research prove this issue. On the other hand, more immigration to a province, due to the increase in population, causes more pollution in that province. Also, the results show that the provinces that have moved towards industrialization have more CO2 emissions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Meta-analysis of studies conducted in the field of smart city indicators in Iran
Mohammad javad samani nezhad neda khodakaramiangilan

Mohammad Javad Samaninezhad Neda Khodakarmian Gilan Abstract The process of urbanization in the world and the problems arising from it bring great challenges to cities, and the concept of a smart city has been created as a solution to the problems of cities. More

Mohammad Javad Samaninezhad Neda Khodakarmian Gilan Abstract The process of urbanization in the world and the problems arising from it bring great challenges to cities, and the concept of a smart city has been created as a solution to the problems of cities. Smart cities are defined as cities that pay attention to human capital, social and communication infrastructure, will improve the economy and quality of life, wise management of natural resources and cooperative governance. Now, it should be noted that smart building should be on the agenda in cities and the construction of a new city should be combined with new ideas. Therefore, prioritizing criteria and indicators is of particular importance. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators affecting the smart city in Iran. The present study is a descriptive-analytical research in which the meta-analysis method was used. The statistical population of the research includes all the researches conducted in the field of smart city indicators that were published in Normagz, Jihad University, Humanities, Mogiran and Irandak databases from 1396 to 1400. In this research, the amount of cooperation and participation of researchers, statistical community, sampling method and time pattern of publication of articles and variables used and their effect size in smart city studies in Iran have been investigated. The results showed that the level of cooperation and teamwork of researchers in research is acceptable and most of the research was done in the period of 1399 to 1400. Also, most of these researches were in the field of specific fields. Finally, the results of the effect size showed that the smart economy has the largest effect size in the smart city, and smart people are the second most important variable in the smart city, on the other hand, smart government and smart environment are the next variables. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Explaining the components of increasing the economic power of the Islamic Republic of Iran with emphasis on the role of science and technology
مهدی رعایائی

The role of knowledge in achieving economic growth cannot be denied, and the country's dependence on the knowledge of foreigners is one of the main obstacles in the field of realizing a strong economy. Because economic empowerment in every era and in every country is de More

The role of knowledge in achieving economic growth cannot be denied, and the country's dependence on the knowledge of foreigners is one of the main obstacles in the field of realizing a strong economy. Because economic empowerment in every era and in every country is dependent on the scientific and technological power of that society. Therefore, to the extent that the country can access new technologies, it will be able to increase its position of economic power and, consequently, its military and political power. Of course, technology should be used in a practical way to strengthen the economic power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research seeks to explain the mechanism governing the economy and technology in a way that provides the basis for increasing economic power. Therefore, based on this approach, the main features and components of creating and increasing economic power are expressed with emphasis on the role of science and technology. The results of the research, which were obtained by descriptive analytical method and using library resources, document analysis and research and development, indicate that elements such as mosaic economic system, workshop production line, adopting the approach of increasing the intensity of knowledge, injecting knowledge in all dimensions Production, distribution and consumption, endogeneity of science and technology production and creation of knowledge-based ecosystem are among the most important of these factors. Manuscript profile

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