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Open Access Article

1 - Dialogue of Civilizations Objective Grounds and Theoretical Guidelines
محمود علی‌پور

The present paper is inspired by part of a research titled “Dialogue of Civilizations and International Communications: An Analysis of the Actual and Theoretical Grounds of Realizing a Dialogue among Civilizations”. In part one, a review of various modern schools of pol More

The present paper is inspired by part of a research titled “Dialogue of Civilizations and International Communications: An Analysis of the Actual and Theoretical Grounds of Realizing a Dialogue among Civilizations”. In part one, a review of various modern schools of political philosophy is carried out with a view to distilling models which would be congenial to the idea of the dialogue of civilizations. These are divided into the three categories of “interest-oriented liberal”, “liberal based on an ethical relationship”, and “non-liberal based on political solidarity”. Part two is an examination of the various patterns that have emerged in the field of communications in the past thirty years, as well as a brief account of their distinctive characteristics. The first paradigmatic order mainly encompasses a model critical of the prevailing capitalist system in the world. The second paradigmatic model, as underlined by Habermas, has stronger affinities to the notion of communication. The last model is more in tune with the views of communitarians. The final part is an attempt at ascertaining the degree to which the examined theories and guidelines lend philosophical and political substance to the idea of dialogue of civilizations as a scientific theory. Based on such an approach it becomes possible to establish stronger links between communitarian notions and the idea of dialogue among civilizations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Ali Shariati and Cultural Alienation
امير روشن

The subject of “alienation” is one of the key and major issues in Shariati’s thoughts. As a matter of fact he analyzes and explains contemporary human’s concerns and issues through this concept. According to Shariati, in “self-alienation”, man feels as if “another indiv More

The subject of “alienation” is one of the key and major issues in Shariati’s thoughts. As a matter of fact he analyzes and explains contemporary human’s concerns and issues through this concept. According to Shariati, in “self-alienation”, man feels as if “another individual” is “himself” and loses self-consciousness and suffers from a kind of “fraud self-consciousness”. Self-alienation is in other words like losing the “true and essential self”, in addition to the “social self.” Shariati believes that whatever distances mankind from his humanistic features- which possess a certain definition for him- is a factor for alienation. Based on Shariati’s thoughts, instrumental intellectuality, bureaucracy and machinery have altogether alienated man from own true self in the twentieth century; whereas he criticizes these issues from this point of view. Still he does not regard these as the problem; yet he believes we suffer from lack of machinery and if we complain from lack of it, it becomes obvious that we are feeling other pains and suffering from them. He claims that humankind is the essence of history and his cultural environment, and as long as they possess their own individual culture, religion and pains, they enjoy their own “true self”. But cultural imperialism has alienated men from themselves by distorting history, culture and also the religion of the third world countries; and therefore they suffer from“fraud self-consciousness”. He assumes that the solution is not offering a mass and general solution, but before anything else, we must return back to our own true “selves” and let go of “self-alienation” and free ourselves of it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Philosophical Critique of Cultural Essentialism in the Theory of the Clash of Civilizations
اصغر ميرفردي علیرضا سمیعی اصفهانی آرش موسوی

This research is a philosophical critique of Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and, an important theory in current discourse on international relations. According to Huntington, the world can be divided into several distinct civilizations and civilization b More

This research is a philosophical critique of Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and, an important theory in current discourse on international relations. According to Huntington, the world can be divided into several distinct civilizations and civilization beliefs/values will determine how countries will act towards each other. By drawing upon philosophical critique as a theoretical stance and methodological path, the text of Huntington’s theory was analyzed. In this theory, cultural essentialism can be found in two forms: monoculturalism and multiculturalism. While the research aims to identify specific discursive patterns, open them to criticism, and explain their existence in the text, it also discusses questions related to understanding of the nature, form and function of the clash of civilization discourse. Compacted within the theory is the ideology of cultural essentialism in their two components. The first is that there is a core set of basic beliefs that remains immutably important through time. The second is people of similar cultural background resort to these values, even if they migrate to other countries and in times of crisis, relative countries and emigrants will unite together. The findings show the leaders and their policies, rather than covert cultural beliefs are determining in political interaction and evolution. When a country’s culture values are seen as determining the actions of its political leaders, the importance of individual leadership and the supervisory power of nations are underestimated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Reviewing the theory of clash of civilizations Based on Middle East evolutions in last two decades
Ahmad

After ending the cold war, the identity boundaries of nations that are specified based on the dependence on one of the political and ideological poles or independence on them , have been changed and the role and importance of culture in identity finding process of natio More

After ending the cold war, the identity boundaries of nations that are specified based on the dependence on one of the political and ideological poles or independence on them , have been changed and the role and importance of culture in identity finding process of nations have turned out to be more prominent . While the identity boundaries in the past were specified in terms of political, ideological and economic indexes, gradually the identity boundaries were formed based on cultural indexes and civilizational and cultural identity were determined as a distinguishing basis of political units. This paper seeks to specify the argument of contrast inside and outside of civilization in recent years based on the theory of clash of civilizations. The result of this paper confirms this assumption that in new circumstances, the one-sided process of globalization, equally has removed the cultural boundaries of societies and proceed in the direction of westernizing them, has caused social groups redefine its identity based on its separation from west and western culture and civilization and increase the rate of west fighting and retreating in cultural and civilizational identity finding process Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Tawhid in the view points of Salafi Jihadi and studying it's consequences
abbasali farzandi

Although the Tawhid is the common belief among all the denominations and Islamic movements but Jihadi interpretation that is one of the active movements in the Islamic world, suggested especial interpretation from Tawhid and showed a different face of Islam. The ideolog More

Although the Tawhid is the common belief among all the denominations and Islamic movements but Jihadi interpretation that is one of the active movements in the Islamic world, suggested especial interpretation from Tawhid and showed a different face of Islam. The ideology of Tawhid centered of this group is changing the unity and coexistence between Islamic society. This research by using the explanatory and analetical methods will study the definition of the Salafi leaders from the notion of Tawhid and evaluate it's consequences and results. The results of this research will show that Takfiri ideology of this group will start war and unsafety in the Islamic world and as a result in the world. It's security consequences will be enternal and external. The enternal consequences of Salafi Jihadi understanding of Tawhid are expansion of meaning and example of Shirk, Pure activitism and extremism, not following the rules of war and dictatorial faith. The external consequences are preaching suiciding, considering believers and disbelievers equal and not building Islamic civilization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Role of Shiite Schools in the Safavid Era in the Development of Islamic Culture and Civilization (Emphasizing on the two schools of Khan Shiraz and the Chahar Bagh of Isfahan)
Aboutaleb Ahmadi Moghaddam mahdi goljan ramin yalfani

According to written sources, teaching and education in Islam was practiced in mosques and schools until the 900 A.D. gradually, from the late of 800 and early of 900 A.D, scholars began to establish Dar al-Alum and schools. From the 1000 A.D, there was a major change i More

According to written sources, teaching and education in Islam was practiced in mosques and schools until the 900 A.D. gradually, from the late of 800 and early of 900 A.D, scholars began to establish Dar al-Alum and schools. From the 1000 A.D, there was a major change in the educational method in Iran and in the sovereign territories, and numerous schools were established throughout the country. This process continued during the two Ilk Hani and Teymuri periods and finally culminated in the Safavid era. The Safavid era has been introduced as a classic era in the history of Islamic Iranian schools. During this period, two important factors: the formation of a centralized Iranian state and the formal conversion of the Shiite religion paved the way for the creation of a new and dynamic educational system in a new format. The result was an increase in schools and scientific and educational facilities. This research is based on library and field research and in a descriptive-analytical and historical way, it seeks to study the impact of Safavid era schools, especially the two schools of Khan Shiraz and Chahar Bagh of Isfahan on cultural development in Iran and the Islamic world. Studies show that the schools of the Safavid era, especially the two schools of Khan Shiraz and the four gardens of Isfahan, play an important role in promoting the education and training of the Iranian youth and their special importance and presence in them. Finally, Iranian-Islamic culture has flourished. Accordingly, in the Safavid era, these schools and educational systems have contributed to the identification of the Safavid society, and the increasing expansion of educational systems in the context of the Shiite community has led to changes in social behavior and ultimately to the gradual growth and development of culture and civilization. The Islamic community of that era is gone. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Critical Study of Western Rationalists' Natural Law Theories in Modern Period
Mohammad Hossein Talebi

Natural law is the commands of intellect about free human behaviours to arrive at eternal happiness. After Medieval and Renaissance periods, Modern epoch lasted three centuries before the start of Postmodern period. The most important symbol of the period was the attent More

Natural law is the commands of intellect about free human behaviours to arrive at eternal happiness. After Medieval and Renaissance periods, Modern epoch lasted three centuries before the start of Postmodern period. The most important symbol of the period was the attention to the status of the human being and putting him/her in the centre of scientific and philosophical thoughts (humanism). In Modern period, the teaching of natural law was under two incompatible conceptions: empiricism and rationalism. This article is a critical study of rationalists' theories of natural law in Modern period, particularly Enlightenment epoch. The question, which this essay will response, is: what are the deficiencies of rationalists' theories of natural law in Modern period? To answer this question, the thoughts of three rationalists, who wrote more than others about natural law in Modern period, namely Montesquieu, Rousseau and Kant, will be analysed in three independent chapters. Montesquieu summarised natural law in four laws: desire to peace, to nourishment, to sexuality and to social inclination. The most important deficiency of Montesquieu's theory is that he interpreted the law of nature instead of natural law. Rousseau restricted natural law into the laws of material nature of humans. He disregarded the intellect of human beings and reduced human level to animal one. Kant did not succeed in identifying natural law cases and he only referred to some general characteristics of natural law. The research method in this article is a synthetic one, which is traditional – intellectual – critical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Mullā Ṣadrā and the Role of Perfection-Seeking in the Rise of an Optimal Civilizational System
Ali Mostajeran Goortani Mahdi Ganjvar Seyyed Mahdi Emami Jome

Perfection-seeking is one of the important features and principles in the development of an optimal civilizational system. Relying on the human truth, which consists of appearance and innermost, Mullā Ṣadrā aims to portray a social system based on Man’s ontological pote More

Perfection-seeking is one of the important features and principles in the development of an optimal civilizational system. Relying on the human truth, which consists of appearance and innermost, Mullā Ṣadrā aims to portray a social system based on Man’s ontological potentials. The reason is that human beings, due to their primordial nature, are in pursuit of civil life, and their worldly and otherworldly goals can only be achieved in the context of a civilizational system. The purpose of the present study is to present a plan in relation to the development and reinforcement of a civilizational system relying on three principles that originate in Sadrian philosophy. The first deals with the origin of perfection-seeking and its effect on social life. The second is related to the issue of property and law, which pave the context for the rise of a civilizational system. The third principle pertains to the identification and suggestion of philosophical strategies for resolving civilizational crises. The purpose of examining these principles is to pay attention to human capabilities and potentials and discover how a perfection-seeking human develops the ability to attain supreme goals. The findings of this study indicate that the Transcendent philosophy, on the one hand, seeks to introduce a plan and program for optimizing the civilizational system through paying attention to Man’s ontological levels and potentials of a civilizational system. On the other hand, it can provide a desirable model for the flourishing of civilizational life through organizing Man’s achievements in nature in the light of science, power, and creativity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - From "Essentialism" to "Historical Hybridity”: "The Contribution of the East in a Civilizational Analysis From the Perspective of Comparative Sociology
Ebrahim Abbassi Adel Nemati

In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate that the theoretical framework of "Historical Essentialism" (negation of the West and articulation of oneself as the Western other) used by some Iranian researchers as the basis for the conceptualization of the contrast between t More

In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate that the theoretical framework of "Historical Essentialism" (negation of the West and articulation of oneself as the Western other) used by some Iranian researchers as the basis for the conceptualization of the contrast between the geography of the East against the geography of the West, results in no more than the reproduction of the evil cycle of the duality of "Orientalism" and "Eurocentrism" in civilizational analysis. The fundamental question is how, in the era of Western modernity's domination, can we, as non-Westerners, articulate our own civilization based on our historical and geographical characteristics? The hypothesis of this research is that a non-western subject as a solution cannot assume the role of being "other" of the western modernity's civilizational order in the form of "Historical Essentialism". The essentialist strategy has no solution other than reproducing the same vocabulary of Western academic Orientalism as the historical essence of the East. On the contrary, a non-western subject can form their civilizational order based on the historical and geographical vocabulary of their societies by using a common global heritage that connects them with the western subject, in the form of a "Historical Hybridity". The findings of this article show that the late works of Samuel Eisenstadt about "comparative sociology based on civilizational analysis" is the most applicable theory to investigate this claim. This theory, while acknowledging a shared heritage as "conditions of possibility for civilizational order" in world history, emphasizes pluralistic "articulations of civilizational order" and the absence of a hegemonic civilizational order in world history that could claim "legitimacy. " This paper presents the conceptual framework of "Historical Hybridity " as a replacement for "Historical Essentialism that is presented in Shayegan's "Asia versus the West". The meaning of "Historical Hybridity" is not to express a "unidirectional evolutionary" relationship between Western and non-Western societies, that non-Western societies must necessarily follow the same path as Western societies in the articulation of their social formations; Rather, on the contrary, it seeks a "global history without a center" in which Western and non-Western people could on the basis of a common and hybrid heritage, speak independently based on the historical and geographical singularities of their societies and produce different formations of civilizational order at the level their societies' history. In other words, "Historical Hybridity" is a "unity in diversity. " The method of this article involves the history of ideas or the history of thought based on the comparative sociology approach and data collection method is referring to the original sources of civilizational order theorists. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - A case study of Aryamehr University (Sharif) during the Pahlavi period
MohammadHossein Badamchi

The historical investigation shows that the problematic of technology and civilization is one of the fundamental issues that were raised especially between the first and second world wars in Germany, and after that history, it has also found a wide resonance in Iran's i More

The historical investigation shows that the problematic of technology and civilization is one of the fundamental issues that were raised especially between the first and second world wars in Germany, and after that history, it has also found a wide resonance in Iran's intellectual space at different times. One of the most important formulations of this issue dates back to the 1950s, when in a wide cultural-political turn from the 1940s to the 1950s, the issue of technology and civilization was placed at the top of the intellectual issues of the government and the opposition. Contrary to the common perception, this issue did not remain at the theoretical level at that point and led to important strategic and executive decisions at the policy and governance levels. Among the most important of these cases is the installation of Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a traditionalist Islamic philosopher, as the vice president of Aryamhar Royal University of Technology (now Sharif) from 1351 to 1354, which has not yet been subjected to historical and analytical evaluation. This research deals with the main question of how to explain the appointment of a traditionalist philosopher as the head of the country's leading technological university at the height of the Pahlavi regime's modernization Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - An Analysis of Man’s Social Development Based on Prophetic Transcendental Philosophy in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Viewpoint
Saleh Hasanzadeh Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari Jamal Babaliyan

<p>The present study examines the social development of Man based on the Prophetic Transcendent Philosophy from Mullā Ṣadrā’s perspective following an analytic-descriptive method. The necessity and importance of this discussion lies in the idea that the knowledge More

<p>The present study examines the social development of Man based on the Prophetic Transcendent Philosophy from Mullā Ṣadrā’s perspective following an analytic-descriptive method. The necessity and importance of this discussion lies in the idea that the knowledge of several social categories, such as the criteria for cruelty and true happiness, the quality of the interactions between culture and social traditions with social behaviors, individual and social liberties, citizenship rights, etc., depend on explaining the causes, features, and effects of Man’s social development. In relation to the mentioned factors, while investigating the functional concepts of perfection and development, the truth and mentally-positedness of society, and the place of the prophets and their heirs, the reasons behind the development of human species are mentioned based on Mullā Ṣadrā’s theories of the becoming of the rational soul, the graded motion of existence, Man’s connection to the Active Intellect and, following it, intellectual flourishing. In Mullā Ṣadrā’s view, the most important features for the realization of Man’s intellectual perfection include advocating the prophets, becoming similar to God, and imitating Godly behavior. The findings of this study demonstrate that in his sociological discussions, through promoting his Transcendent Philosophy to the Prophetic Transcendent Philosophy, Mullā Ṣadrā introduces the effects of Man’s social development in four categories of creating utopia or the one people, the prophets’ unveiling and displaying intellectual treasures, longing for the Hereafter and avoiding the love of worldly affairs, and establishing the transcendent civilization.</p> Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Paradigmatic Shifts and the Emergence of the Modern Western Nation-State
Saeed Attar Mohammad kamalizadeh

In this research, we aim to trace the various paths that ultimately led to the emergence of the modern nation-state and its implications in contemporary political structures worldwide. What we now recognize as the modern nation-state, which continues to exist in various More

In this research, we aim to trace the various paths that ultimately led to the emergence of the modern nation-state and its implications in contemporary political structures worldwide. What we now recognize as the modern nation-state, which continues to exist in various forms of political systems, has its roots in ancient and gradual transformations in the West (Europe). These developments can be depicted as a paradigmatic narrative of the dialectic of needs and responses. This narrative begins with ancient Greece and its devotion to rationality and freedom, and continues along different paths, on the one hand, with modern evangelical traditions and the exploration of Roman legal structures, and on the other hand, by passing through historical, social, political, and economic contexts, the great Western powers (England, France, Germany, and the United States) have pursued different paths towards the emergence of the modern state. In retracing these various paths, we have utilized Kuhn's paradigmatic approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Investigating and analyzing the role of anthropology in the foundation of modern Islamic culture and civilization
Rohollah Pour Asiab Dezej Seyyed Hossein Vaezi mohammad reza shamshiri

Islamic culture and civilization has an incomparable richness due to its connection with the revelation, Quranic and narrative world which can guide all people at any time and place and under any conditions until the Day of Judgment and guarantee their happiness in this More

Islamic culture and civilization has an incomparable richness due to its connection with the revelation, Quranic and narrative world which can guide all people at any time and place and under any conditions until the Day of Judgment and guarantee their happiness in this world and the hereafter. On the other hand, the unique role of Islamic philosophy as the intellectual and epistemological support of Islamic culture and civilization is extremely important. Now, it should be noted that in the future, what is the role of the anthropology of Islamic philosophy in designing the theoretical foundations of the new Islamic culture and civilization and the Mahdavi society, which is repeatedly emphasized by the Imam of the ummah and the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution? With its anthropological approach, Islamic philosophy enters the theoretical foundations of modern Islamic culture and civilization and the Mahdavi society and explains it fully and accurately and based on this, he plans the shape of a good human life. In other words, solving this problem will solve all practical problems of modern Islamic culture and civilization, because behavioral and practical issues have a direct and close relationship with theoretical issues and are affected by them. This research aims to investigate and analyze the anthropology of Islamic philosophy in the modern Islamic culture and civilization and the Mahdavi society and with a descriptive-analytical method, it seeks to show the important and vital role of the anthropology of Islamic philosophy as a theoretical topic of the modern Islamic culture and civilization and the Mahdavi society. The findings of the research include the implementation of detailed and deep theoretical topics of anthropology of Islamic philosophy in modern Islamic culture and civilization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Sovereignty of The Elites, Meritocracy and Modern Islamic Civilization
mwhdi ansari

Paying attention to the category of elite governance and placing competent and capable people in policy-making and decision-making positions is one of the important and strategic issues in the development and progress of any political and intellectual system. Every poli More

Paying attention to the category of elite governance and placing competent and capable people in policy-making and decision-making positions is one of the important and strategic issues in the development and progress of any political and intellectual system. Every political system that aims for progress and excellence must try to identify and employ the most competent and capable people in the arena of political power and entrust the advancement of affairs to them. If the elites and government officials have competence and intelligence in their decision-making, we can undoubtedly hope that they will achieve both the outlined perspectives and material and spiritual progress and the establishment of prosperity and justice, which are among the most basic human ideals. He prepared the necessary grounds and platforms to achieve the new Islamic civilization. In this article, we want to show with the method of thematic analysis, how by making educated and competent people who have the necessary "competence" to assume social responsibilities, the path of the country's progress can be paved and basic steps can be taken in modern Islamic civilization with meritocracy. Our hypothesis is that until meritocracy is institutionalized, it is not possible to reach civilization and take steps in this way. We believe that without meritocracy, the Iranian and Islamic society will never see the face of modern civilization and civilization Manuscript profile

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