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Open Access Article

1 - Effect of Work Ethics on Job Stress (Academic Research, A Strategy for Industry)
Ahmad عربشاهی کریزی abolfazl erfanifar

هدف این پژوهش بررسی رابطه اخلاق کاری و استرس شغلی در سازمان می‌باشد و نتایج این تحقیق می تواند راهبرد سازمانها و صنایع را در مواجهه با استرس شغلی تعیین نماید. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق معلمان و کارمندان More

هدف این پژوهش بررسی رابطه اخلاق کاری و استرس شغلی در سازمان می‌باشد و نتایج این تحقیق می تواند راهبرد سازمانها و صنایع را در مواجهه با استرس شغلی تعیین نماید. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق معلمان و کارمندان مدارس ابتدایی می‌باشند که از بین آن‌ها 176نفر به دو پرسشنامه اخلاق کاری و استرس شغلی پاسخ داده‌اند. تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نشان می‌دهد که بین اخلاق کاری و استرس شغلی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. با توجه به منفی بودن ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، مشخص می‌شود که اخلاق کاری و استرس شغلی رابطه معکوس دارند یعنی هر چه اخلاق کاری افزایش پیدا کند، استرس شغلی کمتر می‌شود. بین مشارکت در کار و استرس شغلی رابطه معناداری وجود ندارد. بین علاقه به کار و استرس شغلی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. بین پشتکار در کار و استرس شغلی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. بین روابط انسانی در کار و استرس شغلی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Investigating of seasonal change effects on suspended sediment yield using geochemical tracers
Kazem Nosrati فروزان احمدی

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on erosion and sediment yield in land-use types in Taleghani catchment, using the fingerprinting technique. In view of this, 39 soil samples including 17, 12, and 10 samples were collected from More

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on erosion and sediment yield in land-use types in Taleghani catchment, using the fingerprinting technique. In view of this, 39 soil samples including 17, 12, and 10 samples were collected from different sources: agriculture, rangeland, and forest, respectively. 7 samples also were collected from suspended sediments in two different seasons (3 samples in autumn and 4 samples in spring) from 2012 until 2013. After preparing the samples, 11 tracers including C, N, P, Na, K, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe and Ca were measured as the primary tracers in sediment sources and sediment samples. Based on Kruskal-Wallis test and discriminant function analysis, four tracers including Mg, C, Zn and Ca were selected as the optimum set of tracers that can discriminate 3 sediment sources. Then sediment source samples were compared with suspended sediment samples. The results showed that the contribution of sediment sources is 67.9%, 32.1%, and 0 percent for agriculture, rangeland and forest, respectively in autumn season and the contribution of sediment sources is 44.3%, 44.3% and 11.4% for agriculture, rangeland, and forest, respectively in spring season. These results indicate the role of human activity on the erosion rate and land-use types as a very important factor in accelerating the erosion and sedimentation process in Iranian basins. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Analyzing Literary Aspects of Tarikhe Beihaqi (Beihaqi’s History) Based on Walter "Benjamin Theory"
مهدخت پورخالقی چترودی سمیّه عطاردی

“Walter Benjamin”, whose name is associated with “Frankfurt School”, is a thinker who allows a dominion superior than practical and communicative dominions and in contrast with reductionism- that reduces language to an inter-subjective tool- he deals with theorization i More

“Walter Benjamin”, whose name is associated with “Frankfurt School”, is a thinker who allows a dominion superior than practical and communicative dominions and in contrast with reductionism- that reduces language to an inter-subjective tool- he deals with theorization in this field. In Benjamin’s view, language is superior than communicative action of human and gets an existential status; if we reduce language just to its communicative and instrumental trait, we would read the lines of texts and would never understand in-between texts. He applies “Assertive act” in contrast with communicative quality of language and believes that author can produce a literary text by entering into expressive dominion of language. Tarikh-e Beihaqi as a pure artistic work has great capacities to approach a language that has surpassed communicative trait and applies an expressive quality of language to express hidden meanings behind the words. The study dealt with this issue and concluded that Beihaqi produced a literary work with high literary competence based on expressive quality of language that one can interpret it poetically as he applied highlighting tools in lexical and semantic areas of language and the essence of poetry and poem in his work. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Poetic Inspirations
مهرانگیز اوحدی

There are at least two viewpoints upon the poetry inspiration: 1- inspiration is a phenomenon beyond the nature and outside the poet existence, 2- inspiration is a power originated from the poet unconscious self. Theorisians and poets have spoken a lot on these two th More

There are at least two viewpoints upon the poetry inspiration: 1- inspiration is a phenomenon beyond the nature and outside the poet existence, 2- inspiration is a power originated from the poet unconscious self. Theorisians and poets have spoken a lot on these two theories to accept for and against them. As the human being mind structures are not the same, naturally their treatments toward and conceptions about the same experience, be it objective or abstract, will be different. In other words, each poet, in special situation, understand the message more or less ambiguous. He does not know the origin of it. These new and to some extend ambiguous messages are mixed with the poets presuppositions in such a way that separation of “God given inspirations” or “mind made ones” is generally impossible. In this article tries to study this mind complex procedure which was generally subject of a lot of poets and art theorists’ discussion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Theory of Extinction of Original Obligations by Signing Commercial Papers
Alireza Alipanah Somayeh Ahmadi Majdabadi Farahani

The issuance and delivery of commercial papers do not mean fulfilment of payments or extinction of previous obligations; rather, it is with the hand-over of the commercial papers that both obligations under the commercial papers are met and the original obligations beco More

The issuance and delivery of commercial papers do not mean fulfilment of payments or extinction of previous obligations; rather, it is with the hand-over of the commercial papers that both obligations under the commercial papers are met and the original obligations become extinct. Although commercial papers bear obligation per se, until before payments for commercial papers are made, the criterion for action will be original obligations. There is, of course, difference of opinion among jurists on this rule, while it has been confirmed in the majority of the legal systems. However, there is another theory stipulating that issuing a commercial paper and handing it over to the creditor suffices for extinction of original obligations. The proponents of this theory believe in the “substitution of commercial papers”. Although they accept the fact that a commercial paper means ‘commitment to pay’ not ‘payment per se’, they believe that the obligation coming from the commercial paper shall be replaced with the original obligation, suggesting that somehow a shift of obligation takes place. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - United Nations Ethics Mediation Position in the Syria-Yemen Crisis
Sajad Ehrami Ali Tavakkoli Tabasi Asgar Jalalian

The moral and peaceful settlement of disputes means the resolution of international disputes without reference to force. This method involves scientific methods, in which the conflicts of states and groups in their basic duties and responsibilities can be resolved (such More

The moral and peaceful settlement of disputes means the resolution of international disputes without reference to force. This method involves scientific methods, in which the conflicts of states and groups in their basic duties and responsibilities can be resolved (such as negotiation, mediation, compromise, Jamila and arbitration). When it comes to resolving conflicts, there are often attempts to put an end to the state of war, the state of war, or the existence of a strong conflict-based probability. In this paper, the ethical settlement of international disputes through ethics of mediation by international organizations, and in particular the United Nations and the Security Council, is studied with the approach of recent developments and crises in both Syria and Yemen. The moral role of the United Nations in ending international disputes and crises is indisputable, but the question is how is the UN's moral attitude to ending these crises and to what extent are major global governments effective in UN decisions? The question is being addressed in this thesis by considering all aspects. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Checking the place of Intention in The Moral System of Allameh Tabatabaee and Michael Slote
zahra khazaie Maryam Larijani maryam sadat nabavi meybodi

Intention as a mentally process have a important place in ethics. In order to analysis of the intention and checking in the role of its semantic, ontology and valorization in morality has been paid attention to two famous philosophy that’s mean Allameh Tabatabaee and M More

Intention as a mentally process have a important place in ethics. In order to analysis of the intention and checking in the role of its semantic, ontology and valorization in morality has been paid attention to two famous philosophy that’s mean Allameh Tabatabaee and Michael Slote. So the role of intention in moral agent and action and its relation with character has been explored. At the end, similar approach understood regarding definition of the intention in both. But about the role of semantic, valorization and ontology of intention have been seen differences in morality. This suggests their difference in the content of their thought. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A moral look at chapteristic sanctions regarding the legal implications of this, Bernslett II Human Rights
حسین اخوان Seyyed Bagher Mirabassi Abo-Mohammad Asgarkhani

Since the establishment of the United Nations, many countries have been subject to sanctions by the Security Council under Chapter 7 of the Charter. The increase in sanctions imposed by the Security Council has raised concerns about the damage done to the citizens of th More

Since the establishment of the United Nations, many countries have been subject to sanctions by the Security Council under Chapter 7 of the Charter. The increase in sanctions imposed by the Security Council has raised concerns about the damage done to the citizens of the sanctioned countries. Research on the effects of sanctions in countries such as Iraq, Haiti, Libya and Iran suggests that these sanctions increased the deaths of children, poverty, migration, food and drug deficits, and other social and economic disruptions. Consequently, there are widespread debates at the UN and abroad about criticism of the Security Council sanctions as well as the responsibility of the Council for the violation of human rights, especially the second generation of human rights of citizens. In this essay, the human rights dimensions of the bansel sanctions of the second Barnsl has been examined. According to the author, sanctions imposed by the Security Council on human rights violations, in particular with regard to economic and social rights and sanctions imposed by the Security Council, result in serious violations of the human rights of the Security Council because of its severe negative effects on the target countries. While the United Nations Charter has committed that organization to "promoting and respecting human rights," the UN Security Council's economic sanctions are in breach of the provisions of the Charter and are responsible for violating human rights. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Importance and Position of Principal Organs of United Nations Organization in the Framework of United Nations Charter
Saeedeh Golkar Seyyed Mohammad Hashemi

The end of Word War II and in 1945, the United Nations Organization has formally established by50 countries as signatories of the Charter. Having 192 member states in 2006 of almost all countries of the world, the Organization is considered as the largest international More

The end of Word War II and in 1945, the United Nations Organization has formally established by50 countries as signatories of the Charter. Having 192 member states in 2006 of almost all countries of the world, the Organization is considered as the largest international organization. Many organizations and bodies are active under the supervision of the United Nations. Among the principal organs, the strongest one is the Security Council that includes five permanent members who enjoy veto power in the Council’s making decisions. Enlargement of member states and activities of the United Nations and the plurality of its subsidiary international institutions and organizations, which include most parts and activities of the countries in vast fields, make it necessary to review the framework and performance of this Organization more than ever. The author of the present article tries to study the status of the principal organs in the framework of the United Nations Charter. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Ethical Conflict of Decisions of the International Court of Justice and the Security Council on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes
Saeedeh Golkar Seyed Mohammad Hashemi Ali Zare

In the present study the structure, some considerations on the respective rolls of the security council and the internationalcourt of justice with respect to the “The revention of aggravation of disputes” in the domain of the pacific settlementof international disputes More

In the present study the structure, some considerations on the respective rolls of the security council and the internationalcourt of justice with respect to the “The revention of aggravation of disputes” in the domain of the pacific settlementof international disputes or situations, according to the United Nations charter through comparing their functions and functionalities. Special focus is on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as the sole United Nations judicial institution that carries not only the responsibility of peaceful resolution of international disputes between states and other subjects of international law but also has contributed to the expansion of international law. ICJ has a responsibility to supervise other organs of the United Nations but has failed to observe the resolutions of the Security Council despite the freedoms it enjoys to do so. The authority of the Security Council is still derived from the will of powers, not the international law which has resulted in silence and inaction of the ICJ with regard to the decisions of the Security Council in the cases of Lockerbie, Namibia, Bosnia and Herzegovinian and Montenegro; all out of political considerations. The study ends with a conclusion and a set of recommendations to minimize the adverse effects of the discussed contradictions including legal observations supported by some international principles and procedures as well as acceptance of the superiority of the decisions of the ICJ over decisions of other main UN bodies particularly the Security Council. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Investigating the Position of Women's Rights in the Citizenship Bill with an Emphasis on Women's Political Rights
Arezoo Hosseinieh Ali Hajipour Kanderud

Citizenship Charter Reflects Government Concern Over Public Awareness on Citizenship and Proposes Respect for Human Rights. In this regard, one of the most important pillars of the civil rights charter is the issue of women's rights. The purpose of the present study is More

Citizenship Charter Reflects Government Concern Over Public Awareness on Citizenship and Proposes Respect for Human Rights. In this regard, one of the most important pillars of the civil rights charter is the issue of women's rights. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and analyze the level of attention to women's citizenship rights in the context of the Citizenship Charter. The above study shows that women's citizenship rights are accepted in the Charter of Citizenship to an acceptable extent, but there is no guarantee of proper implementation on the one hand and some practical challenges and on the other hand desirable and realistic research of women's rights in Iran with serious obstacles. Is facing Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - A philosophical approach to the intersection of ethics and emotion
Seyyed Ahmad Fazeli Mojtaba Jafari

Emotions are concerned about by philosophers because knowledge, happiness, and ethics that have been a longstanding concern of philosophy, have some intersects with emotions. They have, therefore, tried to show the value and place of emotions in the acquisition of knowl More

Emotions are concerned about by philosophers because knowledge, happiness, and ethics that have been a longstanding concern of philosophy, have some intersects with emotions. They have, therefore, tried to show the value and place of emotions in the acquisition of knowledge of happiness and moral life. Their focus, in comparison with scientists, is more on an abstract analysis of emotions. Exploring the nature of emotion leads to several philosophical issues, such as: What are the differences between emotions? Is it evaluating, that is, whether it has to be taken as evaluative judgments, or perceptions, or something else? What is the epistemological status of emotions and their relation to evaluative judgments? What is the relationship between motivation and emotion? And finally, what its role in the moral life, and what effect does it have on the development of virtues and moral character?. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Chomsky's linguistic theory of the origin of religion through the lens

The important issues in the field of religious studies scholars are concerned, the important topic "The origin of religion" is. In this context the group believes in the divine origin and human origin groups also attach to it. In the meantime, one of the issues that can More

The important issues in the field of religious studies scholars are concerned, the important topic "The origin of religion" is. In this context the group believes in the divine origin and human origin groups also attach to it. In the meantime, one of the issues that can be evidence of sentence on each of the two views, it is the language problem and its origin. On the basis of these articles addressing contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky comments to the subject of the origin of language, we find that through the proof of the inhumanity of at least one of the parameters of human life in the name of "language" can put an end to the views of those in the natural origin of religion and humane justification for the distinction And thus can be of non-human origin, language, religion escape the inhumanity of his origin and proof of the origin of human negation of religion were allowed Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The role of Steamy Soul in the relationship between the psyche and body in Avicenna's philosophical psychology

Avicenna is one of the Muslim philosophers among philosophers who has been given attention to the relationship between the psyche and body. Since he believes that the soul is spirituality created and he believes that the duality of body and psyche is from the beginning More

Avicenna is one of the Muslim philosophers among philosophers who has been given attention to the relationship between the psyche and body. Since he believes that the soul is spirituality created and he believes that the duality of body and psyche is from the beginning of creation. He is obliged to accept a mediator in the issue of the existence of a relationship between body and psyche because the spiritual and immaterial psyche cannot be connected to a dirty body and an element without a mediator. Therefore, the existence of a tender mass which is above the body and low psyche is necessary. Avicenna calls this mediator the steamy soul. The steamy soul arises from the tender part of humours and body steams. Therefore, the steamy soul proportion to the tender part of humours is similar to the proportion of the concentration of humours. As the combination and humours misciblity in every part of body parts develop the temperament which fits that particular organ, steams and tenders which have arisen from quadruple humours are combined and miscibled and develop the temperament which fits the steamy soul. Therefore, thinking, employment and interest of the psyche to the body and any of body parts or body organs will be in this way. From Avicenna’s perspective, the first member which take soul is the heart. heart is the source and mine of , the steamy soul birth. The present paper addresses content analysis method to introduce Avicenna’s perspective about the steamy soul, its origin and reason for its existence, functions and its role in sensory perceptions Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Contexts of Quran in Tafreshi and Meibodyʼs Composition
seyed Mohsen Mehrabi Mohammad Amir Obeidi Nia Rahim Koushesh Shabestari

At past to now, attention to Quranʼs verse had been in authors up to investigation of Quran has been one of the important manner in religion studies. This manner receives to pick in 7 th. century in several sections such as words, reporting, inspiration. Wordʼs influenc More

At past to now, attention to Quranʼs verse had been in authors up to investigation of Quran has been one of the important manner in religion studies. This manner receives to pick in 7 th. century in several sections such as words, reporting, inspiration. Wordʼs influences is in 3 manners such as translate and resultanate. Reporting influence divided in sack, explantation, relying. One of the kinds in Persian prose is composition which in Safavi era is favorite. In this paper, we investigate two books in safavi era ( Meibody and Tafreshi ) base on describe. The results of paper show that Meibody as judge attends to Quran more than Tafreshi. He uses at words, definition, sack and relying, but Tafreshi without exaggeration uses at Quranʼs verse in definition and relying. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - A Pyramid Model for Networking of knowledge-based companies
Ehsan Golshiri

In this article discussion how is to create the Cooperative network among knowledge-based companies to get best rivalry. With a pyramid model describes the Cooperative Network relation such as management, technology and economical conditions. Each company or proficiency More

In this article discussion how is to create the Cooperative network among knowledge-based companies to get best rivalry. With a pyramid model describes the Cooperative Network relation such as management, technology and economical conditions. Each company or proficiency set on one face of pyramid, and relation in network simulated with pyramids sides. This model has some profits in work distribution and covers all of the dimensions of the project. We used principles of geometric and simulation for pyramid model. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Causal Explanation of Dimensions of academic dishonesty Base on Moral Character and Self- Deception
Dr Barani farhad khormaei

Introduction: Although, Investigating the separated dimensions of academic dishonesty is important to identify its causes and reduce this behavior, But researches have investigated this behavior by a general construct. The purpose of this study was Causal explanation of More

Introduction: Although, Investigating the separated dimensions of academic dishonesty is important to identify its causes and reduce this behavior, But researches have investigated this behavior by a general construct. The purpose of this study was Causal explanation of the dimensions of academic dishonesty among a group of undergraduate students at Shiraz University. Method: Participants were 303 (185 girls and 111 boys) undergraduates at Shiraz University (during 1397-98 academic year) who were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. They completed the moral character scale of Khoramei & Ghaemi (2018), self- deception of Sirvent et al. (2019), and Academic Dishonesty scales of Bashir & Bala (2018). For analyzing the research model, structural equation modeling and Amos 24 software was used. Results: The results showed that the research model fits well with the data collected. Findings showed that moral character predicted Dimensions of academic dishonesty directly and indirectly (through self- deception). Also, the maximum variance was explained by lying about academic assignments and the minimum variance by Cheating in Examination in the model. Conclusion: In general, the findings of the present study illustrate the role of moral character and self-deception in explaining the dimensions of academic dishonesty, and especially the dimension of lying about academic assignments. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Classification of Character Strengths and Virtues among Iranian Students with Emphasize on Culture
Marjan Hassaniraad Mohammad Khodayarifard Elahe Hejazi

The purpose of this study was to identify character strengths and virtues among Iranian students aged 18 to 28 years and to classify these strengths and virtues according to Iranian culture. The research method was qualitative with exploratory grounded theory desig More

The purpose of this study was to identify character strengths and virtues among Iranian students aged 18 to 28 years and to classify these strengths and virtues according to Iranian culture. The research method was qualitative with exploratory grounded theory design. Content analysis technique was used to analyze focus group interviews. Study population consisted of undergraduate and Masters students of Tehran of University in the academic year 2018-2019 who were selected by purposive sampling. Selected individuals were evaluated using Adulthood Markers Questionnaire and only those with emerging adulthood characteristics participated in the study. Sample size adequacy in the qualitative approach was determined according to the principle of saturation during the research process. Data collection tool included interviews conducted through focus groups (6 groups including 24 female students and 11 male students). Themes were analyzed using MAXQDA10 software. Findings indicated the following four factors or virtues in Iranian society: wisdom (including analytical thinking, self-regulation, moderation and love of learning), courage (including bravery, honesty, and independence), humanity (including justice, kindness, forgiveness), and transcendence (including appreciation of beauty and excellence, hope, and spirituality). In other words, instead of Values in Action Institute’s classification including six virtues and 24 strengths, the present research conducted by content analysis method resulted in four virtues and 13 strengths based on priorities of Iranian society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - The Relationship between Moral Characters and the Academic Dishonesty Dimensions with Mediating Role of Self-Deception
Dr Barani farhad khormaei

The purpose of this study was causal explanation of the dimensions of academic dishonesty among a group of undergraduate students at Shiraz University. Participants were 303 (185 girls and 118 boys) undergraduates at Shiraz University (during 2019-2020 academic year) wh More

The purpose of this study was causal explanation of the dimensions of academic dishonesty among a group of undergraduate students at Shiraz University. Participants were 303 (185 girls and 118 boys) undergraduates at Shiraz University (during 2019-2020 academic year) who were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. They completed the moral character scale of Khoramei & Ghaemi (2018), self-deception of Sirvent et al. (2019), and Academic Dishonesty scales of Bashir & Bala (2018). For analyzing the research model, structural equation modeling and Amos 24 software was used. The results showed that the research model fits well with the data collected. Findings showed that moral character predicted dimensions of academic dishonesty directly and indirectly (through self- deception). Also, the maximum variance was explained by lying about academic assignments and the minimum variance by cheating in examination in the model. In general, the findings of the present study illustrate the role of moral character and self-deception in explaining the dimensions of academic dishonesty, and especially Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Comparison of the Ideal and Actual Affective States of Opiate-Dependent Addicts and Non-Addicts and Their Relationship to Personality Characteristics
S. Said Pournaghash Tehrani

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the ideal and actual affective states of opiate-dependent addicts and non-addict group and their relationship to personality characteristics. The retrospective research method was used in the present study .The statistic More

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the ideal and actual affective states of opiate-dependent addicts and non-addict group and their relationship to personality characteristics. The retrospective research method was used in the present study .The statistical population consisted of all opiate-dependent individuals who themselves had referred to rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 2012. A sample of 30 opiate-dependents was chosen. Also, 30 non-addicts were selected by convenience sampling who were matched on age. The two groups filled out Affect Valuation Index (AVI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Analyzing the data showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in all subscales of the AVI (ideal) except for the subscale of HA. Also, significant differences were observed between the two groups in the subscales of P, LA, and N of actual AVI. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the NS, RD, and SD subscales of TCI. Regarding the differences between the addict and non-addict groups, significant differences existed in all subscales of actual AVI and ideal AVI except for the LAN and HAN subscales. In short, in terms of ideal and actual affective states and personality characteristics, there were differences between opiate-dependent individuals and non-addict groups. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Geochemical Investigation and Mineral Matrix Effect on Probable Source Rock's Potentiality, Darquain Oilfield in the Abadan Plain
بهرام علیزاده نسیم آزاد بخت سید حسین حسینی الهام ترهنده

Darquain anticline is located at 5 km northeast of city of Abadan. The axis trend of this oilfield is north through south. In this study, Kazhdumi, Gadvan, Garu and Sargelu Formations in Darquain Oilfield, in Abadan Plain, were analyzed by Rock-Eval 6 instrument. S2 v More

Darquain anticline is located at 5 km northeast of city of Abadan. The axis trend of this oilfield is north through south. In this study, Kazhdumi, Gadvan, Garu and Sargelu Formations in Darquain Oilfield, in Abadan Plain, were analyzed by Rock-Eval 6 instrument. S2 vs. TOC plot revealed that kerogen type in this oilfield predominantly is of mixed of types II & III. Significant S2 Adsorption by matrix of Kazhdumi Formation in well numbers 1 and 2 (5.33-14.06 mg HC/gr rock) and Gadvan Formation in well numbers 2 and 3 (3.1-3.2 mg HC/gr rock) is due to low thermal maturity as well as low Gas-Oil Ratio factor. In Garu and Sargelu Formations amounts of adsorbed S2 by matrix are respectedly 0.82 and 0.84 mg HC/gr rock, that represent a medium thermal maturation and medium to high Gas-Oil Ratio factor. Quantity of TOClive in the Kazhdumi, Gadvan, Garu and Sargelu formations estimated to be in the range of 0.6-1.6, 0.2-1.9, 1.53 and 8.38 by weight percent respectively. This represents potential for the studied formations fair to excellent petroleum generation. Also the studied wells were modeled, by which the Ro of the source rocks were calculated according to their depth. Also transformation ratio of organic matter and the initial TOC is estimated. Transformation Ratio of Kerogen in studied formations ranges from 0.12 to 0.66. This is in accordance with estimated Easy Ro by PBM software (0.5-0.8). It can then be concluded that Kazhdumi Formation is in early oil window and already started to generate hydrocarbon. This is also verified by Tmax data. The Gas-Oil Ratio of Kazhdumi and Gadvan Formations is 0-1 indicating variable hydrocarbon generation. Also this factor for Garu and Sargelu is 0.58-1 indicates that they have more gas generation potential rather than oil generation potential. The inferences drawn from It can be inferenced from iso TOCoil and TOCgas maps led to the conclution that, in west and southwestern parts of the basin, the depth during deposition of mentioned formations was more in compare to other parts of Darquain. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of Gadvan Formation in Binak, Gachsaran and Marun fileds by geochemical methods and thermal modeling.
نغمه مرتاضیان

Investigation on hydrocarbon source rock potentiality of Gadvan Formation in Marun, Gachsaran and Binak oil fields using Rock-eval pyrolysis shows that Gadvan Formation in Marun and Gachsaran oil fields is an effective source rock and is capable of generating hydrocar More

Investigation on hydrocarbon source rock potentiality of Gadvan Formation in Marun, Gachsaran and Binak oil fields using Rock-eval pyrolysis shows that Gadvan Formation in Marun and Gachsaran oil fields is an effective source rock and is capable of generating hydrocarbon (oil and gas) , whereas the same formation in the Binak oil field has no hydrocarbon generation potential. The presence of organic matter in Gadvan Formation from Marun and Gachsaran oil fields suggests a mixture of kerogen type II/III and in Binak oil field kergen type III is dominant. Based on Tmax values derived from Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Gadvan Formation in Marun and Gachsaran oil fields is thermally mature and entered oil window stage but in Binak oil field this formation is immature and has not entered oil window yet. The results obtained from pyrolysis and virtinite reflectance measurements are in good agreement with thermal history modeling using PBM software program. Organic facies curve plotted for the Gadvan Formation indicates organic facies BC for Marun and Gachsaran oil fields and organic facies CD for Binak oil field suggesting marine persistent anoxic to oxidizing conditions prevailed during early deposition Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of Gadvan Formation in Binak, Gachsaran and Marun fileds by geochemical methods and thermal modeling
نغمه مرتاضیان

Investigation on hydrocarbon source rock potentiality of Gadvan Formation in Marun, Gachsaran and Binak oil fields using Rock-eval pyrolysis shows that Gadvan Formation in Marun and Gachsaran oil fields is an effective source rock and is capable of generating hydrocarbo More

Investigation on hydrocarbon source rock potentiality of Gadvan Formation in Marun, Gachsaran and Binak oil fields using Rock-eval pyrolysis shows that Gadvan Formation in Marun and Gachsaran oil fields is an effective source rock and is capable of generating hydrocarbon (oil and gas) , whereas the same formation in the Binak oil field has no hydrocarbon generation potential. The presence of organic matter in Gadvan Formation from Marun and Gachsaran oil fields suggests a mixture of kerogen type II/III and in Binak oil field kergen type III is dominant. Based on Tmax values derived from Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Gadvan Formation in Marun and Gachsaran oil fields is thermally mature and entered oil window stage but in Binak oil field this formation is immature and has not entered oil window yet. The results obtained from pyrolysis and virtinite reflectance measurements are in good agreement with thermal history modeling using PBM software program. Organic facies curve plotted for the Gadvan Formation indicates organic facies BC for Marun and Gachsaran oil fields and organic facies CD for Binak oil field suggesting marine persistent anoxic to oxidizing conditions prevailed Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Source rock characterization of the Fahlian, Gadvan, and Surmeh formations in giant Gachsaran oilfield
Majid Safaei-Farouji Hossain Rahimpour-Bonab Buyuk Ghorbani

10.61186/ispg.33873.11.22.26

The aim of this study is geochemical evaluation of the Fahlian, Gadvan, and Surmeh formations as possible source rocks in Gachsaran oil field using Rock-Eval Pyrolysis manner. All of the studied samples possess migration index amounts lower than 1.5 showing indigenous n More

The aim of this study is geochemical evaluation of the Fahlian, Gadvan, and Surmeh formations as possible source rocks in Gachsaran oil field using Rock-Eval Pyrolysis manner. All of the studied samples possess migration index amounts lower than 1.5 showing indigenous nature of their hydrocarbons. TOC versus S2 and TOC against S1+S2 diagrams suggest fair hydrocarbon generation potential for the Fahlian and Surmeh formations and fair to good potential for the Gadvan formation. for the Fahlian and Surmeh formations type III kerogen and for the Gadvan formation mixed type II and II-III kerogens were identified. So, the Fahlian and Surmeh formations contain organic matter with terrigenous source (gas prone) and the Gadvan Formation possess both of marine and terrigenous organic matter (oil and gas prone). According to the cross plot of Tmax versus Hydrogen index (HI), the Gurpi formation is capable of mixed gas and oil, and gas generation and the Fahlian and Surmeh formations considered only gas prone formations. In terms of organic facies type, the surmeh, Fahlian, and Gurpi formations located in CD, C and CD, and BC and C zones of jones diagram, respectively. So, the Gadvan formation in compare to the Fahlian formation and the Fahlian formation in compare to the Surmeh formation, deposited under more anoxic conditions. In terms of thermal maturity, All of the Fahlian, Gadvan, and Surmeh formations located in oil window zone, but the Surmeh formation possess higher maturity than the Fahlian formation and the Fahlian formation have highr maturity in compare to the Gadvan formation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Enhancing volume and salinity of production water in oil and gas wells, Case study: Mozduran gas reservoir
rahim Bagheri Mehdi Miri Farshid khabiri Mohhamadreza Akhlaghi

The production of oil and gas in oil and gas fields is accompanied by production of water (Produced Water). Most of the reservoirs at the beginning of production have fresh water; but with passing time due to the increase in productions and decrease in pressure of reser More

The production of oil and gas in oil and gas fields is accompanied by production of water (Produced Water). Most of the reservoirs at the beginning of production have fresh water; but with passing time due to the increase in productions and decrease in pressure of reservoir, the produced water gradually becomes saline. The saline Production water causes severe corrosion in pipelines and well head facilitis leading to reduction in gas production. Determining the origin of salinity for reducing the salinity is most important. Khangiran gas field is located in the northeast of Iran which composed of two separate gas formations, Mozduran at lower and Shurijeh at the upper part. The produced water samples were collected from fresh and salty wells in the Mozduran reservoir as well as two deep samples from brine below the gas reservoir (at depth of 3 km) for comparison and different analyzes. The Mozduran reservoir has two major problems, high salinity of the produced water, as well as the volume of water produced, rendering some wells unexploitable. The results revealed that two deep water samples have different behaviors. The deep sample No. 17, taken at a higher elevation than sample No. 13, showed the signs of salt dissolution; whereas the brine from sample no.13 had the origin of the evaporated old sea water. Therefore, any of these brines in the Khangiran reservoir can be the possible source of salinity in produced waters. The saline produced water samples showed a similar behavior to brine sample no.13. The source of fresh produced water is also the condensation of water vapor in the reservoir during production. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Estimation of oil production, restoration of burial history and thermal maturity using Pyrolysis Rock-Eval data and Arrhenius model in one of the wells of Parsi oilfield
Abuzar Bazvandi Bijan Maleki Saeedeh Senemari parviz armani

Investigating potential source rocks in oilfields is important. In this study, in addition to evaluating the hydrocarbon potential, the Arrhenius kinetic model was used to more accurately assess the source rock maturity status as well as the percentage of oil generation More

Investigating potential source rocks in oilfields is important. In this study, in addition to evaluating the hydrocarbon potential, the Arrhenius kinetic model was used to more accurately assess the source rock maturity status as well as the percentage of oil generation in the Parsi oilfield. In the Arrhenius model, the rate of kerogen decomposition is very important. In this research, some source rocks that have been tested by thermal pyrolysis were kinetically analyzed and the source rock conversion ratio (TR) was determined. Based on the results of burial history and thermal modeling, it was found that Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations were in the oil window well while Gurpi formation did not enter the oil window due to poor organic matter content (TR = 0). Therefore, among the Kazhdomi, Gurpi and Pabdeh formations in the Parsi oilfield, Kazhdumi formation is considered as the main and most effective source rock of this oilfield with high TTI and TR = 100. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Comparison of ΔlogR and mineralogy-based methods in estimating organic carbon content of Pabdeh formation in Ahwaz and Rag-e Sefid oilfields
Mahdi Shafie Seyed Hassan Tabatabaei Morteza Tabaei Nader Fathianpour Ali Opera

One of the most common and relatively accurate methods for determining the amount of organic carbon in rocks in the oil and gas exploration potential is the Pyrolysis family, a standard example of which is the first rock pyrolysis method. Based on the study of the core, More

One of the most common and relatively accurate methods for determining the amount of organic carbon in rocks in the oil and gas exploration potential is the Pyrolysis family, a standard example of which is the first rock pyrolysis method. Based on the study of the core, this method explores the potential of oil and gas resources in rocks. One of the important and valuable parameters in determining the potential of oil and gas resources is the determination of TOC. The purpose and motivation of this research is to compare the ΔlogR method and the mineralogy-based method for calculating the total amount of organic carbon in the source rock. It has the desired accuracy and relatively low cost. The fields studied in this study are two fields of Ahwaz and Rag-e sefid. These fields are among the potential fields of southwestern Iran for more detailed investigation and estimation of organic carbon content. In this research, software studies have been performed through IP software, using which the petrophysical data of each field have been calculated and compared, and finally, its results have been compared with actual TOC values. Input data in the mineralogical data method include density log, neutron porosity log and gamma log, and input data in the ΔlogR method include acoustic and resistivity logs. According to the fields, the most appropriate methods (in terms of R2) in Ahwaz and rag-e sefid fields are the mineralogical data method and the ΔlogR method, respectively. Also, in terms of cost, precision and accuracy parameters, the best method discussed in this research is R2 mineralogical data in Ahwaz and Rag-e sefid, 0.94 and 0.61, respectively. After this, the ΔlogR method comes second. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Necessity and Possibility of Judicial Supervision over Security Council’s Performance in UN Legal System
حسین شریفی طرازکوهی ساسان مدرس سبزواری

The issue of judicial supervision over the Security Council has two different, but interrelated aspects. First of all, the “necessity” of such supervision should be discussed. The present article assumes that the Security Council should be committed to the principles of More

The issue of judicial supervision over the Security Council has two different, but interrelated aspects. First of all, the “necessity” of such supervision should be discussed. The present article assumes that the Security Council should be committed to the principles of international law, the goals of the United Nations, sovereign rights of member states, fundamental human rights guarantees, as well as the basic structure for the division of powers among various organs of the UN. Then it studies the Security Council’s procedure to show that this institution has been frequently found in violation of the aforesaid legal bounds. Security Council’s inattention to the limits of its powers can cast doubts on credibility of the entire UN system. It has been also shown that the “necessity” of judicial supervision can be proven on the basis of the requirements of the “rule of law.” Another aspect of this issue is the “possibility” of judicial supervision in view of the current state of international law. The present paper has shown that although the Charter of the United Nations has remained silent on this issue, it can be confirmed if final goals of this document are taken as basis for its interpretation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - The Necessity of Power Sharing in the Security Council: A Pluralistic Model
Enayatollah Yazadani Enayatollah Yazadani

During the early years fllowing the Second World War, power sharing in the Security Council, the main responsible for maintaining international peace and security was to some extent equitable, given the Political, economic, military and demographic power of its five per More

During the early years fllowing the Second World War, power sharing in the Security Council, the main responsible for maintaining international peace and security was to some extent equitable, given the Political, economic, military and demographic power of its five permanent members and their efforts to from the UN system. With the passage of time and given fundamental changes in the form and straucture of international system, and trasfor mation in the relative power of countries including the permanent members of Security Council, it seems that the present order governing the structure of the Council is unfair and undemocratic which necessitates a reform in the structure of the Security Council by incorporating influential global and regional powers. This article aims to present a pluralistic model to reform the structure of the Security Council, given the emergence of new global and regional powers Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - The Legitimacy of State’s Evaluation in Implementation of United Nations Security Council
Malihe Behfar Hassan Savari

In UNs history, the Legality of Security Council Resolutions, in many cases, is challenged. Generally these challenges take by states that affected Security Councils decisions. With notice that states are the representative for implementation of SCR's, they intervene th More

In UNs history, the Legality of Security Council Resolutions, in many cases, is challenged. Generally these challenges take by states that affected Security Councils decisions. With notice that states are the representative for implementation of SCR's, they intervene their determination and interpretation in the way that implement SC decisions. In some cases domestic and regional courts evaluate the state's action in implementation SCRs. Although these cases couldn’t provide direct review on Resolutions but affected in the way of implementation. Evaluation by states is probable and arises some concerns about decrease effectiveness of SC in maintenance of international peace and security Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Maternal Dystocia: Causes and treatment
Niloufar Tashakkori nima farzaneh

Maternal dystocia includes defects of the birth canal and defects of the expulsive forces. Defects of the birth canal would be due to the pelvic constriction, failure of cervical dilation, incomplete relaxation of the caudal vagina and vulva and other physical abnormali More

Maternal dystocia includes defects of the birth canal and defects of the expulsive forces. Defects of the birth canal would be due to the pelvic constriction, failure of cervical dilation, incomplete relaxation of the caudal vagina and vulva and other physical abnormalities causing obstruction such as remnants of the paramesonephric ducts. The expulsive force of labour is due to a combination of myometrial contractions and straining induced by the contraction of the abdominal muscles with a closed glottis. Because the abdominal muscles do not come into play until the myometrium has forced the fetus and fetal membranes into the pelvic canal and stimulated the pelvic sensory nerve receptors, it is logical to consider first the expulsive deficiencies that may arise in the myometrium. These may occur spontaneously or dependently and are called, respectively, primary and secondary uterine inertia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Fetal dystocia 1. Obstetrical maneuvers; Dystocia due to postural defects; Dystocia due to faulty position
Niloufar Tashakkori nima farzaneh

The aim of manipulative procedures in the monotocous species must always be to ensure that the fetus is in normal disposition before attempting delivery. Correction of defects of presentation, position, and posture can be achieved only by intrauterine manipulation of th More

The aim of manipulative procedures in the monotocous species must always be to ensure that the fetus is in normal disposition before attempting delivery. Correction of defects of presentation, position, and posture can be achieved only by intrauterine manipulation of the fetus. Retropulsion of the fetus into the uterus is essential for repositioning it. After diagnosing the cause of dystocia and deciding on a plan of action, the obstetrician should consider whether the available facilities are appropriate, and whether the equipment is adequate to carry out the treatment successfully. In severe forms of dystocia, the veterinarian should always seek the assistance of a professional colleague and consider whether it might be appropriate to transport the animal to a place with hospital facilities, provided that the animal is in a fit state to travel. Obstetrical manipulation per vaginam should be performed as cleanly as possible. It is impossible to perform them aseptically because there will inevitably be some contamination. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Comparative Study Of Suspension Of Validity Conditions From The Perspective Of Imam Khomeini And Ayatollah Khoei
Farshid Khosravi

10.61186/ahrar.45874.4.7.1

Although the ruling on the suspension of validity conditions in contracts is clear and unambiguous among legal scholars, and even though according to Articles 699 and 1068 of the Civil Code, suspension in divorce and warranty is invalid, their suspension based on validi More

Although the ruling on the suspension of validity conditions in contracts is clear and unambiguous among legal scholars, and even though according to Articles 699 and 1068 of the Civil Code, suspension in divorce and warranty is invalid, their suspension based on validity conditions is acceptable to legislators and legal scholars. For example, according to Article 700 of the Civil Code, the suspension of warranty based on its validity conditions does not invalidate the contract. However, since in Imami jurisprudence and among jurists, the suspension of a contract is subject to certain conditions, including its validity conditions, there is a difference of opinion among jurists regarding the validity or invalidity of such a suspensive condition. In this research, using a descriptive and analytical method, the views of the late Imam Khomeini and the late Khoei, two prominent contemporary jurists, have been examined on this issue. Based on the analysis of the opinions of these jurists, it can be concluded that although these two great scholars have different views on whether suspension invalidates a contract in its creation or origin, they agree on the ruling of suspension based on validity conditions in a contract. The difference is that unlike Khoei, who explicitly stated the ruling on such a condition, Imam Khomeini did not directly refer to this issue, and the ruling on the validity of this condition can be inferred from his fatwas. Manuscript profile

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