افسردگی

Open Access Article

1 - The Efficacy of Group Metacognitive Therapy on Depression and Mental health of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Narges Eftekhari

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (M.S) can have a devastating effect on mental health due to the chronic nature of the disease, lack of definitive treatment and associated mental disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group metacognitive t More

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (M.S) can have a devastating effect on mental health due to the chronic nature of the disease, lack of definitive treatment and associated mental disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group metacognitive therapy on major depression and mental health of patients with MS. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental pre test-post test with a control group. Thirty subjects were randomly divided into experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups with a diagnosis of MS and inclusion criteria among the members of the MS Association by available sampling method. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Goldberg Mental Health Questionnaires were completed by subjects before and after treatment. The experimental group was treated as a group with metacognitive approaches for 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed using univariate covariance (ANCOVA) statistical model. Results: The findings showed that between the mean scores of depression (F = 3.53) (P = 0.40) and mental health (F = 48.4) (P = 0.02) pre-test and post-test Experiments of the experimental and control groups showed a significant difference. Conclusion: The results show that group metacognitive therapy is effective in reducing depression and improving the mental health of MS patients. Therefore, using this supportive method can be used as an effective strategy to improve the mental health of MS patients and empower them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Performance of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder in False Memory Task
Ali Heydari Alireza Moradi Mohammad Hosein Abdollahi Hadi Parhun Yazdan Naderi

Research data indicates that major depression patients were suffering from deficits in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, information processing. False memory in depression is a challenging issue in this area of research. Investigation of auditory and visual More

Research data indicates that major depression patients were suffering from deficits in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, information processing. False memory in depression is a challenging issue in this area of research. Investigation of auditory and visual false memory in these patients is the purpose of present article. The selected samples in this causal-compa ative study include 21 patients suffering from major depression according to DSMIV-TR criteria and 21 normal subjects who were matched by age, sex, and socio-economic status. The instruments were included the Beck’s Depression Inventory, the Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, the Visual and Verbal False Memories Tasks which prepared according to the Deese-Roediger- McDe mott’s (DRM) paradigm. The results indicate that depressed patients produced more false memories (both verbal and visual) than the normal control subjects in both verbal and visual tasks. The findings of this research are interpretable within the framework of the cognitive theories of depression. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Comparison of the Brain/Behavioral Systems and Defense Mechanisms in Participants with Depression and Anxiety Traits
Marzie Pahlevan Mazandarani Parviz Azadfallah Seyyed Mojtaba Jazayeri

In this research investigates the biological and non-biological dimensions of personality in order to differentiate depression and anxiety in a more exact way and present an integrative and comprehensive view of the two dimensions.

In this research investigates the biological and non-biological dimensions of personality in order to differentiate depression and anxiety in a more exact way and present an integrative and comprehensive view of the two dimensions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on People with Insomnia Comorbid Depression
Maryam Azimi Alireza Moradi Jaefar Hasani

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on people with insomnia comorbid depression. This study employed pretest-posttest and follow- More

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on people with insomnia comorbid depression. This study employed pretest-posttest and follow-up quasi-experimental designs that used experimental groups and control group. A convenience sample of 45 university staff and professors who received score higher than the cut-off score in PSQI and BDI-II questionnaire was selected by using diagnostic interview based on the DSM-5 depression and insomnia. 15 people were randomly assigned into three groups. The experimental group received 6 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. PSQI and BDI-II questionnaire, test was administered three times (before treatment, after the last treatment and one month after treatment). The data were analyzed by means of mixed ANOVA. The results showed traditional cognitive behavioral therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) and internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for Insomnia had positive effect on of sleep quality. ICBT-I group and CBT-I group had more reduction in depression score compared to the control group, but CBT-I group indicated more score reduction compared to ICBT-I. Follow-up results showed that the effects were long-lasting Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Effect of Positive Mindfulness Training Program on Stress Response and Depression Symptoms in Male Adolescents with Depression Symptoms
Mohammad Yazdani Maryam Esmaeili

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of positive mindfulness training program on stress response and depression symptoms in male adolescents with depression symptoms in Isfahan. The current research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, pos More

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of positive mindfulness training program on stress response and depression symptoms in male adolescents with depression symptoms in Isfahan. The current research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and follow-up and a control group. A total of 40 students were selected from second grade high school male students in Isfahan during the academic year 2016-2017, based on the inclusion criteria and multi-stage cluster sampling procedures. The experimental group received positive mindfulness program for 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Subjects were evaluated by Stress Response Inventory (Kuh Park, Kim & Chow, 2001) and Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (Beck, Stear & Brown, 1996). Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance analysis. The results showed the effect of positive mindfulness training on stress response and depression symptoms in post-test and follow up stages (p <0.01). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Mediating role of differentiation of self in the causal relationship between depression and martial satisfaction in married women
Maryam Mardani Soodabeh Bassak Nejad Rerza Mansouri Koryani

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and marital satisfaction with the mediating role of self-differentiation in women in Ahvaz. This descriptive-correlation research was conducted through structural equation modeling by multivari More

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and marital satisfaction with the mediating role of self-differentiation in women in Ahvaz. This descriptive-correlation research was conducted through structural equation modeling by multivariate correlation method. 260 married women in Ahvaz in 1399 were selected by convenience sampling. The instruments used were Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998), Enrich martial Satisfaction Questionnaire (cited in Soleymanian, 1994) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and bootstrap method was used to investigate the mediating effects. Structural equation modeling analyzes confirmed that the fit of the proposed model is appropriate. The results showed that depression syndrome directly affects the variable of marital satisfaction (p = 0.001) and also the results of indirect path analysis showed that depression syndrome through mediation of its differentiation and its subscales (emotional separation, Emotional reaction, my position and interaction with others) have been effective on marital satisfaction (p = 0.001). According to the obtained results, the discussion of differentiation seems necessary and familiarizing couples with this variable at the time of marriage leads to more satisfaction in marriage and their marital relationship. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Comparing the implicit and explicit associations of depression, anxiety and food attitudes in people with eating disorders and healthy people
susan alizadeh fard maryam zalizadeh Ahmad علیپور

Eating disorder is a complex psychiatric illness that is chronic and debilitating. In recent decades, the cognitive model of eating disorders has been at the forefront of theorizing, research, and treatment. New research uses two distinct theoretical models for explicit More

Eating disorder is a complex psychiatric illness that is chronic and debilitating. In recent decades, the cognitive model of eating disorders has been at the forefront of theorizing, research, and treatment. New research uses two distinct theoretical models for explicit and implicit information processing and evaluation. The aim of the present study was to compare the implicit and explicit associations of depression, anxiety and food attitudes in people with eating disorders and healthy people. The method of study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes people with eating disorders in Tehran who have referred to medical and counseling centers in the first six months of 1399. The sampling method was cluster accessible and purposeful. The sample size was 300 people who were examined with SCL-90 questionnaires, Ahvaz Eating Disorder Inventory (Sharififard, 1998), Food Attitude Scale (Teachman et al., 2003) and computer-based task of implicit association test (Greenwald et al., 1998). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance, which showed there is a significant difference between people with eating disorders and healthy people in explicit and implicit association of depression, in implicit association of anxiety, and in explicit association of eating attitudes. The results of regression analysis also showed that only explicit and implicit association of depression, and implicit association of anxiety can significantly predict eating disorder. These results confirm the role of implicit and explicit associations in the clinical field; and helps to better understand eating disorder, to be considered in the development of educational programs and psychological interventions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The effectiveness of group counseling based on logotherapy on loneliness and depression of mothers with children with learning disabilities
mohsen nazarifar neda ghanei far

10.52547/row.2.3.9

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of group counseling based on logotherapy on reducing loneliness and depression in mothers with children with learning disabilities. The present study was semi-experimental. The statistical population was all mothers having More

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of group counseling based on logotherapy on reducing loneliness and depression in mothers with children with learning disabilities. The present study was semi-experimental. The statistical population was all mothers having children with learning disabilities, referred to the Velayat Learning Disabilities Center in Ahvaz. Among whom, 20people were selected by the available sampling method and were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. Data collection in this study was conducted by the Behavior of Loneliness Questionnaire (UCLA) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Experimental group sessions were held with a logotherapy approach during ten 90-minute sessions. Descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance, were used. The results showed that group therapy based on logotherapy reduces loneliness and depression of mothers with children with learning disabilities (P˂0.01). Therefore, this therapeutic approach possibly is employed as an effective method to help reduce loneliness and depression in mothers of children with learning disabilities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Effectiveness of Forgiveness-Based Group Therapy on Depression and Psychological Distress Symptoms of Elderly Women
parvaneh Mohammadkhani

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of forgiveness-based group therapy on depression and psychological distress symptoms of elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Theran. To evaluate the effectiveness of More

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of forgiveness-based group therapy on depression and psychological distress symptoms of elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Theran. To evaluate the effectiveness of for-giveness-based intervenetion, quasi-experi-mental design with pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow up was used. The statistical population consisted of all elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Tehran The sample consisted of 30 women meeting the research criteria who were ran-domly divided into control (N=15) and experi-mental group (N=15). Participants in both groups were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Brief Symptoms In-ventory (BSI). After pretest, the experimental group met for a total of 8 forgiveness-based intervention sessions (2 hours each). Data showed a reduction in depression severity in experimental group (P<0.05). It also showed remission on Brief Symptoms Inventory subscales and its 3 total indexes, namely Glo-bal Severity Index, Positive Symptom Total, and Positive Symptom Distress Index (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that Forgiveness-based group therapy is an effec-tive intervention in depressed elderly women and could be useful in promoting mental health in this stage of life. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Skill Training Based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Depression of Orphans
mina Mojtabaei

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy based on emotional regulation skills in reducing juvenile depression. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. T More

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy based on emotional regulation skills in reducing juvenile depression. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The population consisted of all young boys aged between 12 to 18 living in the state Welfare Organization of Malard in 2014. Pur-poseful sampling was used to select the sample. Beck Depression Inventory was ad-ministred on adolescents living at the Center. According to the test results, 20 students whose depression was higher than average were selected and randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control (each group consisting of 10 subjects). Then, during8 weeks, the treatment was conducted on the experimental group, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA. Covariance analysis showed that emotional regulation skills training based on dialectical behavior therapy was effective in reducing depression in these adolescents. Dialectical behavior therapy by means of validation, leads to the acceptance of emotional problems and ultimately, facilitates the adoption of lead changes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - "Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Skill Training Based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Depression of Orphans"
Masoumeh Akhondi mina Mojtabaei

Abstract Hope and self-efficacy might play a constructive and important role in the sub-stance abuse recovery process and prevention of repeated lapses in the process of therapy. This research has been conducted with the aim of the examination of such a role by comparin More

Abstract Hope and self-efficacy might play a constructive and important role in the sub-stance abuse recovery process and prevention of repeated lapses in the process of therapy. This research has been conducted with the aim of the examination of such a role by comparing hope and self-efficacy of addicts in mainten-ance methadone therapy who were without lapses and those with repeated lapses. This re- search was a causal-comparative design study. The population of the research consisted of all the addicts referred to the maintenance metha- done therapy centers of Khorramabad city in the first half of 1394 (2015). For this purpose, one group of 40 patients with repeated lapses and another group of 40 patients without lap-ses were selected by convenience sampling. They were asked to fill Hope and Self-Effi- cacy Questionnaires. Results of analysis of variance indicated that although the scores of hope were high in these two groups, there was no significant difference between them in this variable, and they were significantly different only in self-efficacy. It could be concluded that, in order to gain positive and maintaining therapeutic outcomes, in addition to high levels of hope, high levels of self-efficacy are also necessary. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children with Comorbid Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: A Case Study
Firouzeh Zarghami Mohammad Reza Shaeiri Zahra Shahrivar

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the initial efficacy of the new unified protocol of transdiagnostic treatment for children with emotional disorders (UP-C) on reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders and comorbid depression in Iranian children aged 8 to 11 More

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the initial efficacy of the new unified protocol of transdiagnostic treatment for children with emotional disorders (UP-C) on reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders and comorbid depression in Iranian children aged 8 to 11 years. In this study, a 15-session UP-C within a single-case experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up was conducted on a 9-year-old child with separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder (as comorbid disorder). To collect data, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizo-phrenia- Present and Lifetime Version (K SADS-PL), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) and, Children Depression Invento-ry (CDI) were used. Results of graph-chart analysis and percentage change index showed that at the end of treatment and one-month follow-up period, there were significant statistical and clinical changes in both anxiety disorders and depression disorder (as comorbid disorder). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Qualitative Study of Emotional Disorders’ Symptoms in Some Ethnic Groups in Iran
Mostafa Zarean Shahriar Shahidi Fons van de Vijver Mohsen Dehghani

The present study aimed to investigate the cultural dimensions of anxiety and depression in Azeri, Kurd, and Fars (Persian) ethnic groups in Iran. In a cross sectional qualitative design, 44 individuals with emotional problems participated in an in-depth interview inclu More

The present study aimed to investigate the cultural dimensions of anxiety and depression in Azeri, Kurd, and Fars (Persian) ethnic groups in Iran. In a cross sectional qualitative design, 44 individuals with emotional problems participated in an in-depth interview including perceptions of emotional disorders, their causal factors, and help seeking behaviors. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Primary findings represented relative similarity between these three groups in the reported themes, which could be summarized in three main themes, namely negative emotionality, somatization, and maladaptive cognition. Perceived etiological factors for emotional disorders included more psycho-logical processes rather than social and environmental components. The extracted themes consisted of a heterogeneous set of psychological constructs, and provided further evidence to reiterate the importance of contextual variables such as culture and ethnicity in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of emotional disorders. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Analysis and study of natural despair from the perspective of the Qur'an, religious texts and scholars and its consequences
mehdi etemadnasa

Despair and despair are introduced in the Holy Quran as a state that arises in the position of helplessness and inability in the human being and soul. . Due to the importance of this carnal complication, this concept has been repeated many times in the Qur'an with terms More

Despair and despair are introduced in the Holy Quran as a state that arises in the position of helplessness and inability in the human being and soul. . Due to the importance of this carnal complication, this concept has been repeated many times in the Qur'an with terms such as "despair", "qunoot", "iblas" and "kheiba". , The appearance of the nose and worldliness of people and the distance from spirituality in life, and the result of this state, in the form of various diseases such as depression and severe and aimless mental injuries and feelings of emptiness in their lives; Therefore, in the Qur'an, the spirit of despair and despair has always been condemned. To treat this phenomenon with a Qur'anic approach, we can point out the opposite point of sensuality, that is, the Qur'anic therapeutic view in the field of human psyche and thought is generally summarized in the remembrance of God Almighty and effort and patience in the face of difficulties and faith in the Hereafter. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Potentials of Architecture According to Quality of Human Life in the Holy Quran
Farideh Davoovi hamooleh mohammad hosein fallah mahdi esmaeili mehran alipour

This study aims to investigate the effects of the Logotherapy of the Quran and that of Frankl’s on the well-being and mental health of depressed mothers. Out of 1350 depressed mothers, 45 were selected and given Beck’s 21-question test (B.D.I-II). They were divided into More

This study aims to investigate the effects of the Logotherapy of the Quran and that of Frankl’s on the well-being and mental health of depressed mothers. Out of 1350 depressed mothers, 45 were selected and given Beck’s 21-question test (B.D.I-II). They were divided into 3 approximately equal groups and information was collected with two mental well-being tests: the 39-question test (Molavi and colleagues, 1390) and 28-question mental health test (Goldburg, 1972). The amount of Quran Logotherapy on depressed mothers’ mental well-being is (p-value<0.04) and the amount of Quran Logotherapy on their mental health is (p-value<0.01). The amount of Frankl Logotherapy on depressed mothers’ mental well-being is (p-value<0.01) and the amount of his Logotherapy on depressed mothers’ mental health is (p-value<0.04). This research showed the meaningful effect of the two methods (Quran Logotherapy and Frankl Logotherapy on the individual’s mental health and well-being Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Effectiveness of Logotherapy together with Quran Recitation and Prayers on Treatment of Depression and T helper Cell (CD4+)
شوبو ویسی

This research intends to investigate the effectiveness of Logotherapy together with recitation of Quran and prayers on treatment of depression and enhancing T helper Cell (CD4+) in depressed patients. The research proposal type was Quasi-experimental design with pre More

This research intends to investigate the effectiveness of Logotherapy together with recitation of Quran and prayers on treatment of depression and enhancing T helper Cell (CD4+) in depressed patients. The research proposal type was Quasi-experimental design with pre and post examination, follow-up period and control group. The research community included 50 women with neurotic depression who referred to private clinics and counseling and psychotherapy centers. The patients were homogeneous in terms of age, economic-social status, having standard deviation above the average in BDI depression questionnaire, not suffering from illnesses that undermines the immune system, and other specified variables. 30 of the patients were selected at random and were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. The means used in this study included a BDI, assessment of immune cell in lab via the flow cytometric method. The experimental group received psychotherapy in 12 sessions through Logotherapy together with recitation of Quran and prayers but the control group did not receive the treatment. Then the levels of depression signs and the activities of the immune cells in the two groups before and after treatment and during the three-month follow-up period were analyzed. The findings showed a meaningful difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of depression signs and T helper Cell (CD4+). After the experiment depression signs decreased meaningfully in the experimental group compared to the levels before the experiment and compared to the control group while the number of immune cells increased. These findings continued meaningfully during the follow-up period Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - study The effectiveness of listening to Holy quran on depression among infertile women
Mohsen Golmohammadian Ebrahim Naeemi Mousa Choupani

Objective: infertility is one of the most stressful problems among young couple leads to their mental and emotional turmoil, the vulnerability of women from infertility consequences are more than men's. The present research aims to the effectiveness of listening to Holy More

Objective: infertility is one of the most stressful problems among young couple leads to their mental and emotional turmoil, the vulnerability of women from infertility consequences are more than men's. The present research aims to the effectiveness of listening to Holy Quran on infertile women’s depression. Method: The present study is a control group based on pre-test and post-test methods. The statistical population is Shahindej’s infertile women referring to the health clinic there. In this semi-trial investigation; 30 infertile women are selected based on sampling method then, the subjects are divided into two experimental and control groups; each group includes 15, randomly.in the experimental group, 15 sessions of 45 minutes with an intervention through listening to Holy Quran was implemented. But for the second group, i.e. there is no invention. Data collecting tool in this study is Beck Depression Inventory second edition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Behavior Therapy in Light of Quranic Teachings, with an Emphasis on Anxiety and Depression
Lyla Borzoo

Humankind is exposed to tensions, failures, and stress throughout his or her life. An individual can overcome the consequences of anxiety and depression through paying attention to Islamic teachings, including fulfillment of duties as a servant of God, as well as throug More

Humankind is exposed to tensions, failures, and stress throughout his or her life. An individual can overcome the consequences of anxiety and depression through paying attention to Islamic teachings, including fulfillment of duties as a servant of God, as well as through teachings conforming to Fitrat (nature), Tawakkul (putting one’s trust in God), Zikr (prayers), practice, and learning ways for self-improvement. He or she is always facing stress resulting from the difference between their needs and their inability to meet those needs as well as from obstacles and limitations in the environment. He or she is constantly facing tension for having demands that cannot be fulfilled. Hence, understanding the factors behind creation of anxiety and depression is important as these affect one’s health. This paper, using the analytical method of research and benefiting from the teachings of the Quran describes tries o clarify the treatment aspects of anxiety and depression and seeks to offer a Quranic teaching for removing every factor that has a role in causing anxiety and depression. Some Quranic premises can be viewed as psychological theories about behavioral errors (that cause anxiety and depression) and acting upon these premises can be effective in preventing and curing common psychological disorders. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

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Open Access Article

20 - Investigating the structural relationships between attachment styles and major depressive symptoms in adolescents: the mediating role of distress tolerance & cognitive flexibility
Negar Ghadimi Bavil Olyayi Mansor Beyrami

The current study was conducted to investigate the structural relationships between attachment styles and major depressive symptoms in adolescents with the mediation of cognitive flexibility and distress tolerance. The research method is a correlation type, which was co More

The current study was conducted to investigate the structural relationships between attachment styles and major depressive symptoms in adolescents with the mediation of cognitive flexibility and distress tolerance. The research method is a correlation type, which was conducted through structural equation modeling on 352 adolescents aged 13-18 years old, who were selected by available sampling from the adolescent population of the 1st district of Tabriz city. Data were collected using the Collins and Reed attachment style scale, Kotcher depression scale, Dennis and Vanderwaal cognitive flexibility questionnaire, and Simmons and Gaher distress tolerance scale. Research data were analyzed using path analysis. The findings of the research indicated the optimal fit of the hypothetical research model. In addition, the results showed that distress tolerance can be considered as a mediating factor in the relationship between secure and insecure avoidant attachment styles with adolescent depression symptoms, on the other hand, the results showed that cognitive flexibility can be the relationship between secure attachment styles to mediate insecure avoidance and insecure anxiety with adolescent depression symptoms. The results of the research showed that distress tolerance and cognitive flexibility can mediate the relationship between attachment styles and the symptoms of major depression in adolescents. The results of this research can be used to identify the causes of adolescent depression and formulate therapeutic, interventions, including teaching adolescents the components of distress tolerance and cognitive flexibility. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress in the Relationship between Inferential Confusion and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Zahra Khosravi Roubiat Mahmoud Najafi

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) in the relationship between inferential confusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The research method was descriptive-correlational (path More

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) in the relationship between inferential confusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The research method was descriptive-correlational (path analysis) and the statistical population of the study was all Social network users (between 20 to 50 years old) in mashhad in year 2022. Using the available sampling method, 345 subjects participated in the research through an online survey. The instruments used in this study include Obsessive-Compulsive Insentory-Revised (OCI-R), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Inferential Confusion Questionnaire (ICQ-EV). Data analysis done through Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The findings showed that inferential confusion has a direct and significant relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Also, psychological distress had a mediating role in the relationship between inferential confusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the model has a good fit. According to the research results and the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between inferential confusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, In condition of high psychological distress, the relation of inferential confusion with obsessive-compulsive symptoms is stronger than when the components of depression, anxiety and stress are low. Also, planning to reduce psychological distress can be effective in reducing the effect of inferential confusion on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Comparison of anger rumination and interpersonal conflict in employees with and without depressive disorder symptoms
Mehdi Zohravand Zahra Rezaei parviz sabahi

The aim of the present study was to compare the rumination of anger and interpersonal conflict in the workplace between employees with and without depression symptoms. The present research method was descriptive and causal-comparative and practical in terms of its pu More

The aim of the present study was to compare the rumination of anger and interpersonal conflict in the workplace between employees with and without depression symptoms. The present research method was descriptive and causal-comparative and practical in terms of its purpose. The target population was all the employees of Arak University, Islamic Azad University of Arak Branch and Payam Noor University of Arak in 1400. Based on available sampling method, 112 people were selected and placed in two groups of 56 people with and without depression symptoms. The data were analyzed through multivariate variance analysis and SPSS-23 statistical software. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the components of thoughts of anger, thoughts of revenge, memories of anger and conflict with colleagues between the two groups with and without depression symptoms. So that the group with depression symptoms had obtained higher scores of all these components than the group without depression symptoms. There was no significant difference between these two groups between the two components of knowing the causes and conflict with the supervisor (p<0.05). It can be said that by identifying factors affecting depression in the workplace (such as anger and conflicts in the workplace), depression in employees can be prevented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The Psychometric Properties of Benjamin`s Structural Analysis of Social Behavior Questionnaire Introject Surface (Self-Concept)
sara mirzaei feizabadi habib hadian fard Mohammad Reza Taghavi Mehdi Reza Sarafraz

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Benjamin`s (1974) Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) questionnaire introject surface (self-concept) in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The study participants were 324 students (185 girls More

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Benjamin`s (1974) Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) questionnaire introject surface (self-concept) in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The study participants were 324 students (185 girls and 139 boys) who were studying in the second semester of 2023 academic year, and completed Benjamin`s (1974) Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) questionnaire introject surfase (self-concept), Beck Depression Inventory-II (1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988) and Beck Suicide Scale Ideation (1988). The Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, Cronbach`s alpha coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software. The results show the reliability of this questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Spearman's and Guttman's correlation coefficients in the split-half method, as well as its validity through the convergent coefficients of the dimensions of this questionnaire with other valid tests and finally the construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis confirmed. In general, it can be concluded that Benjamin`s SASB-self-concept (Introject) questionnaire has very good reliability and validity in Iranian students. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - The Universities’ Approach regarding the stigma of Students’ Mental Illness
amene sedighian

Abstract Among the most critical problems in students’ community is stigma against mental diseases; this issue will probably cause refusing treatments and more isolation. It threatens the relationships between students and community as a whole. Negative consequences More

Abstract Among the most critical problems in students’ community is stigma against mental diseases; this issue will probably cause refusing treatments and more isolation. It threatens the relationships between students and community as a whole. Negative consequences like violence, depression, suicide, harm-related behaviors and so on are related to this social problem. This study has tried to collect and analyze the mechanisms and models used by the world's leading universities by examining their programs. This descriptive-analytical study examines pre-existing documents with a content-analytical method. This practical study focuses on existing documents; these documents are published in the form of texts in websites of universities. The statistical population is all the programs and strategies that have been used in universities in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia in relation to the prevention and proper treatment of the stigma of mental health disorders. Based on this, about 127 related ideas were found and after refining them, 53 programs were finally selected. Findings showed that the main variables in the prevention and treatment of stigma of mental health disorders are awareness, behavior change, support network, student participation, mental health diagnosis solutions and software. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The Effectiveness of Happiness Training on, Positive Affect and Life Expectancy in Women with Postpartum Depression
g b m bagheri

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of happiness training on positive affect and life expectancy in women with postpartum depression. The statistical population of this research included all women with postpartum depression who referred to health centers in More

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of happiness training on positive affect and life expectancy in women with postpartum depression. The statistical population of this research included all women with postpartum depression who referred to health centers in Kohgiluyeh, Iran during the first quarter of 1400 (Iranian calendar year). From this population, 30 women were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups (15 participants in each group). Both groups completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) by Watson and the Herth Hope Index (HHI) before the intervention. The experimental group participated in eight 120-minute group happiness training sessions. After the intervention, both groups completed the questionnaires again. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way MANCOVA with SPSS software. The findings indicated a significant positive relationship between happiness training and both positive affect and life expectancy in women with postpartum depression (P < 0.05), as demonstrated by one-way ANCOVA. Therefore, happiness training is an active, purposeful, and appropriate treatment for psychological disorders in primary care centers. This treatment improves patient performance, enhances skills, and helps patients cope with their issues and problems. Manuscript profile

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