List of Articles Alteration

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - Investigation of geochemistry of minor and trace elements (rare earths) in the base metal vein mineralization Yaralujeh area (NW Ahar - East Azarbaijan)
  Zohreh Jabarzadeh Mehadi Moradi  Moayyed Zargar Faramarzi
  The Yaralujeh vein index is located about 40 km NW of Ahar, East Azarbaijan. Based on geochemical studies, the original host rock is microdioritic in composition with calc – alkaline character, situated in an active continental margin volcanic arc. The mineralization i More

  The Yaralujeh vein index is located about 40 km NW of Ahar, East Azarbaijan. Based on geochemical studies, the original host rock is microdioritic in composition with calc – alkaline character, situated in an active continental margin volcanic arc. The mineralization is occurred as disseminated, stockwork and veins - veinlets containing quartz, carbonate and sulfide minerals in altered subvolcanic rocks (microdiorite). Pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite are the most important sulfide minerals in this area. The most important alerations in this area are sericitic and carbonatization, and the main alteration minerals are quartz, sericite, illite, albite, kaolinite, leucoxene, pyrite and late carbonates. Bivariate diagrams of Ba + Sr vs. Ce + Y + La and Zr vs. TiO2 and also values less than one for TiO2 indicate a hypogenic origin for altered fluids. The spider diagrams of REEs, normalized to both chondrite and average upper continental crust, show differentiation of LREE from HREE and depletion of LREE relative to average upper continental crust. Based on geochemical indicators such as Hf / Sm, Nb / La and Th / La and LREE enriched relative to the HREE, the most important ion complexes transition metal are Cl- complexes. Ce, Eu and Pr (Eu/Eu*, Ce/Ce*, Pr/Pr*) anomalies in ore-bearing vein and host rock indicates near-neutral pH in a redox environment for the alteration fluids in Yaralujeh Index. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - Petrography, mineralography, geochemistry and calculation of elemental mass changes during hydrothermal alteration of Spid iron skarn ore deposit (West of Qom)
  Nima Rahimi حسن میرنژاد Maryam Sheibi Mohamad Hassan Karamian Alireza Hoseinyan
  Spid iron ore deposit is situated in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc and is located 60 km West of Qom. The host rock varies in composition from diorite, quartz diorite to monzo diorite, and has been altered by the influence of hydrothermal fluids. The most important or More

  Spid iron ore deposit is situated in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc and is located 60 km West of Qom. The host rock varies in composition from diorite, quartz diorite to monzo diorite, and has been altered by the influence of hydrothermal fluids. The most important ore in the deposit is primary hematite (oligist) which is associated with pyrite, limonite, goethite, malachite and azurite. The most dominant alteration types in the Spid iron deposit are propylitic and argillic, identified by the presence of chlorite, epidote, carbonate, titanite, clay minerals and sericite. Grant Isocon method has been employed to study the behavior of elements and to calculate mass changes during hydrothermal alteration processes. The mass change calculations show that Fe2O3, MgO, K2O and LOI have been enriched, whereas P2O5, TiO2, Na2O and SiO2 have been depleted during propylitic alteration. The depletion of elements in this alteration points to the decomposition of primary minerals of the host rock, the presence CO2 rich solutions and the increase of fluid/rocks ratio during the development of the alteration system. During argillic alteration, SiO2, K2O, Na2O and P2O5 increased and TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO and LOI decreased. The increase in Na in this zone can be ascribed to the acidification of the plagioclase and its albitization, and the reduction of Fe and Mg results from the alteration of ferro-magnesin minerals such as amphibole, and the release of Fe in alterative solutions and outflow from the environment. Chemical index of alteration calculated for propylitic and argillic alteration zones are equal to 58.76 and 55.94 percent respectively, suggesting that propylitic alteration was more intense in the Spid ore deposit. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  3 - Separating alteration units in the Takht-e-Gonbad district using via comparing two classification methods of Support vector machine and maximum likelihood,
  Davoud Nazari neda mahvash mohammadi  Adabi   Mohammad Ghavidel-Syooki haniyeh kalani
  Separation of alteration units has an important role in exploration of ore deposits. In the past, classical methods were used for this purpose. Recently, the support vector machine (SVM), one of the most important data driven models, has been applied for geological purp More

  Separation of alteration units has an important role in exploration of ore deposits. In the past, classical methods were used for this purpose. Recently, the support vector machine (SVM), one of the most important data driven models, has been applied for geological purpose. This algorithm is a useful learning system based on constrained optimization theory. In this study, the SVM algorithm with various kernels and maximum likelihood method were used to separate the alteration units of the Takht-e-Gonbad district situated in Chahar Gonbad sheet by using satellite images of the ASTER sensor. The results were analyzed and evaluated according to the field studies. Based on the achieved results and field studies, the SVM method with the RBF kernel function compared to other kernels and the maximum likelihood method had the highest accuracy (89.17%) and kappa coefficient (0.83). Thus, the SVM method for classification of alteration is more accurate compared to other discussed methods. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  4 - Geology, mineralogy, alteration and potential of Lakhshak deposit, the Sistan suture zone based on geophysical studies (IP/RS)
  نسیم  حیدریان دهکردی شجاع‌الدین  نیرومند شهرام  ادیب Hossein Ali Tajeddin Saeid Mirzaei
  Lakhshak deposit is located 28 km northwest of Zahedan in the Sistan suture zone. The rocks in the Lakhshak area predominantly consist of Eocene volcanosedimentary and metamorphosed (greenshist facies) rocks. The mineralogy of the ore is simple and consists of stibnite, More

  Lakhshak deposit is located 28 km northwest of Zahedan in the Sistan suture zone. The rocks in the Lakhshak area predominantly consist of Eocene volcanosedimentary and metamorphosed (greenshist facies) rocks. The mineralogy of the ore is simple and consists of stibnite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and electrum. The Lakhshak deposit is hosted in the shear and altered calc-shist unit which is associated with quartz, sericite-muscovite and sulfide alteration minerals. Based on geophysical studies, using induction polarity and special resistance (IP/RS) in the Lakhshak sheared area, combined with the results of geological, metamorphic and mineralization information, calligraphic calcification units, fault zones and metamorphosed areas have a high potential for Au-Sb mineralization. Therefore, using the amount of changes in specific resistance and chargeability, as well as the intensity of chargeability in the profiles, can appropriately identify the promising area for gold and stibnite mineralizations. This study indicates that the main characteristics of the geology and mineralization of the Lakhshak, such as the nature of the host rock, the form of mineralization, metamorphism and associated alterations, is similar to orogenic gold deposits. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  5 - Correction of measured vitrinte reflectance data using the "Fluorescence Alteration of Multiple Macerals" (FAMM) and their application to Well Binak #4 one-dimensional thermal maturity modeling
  Mohammad KassaieNajafi Faramarz Shabani Maryam Mirshahani Beyok Ghorbani Arsalan Zenalzadeh
  Reflectance of maceral constituents of kerogens, particularly vitrinite (Ro%), commonly used in petroleum exploration, is a very important indicator for determining degree of thermal maturity and investigating status of hydrocarbon generation. Although in vitrinite r More

  Reflectance of maceral constituents of kerogens, particularly vitrinite (Ro%), commonly used in petroleum exploration, is a very important indicator for determining degree of thermal maturity and investigating status of hydrocarbon generation. Although in vitrinite reflectance profiles maturity generally increases with increasing depth of burial, basin modelers often experience problems when modeling thermal maturity using vitrinite reflectance data measured by using reflected light- photometer microscopes. The problem of reduced vitrinite reflectance mainly arises due to reflectance suppression in vitrintes. By using the laser Raman microprobe, a new multi-parameter technique called "Fluorescence Alteration of Multiple Macerals (FAMM)" was developed by Australian scientists to solve these problems. In this study, data obtained by application of this method were used to correct suppressed vitrinite reflectance values. In order to examine and demonstrate the extent of suppression effect on modeling results, maturity profile constructed by one-dimensional modeling of Well Binak-4 was calibrated using conventional measured vitrinite reflectance (Ro%) and FAMM equivalent vitrinite reflectance (EqVR) data and results were compared with present time measured well temperatures. The crucial differences in maturation, transformation ratio, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion resulted from application of these two type data as calibration parameters are discussed and demonstrated using relevant diagrams. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  6 - Laboratory study of alteration in reservoir rock wettability for the prevention of asphaltene sediment formation using metal oxide Nano-particles
  abdolhamid ansari Sadegh Ameri
  One of the methods of harvesting oil reservoirs is the injection of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles increase oil recovery from reservoirs by changing wettability, reducing surface tension, reducing oil viscosity. Metallic nanoparticles (ceramic nanoparticles) have the high More

  One of the methods of harvesting oil reservoirs is the injection of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles increase oil recovery from reservoirs by changing wettability, reducing surface tension, reducing oil viscosity. Metallic nanoparticles (ceramic nanoparticles) have the highest application in increasing the absorption of reservoirs. In this research, changes in the contact levels of oil, water, and stone in the presence and absence of metal oxide nanoparticles have been investigated. The change in the rock's wettability has been analyzed in various concentrations of nanoparticles in the aqueous phase and the governing mechanism for changing the rock solidity in two metal oxide nanoparticles is presented. 4 nanoparticles used in this study are TiO2, NiO, Co3O4, Al2O3 The specimens were then measured by the DSA and the angles were measured and it was observed that the maximum gradient of the graph is related to nickel oxide followed by cobalt oxide and then titanium oxide and the lowest slope to aluminum oxide. In this respect, from this point of view, Nano particles are considered as NiO> Co3O4> TiO2> Al2O3, respectively. So the first suggestion is to select the most suitable nanoparticles of metal oxide, NiO, and for the second position Co3O4, the third and fourth choices are TiO and Al2O3, respectively. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  7 - Integration of Geological, Geochemical, Alteration and Remote Sensing Data to Introduce the Mineralization Potentials in the Sarbisheh area, South Khorasan
  S. Modabberi M. Azarifar S. Shamsoddin Ahmadi D. Raeisi
  Sarbisheh area is located in the west of Sarbisheh and southeast of Birjand, South Khorasan province. This area is located in the Birjand ophiolite melange zone and is a part of the northern part of the Iranshahr-Birjand metallogenic belt. The lithological units in this More

  Sarbisheh area is located in the west of Sarbisheh and southeast of Birjand, South Khorasan province. This area is located in the Birjand ophiolite melange zone and is a part of the northern part of the Iranshahr-Birjand metallogenic belt. The lithological units in this area include ophiolite melange, flysch facies sediments, pyroclastic rocks and Quaternary sediments. Geochemical studies of stream sediments and identification of geochemical indicators of mineral resources in the region were performed using the results of geochemical analysis and principal component analysis. Remote sensing studies were performed on the ASTER and Landsat satellite images using color composite, selective principal component analysis (crusta) on the Landsat 8 satellite imagery to identify the alteration zones. The lineaments of the region were drawn using the high-pass filter method of the ASTER satellite image and the Google image. Finally, by creating layers of geological units, geochemical data, alteration and lineament and integrating them with fuzzy method, areas with potential mineralization of nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc and magnesite were identified. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  8 - Geology, mineralization and fluid inclusion studies of the Lakhshak gold deposit, southwest Sistan suture zone
  N.  Heydarian Dehkordi S. Niroomand Hossein Ali Tajeddin Reza نوزعیم
  Lakhshk deposit is located 28 km northwest of Zahedan and southwestern of Sistan suture zone. The main outcrops in the study area are Eocene schists consisting of calc-schist and quartz schist. These rocks metamorphosed under greenschist facies grade and were intruded More

  Lakhshk deposit is located 28 km northwest of Zahedan and southwestern of Sistan suture zone. The main outcrops in the study area are Eocene schists consisting of calc-schist and quartz schist. These rocks metamorphosed under greenschist facies grade and were intruded by Oligocene rhyolitic and dacitic dikes and granitoid. The gold-antimony mineralization is structurally controlled by a NE–SW fault zone and shear zone, and hydrothermal alterations were mainly occurred in the contact zones of granitoid and calc-schist units. The high-grade gold mineralization (3.5 g/t) is spatially related to the intense sulfidation and silicification hydrothermal alteration zones in the inner parts of the zone as well as ductile-brittle (microfractures, fine veins/veinlets) deformation. The ore mineralogy is simple and includes pyrite, arsenical pyrite, stibnite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, gold, electrum, goethite, and stibiconite. The study of fluid inclusions on gold ores quartz shows the homogenization temperature in quartz-sulfide veins/veinlets with mineralization between 200 to 330 °C with a salinity of 8 to 13 wt.% NaCl equiv., which is compatible with the mixing and dilution process. Based on the results of geology, mineralogy, and fluid inclusion studies, gold mineralization in Lakhshak gold deposit is of orogenic type. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  9 - Geology, Alteration, Geochemistry and Element distribution in Alteration Zones of Nughdoz- Zaylik Area, Arasbaran Magmatic Zone
  M.R. Hosseinzadeh S. Maghfouri Mohsen Moayyed Z. Hadavi Chaharborj Nasir Amel
  The study area is located in 25 km SE of Ahar and 40 km NW of Meshkin-Shahr around Naqadouz village. Hydrothermal alteration has resulted in the developing of Argillic, Argillic - Silicic, Silicic and propilitic zones in this area. Based on petrographic studies, the alt More

  The study area is located in 25 km SE of Ahar and 40 km NW of Meshkin-Shahr around Naqadouz village. Hydrothermal alteration has resulted in the developing of Argillic, Argillic - Silicic, Silicic and propilitic zones in this area. Based on petrographic studies, the altered rocks are basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, rhyolite and lithic tuff in composition, with porphyry, glomeroporphyry, hyalomicrolithic and microlithic porphyric textures. The XRD analysis of altered samples show cristobalite, natrilite, kaolinite, quartz, albite, sanidine and orthoclase as the main minerals. Geochemical studies indicate that the alteration fluid has hydrothermal source and supergene processes are more important than hypogene processes. In this study, we use the immobile element method to calculate mass-changes and trace elements transmission amount during hydrothermal alteration. The Eu/Eu* ratio is higher in altered samples than relatively unaltered samples and the ratio of Ce/Ce* is more than 1for the relatively unaltered and most altered samples. The ratio of (La/Yb) n indicated that the depletion of HREE in altered samples is more than LREE, and LREE enrichment can increase this ratio. The lower ratio of (Tb/Yb) n in altered than unaltered samples indicate less depletion of HREE relative to MREE. Considering the distribution pattern of REE’s in alteration zones, it seems that the behavior of elements are controlled by pH, T & P changes, Eh, preferred absorption by clayey and iron oxide minerals and ligands frequency including SO2-4 , PO4+3 , CI-, F-, CO2-3 . Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  10 - Mineralogy geochemistry and genesis of Kehdolan copper deposit Bostanabad east Azarbaijan
  Alireza Yousefi Sh. Niroomand Abdorrahman Rajabi mohammad amini
  Study area is located in Eastern Azerbaijan province, 27 km far from east Bostanabad, and the north of Qarehchaman geological map. According to field tracking and surveys, host rock of mineralization is a Subvolcanic rocks of Oligocene period. Based on microscopic studi More

  Study area is located in Eastern Azerbaijan province, 27 km far from east Bostanabad, and the north of Qarehchaman geological map. According to field tracking and surveys, host rock of mineralization is a Subvolcanic rocks of Oligocene period. Based on microscopic studies, the most important of supergene part, containing primary oxide minerals (Magnetite), secondary oxide minerals (Malachite, Hematite and Goethite) and also sulphide minerals such as Chalcocite, Covellite, Pyrite and insignificance Chalcopyrite. Among the most important alterations, argillic, silicification, carbonization and propylithic can be noted. Geochemical studies shows that host rock of mineralization with Monzosyenitic composition, placed in high chalc-alkaline to shoshonitic and metaluminous range. Formation environment of host rock of mineralization is a volcanic arc of subduction zone that confirmed by normalized rare earth elements diagrams. Manuscript profile