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Open Access Article

1 - Iran’s intellectuals in Qajar era and the Transition Possibilityfrom "Government-oriented Pattern" to the "State-oriented Pattern
مهدی کاظمی زمهریر

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of thes More

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of these beliefs and the need to rethink about them. The intellectuals were in charge of these affairs. How much they were successful in rethinking of these beliefs? The intellectuals faced with practical obstacles in the inherited beliefs from ancient time. So like the ancient thinkers, they set the right use of political authority as the main subject in their theories, Instead of addressing the foundations of political community and government. However,to rethink political orders and the application of political powers by the government was not possible without knowing about the nature of political community. So with reception of implicit theory about political community and by the use of “common good” and “general rights” by intellectuals, they rethought about dominion theory and the relation between religion and political order and stated a new theory about government. But the result was a gradual tension between the old beliefs and the new beliefs of political order and the appearance of juridical modern political theories. Although these theories tried to resist against new political order, But for the first time, instead of characteristics of an ideal ruler, they had to pay attention to the nature of political community. So the appearance of intellectual thought could put the query of government’s nature and political community in the center of political theories of Iran’s thinkers, and pave the way for gradual transition from "Government-oriented pattern" to the "State-oriented pattern" of political theories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Query on the Robert Merrihew Adams's theory of virtue and the moral argument from the best explanation of objective moral values for the existence of God
امیرعباس علیزمانی

With the advent of scientific advances in recent centuries, widespread philosophical criticisms weakened the traditional evidences and compelled the theistic to pursue novel evidences such as ethics to support their ideas., the moral argument of Robert Merrihew Adams is More

With the advent of scientific advances in recent centuries, widespread philosophical criticisms weakened the traditional evidences and compelled the theistic to pursue novel evidences such as ethics to support their ideas., the moral argument of Robert Merrihew Adams is one of the contemporary moral argument for the existence of God. By devised the theory of virtue by Adams, offers a new explanation of moral values which have ability to justify the objectivity of moral values, as the most important element of Ethics Meaningful, and also have ability to justify The truth of theism, as a important part of this explanation. In this article we have tried to explain this idea and described this theory and analyzed the argument which raised from this theory and prepared evidences and reasons for the existence of God and then we examine the critics of that Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Consistensy between Contractualism and Rule-Utilitarianism on Parfit and its valuation
Seyed Taghi Agha Miri Seyed Ahmad Fazeli Mohsen Javadi

Utilitarianism and contractualism throughout its life have enjoyed a variety of readings in new and old societies among utilitarians and contractualists. The ancient utilitarians have different readings of classical and act-utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism More

Utilitarianism and contractualism throughout its life have enjoyed a variety of readings in new and old societies among utilitarians and contractualists. The ancient utilitarians have different readings of classical and act-utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism treats the two differently. Parfit utilitarianism is not only different from other forms of utilitarianism, but also distinct from normative utilitarianism, rooted in the principles of general principles based on his rationality, objectivism, and anthropology. He has the same view of contractualism. Parfit says:A)Agreed general moral principles ,B)followed the rational principles that people agree on. Principles must be chosen that can be rationally formulated so that no one can easily dismiss it.This kind of contractualism wants to show, firstly, the existence of moral knowledge and, secondly, the objectivity of moral values and propositions by relying on rationality.Parfit tries to build utilitarianism and contractualism on the maximum of rationality. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - the moderate insight from the view points of the muslim scholars Farabi and Qazali
Hamidreza Hajibabaeei Mahboubeh Yazdanpanah

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the moral boundary from the viewpoint of Islamic scholars (Farabi, Ibn Maskawayh, Imam Mohammad Ghazali and Mohammad Naraghi). The research method was library study type. The library research method is used in a More

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the moral boundary from the viewpoint of Islamic scholars (Farabi, Ibn Maskawayh, Imam Mohammad Ghazali and Mohammad Naraghi). The research method was library study type. The library research method is used in all scientific research, and in some of them the subject of research in terms the method, from the beginning to the end, is based on the findings of the library research. In this group of researcher's researches, one should study literature and subject matter and research subject. In the present research, the researcher, in order to explain the moral boundary according to the method of library study, is one of the most important foundations and components related to the moral boundary that includes goodness, happiness, power, moderation, virtues and vices, from the perspective of great philosophers Islamic (including al-Farabi, al-Ghazali), which is largely a follower of Aristotle and Plato. In connection with the general results of the explanation of the moral boundaries, it can be said that Farabi's, Imam Mohammad Ghazali and Mohammad Naraghi's views are very similar to Aristotle's school and have not had a particular initiative in explaining the moral norms, but Ibn Meshkui's views and ideas, especially in the subject of moderation There have been innovations that followed the pure pursuit of Aristotle and Plato. Finally, the researcher in the form of the present research has discussed the above in the further research, which includes the first to fifth chapters of the study, in detail. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Institution of Charity and Instruction and Restorative Justice
اسعد نوبخت mysam nemat allahi

Expecting the legal community to know about the ideal goals and the ideal justice of all the tools, or the ability to use all of these tools is an unreasonable and in vain, so all the scholars and thinkers of the field of science of law to identify and Using these tools More

Expecting the legal community to know about the ideal goals and the ideal justice of all the tools, or the ability to use all of these tools is an unreasonable and in vain, so all the scholars and thinkers of the field of science of law to identify and Using these tools has made a lot of effort. However, due to the fact that it is desirable for all the scholars of this field and scholars of this field to mobilize all their possibilities to continue the course and achieve the desired justice and trials, until the knowledge and achievement of human justice is a long and long way. Be honest and fair. This paper seeks to explore new ways and ways to use the capacities of criminal politics and to take steps to reach this goal using religious orders and capacities. Using the examples of restorative justice is at the same level as the writer's point of view. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Childhood, Evils, and Error-tolerant Education
saeed Azadmanesh

Human being has been naturally created in such a way that has the possibility and desire to behave good and evil. This is while in education, and especially in childhood education, the good is central and evil has been marginalized. Concentrating on the good and ignorin More

Human being has been naturally created in such a way that has the possibility and desire to behave good and evil. This is while in education, and especially in childhood education, the good is central and evil has been marginalized. Concentrating on the good and ignoring the evil in education does not seem realistic. The inclination to evil behavior and recognizing wickedness and error in childhood requires an appropriate education. In this study, by expressing reasons for the necessity of recognizing evil and a glimpse of the verses of the Quran, the desire to behave good and evil is recognized in childhood. Considering the concept of evil and the concept of childhood as a spectrum makes sense of talking about evil in childhood. Hence, an alternative approach is proposed to childhood education, called error-tolerant education. Error-tolerant education attempts to recognize the error and wickedness in childhood to provide the possibility of an active encounter to error and thus, facilitate the path of education and truth-seeking for children. “Recognizing the child’s evil inclinations”, “encountering error actively in childhood”, and “maximum welcoming of children’s error” are some of the components of error-tolerant education in childhood Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Freedom of will from view of Immanuel Kant and Mulla Sadra
Batoul Yarali Mohsenn Fahim mojtaba jafari

This essay in the field of philosofy of athics is a comparative research about freedom of will. According to Mullah Sadra, human actions are both voluntary and coercive. In his philosophy, the opposition of causal necessity to free will is one of the most important an More

This essay in the field of philosofy of athics is a comparative research about freedom of will. According to Mullah Sadra, human actions are both voluntary and coercive. In his philosophy, the opposition of causal necessity to free will is one of the most important and ambiguous issues. He proves the freedom of will through practical reason .He accepts a middle way in this case and calls his theory a theory of who are firmly grounded in knowledge. From this point of view, human actions are attributed to themselves on the one hand, and on the other hand, according to monotheism, actions are attributed to God. From Kant's point of view that free will is one of the fundamental foundations of his athics philosophy. He considers the desire for freedom to be inherent in human beings and man, as a rational being, has free will. According to Kant, the human will is a dependent will, but the will of God is a completely independent will. He considers theoretical reason incapable of proving the free will of man, but presupposes it in practical reason. Manuscript profile

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