List of Articles آب سطحي

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  1 - Investigating the Effect of Surface Water in Sacred Defense Operations on the South Front
  usef hemati علی امیری hamed abaci
  One of the wars that have occurred in Iranian history is the extensive attack of the neighboring country, Iraq, which lasted from 1980 to 1987. In this period, which is mentioned in Iranian sources under the title of the Holy defense, there are offensive and defensive o More

  One of the wars that have occurred in Iranian history is the extensive attack of the neighboring country, Iraq, which lasted from 1980 to 1987. In this period, which is mentioned in Iranian sources under the title of the Holy defense, there are offensive and defensive operations in the western border of Iran that can be divided into three Northern, Middle and South fronts. The most important and decisive operations of the war parties took place on the southern front, which is extended from the south of Mehran to Abadan and Ras al-Bisheh. Since the hydrological and geomorphological conditions of this front are such that it is possible to use water tactics or hydraulic warfare, this research has been developed to study the effect of surface water on the operations carried out there. How to collect information this research is based on its nature. That is, according to its historical nature, it has been compiled with library and documentary methods. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. The results showed that surface waters such as rivers, Hores and canals of water and dams in all phases of offensive operations, including designing, implementation and support, and especially defensive operations have had influential role and in each operation, have influenced several principles of nine principles of war. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Design and construction of minipiezometers to determine surface water-groundwater interactions
  Behzad Hammamipour Baranji
  Understanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine More

  Understanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine ground water and surface water exchanges. Minipiezometers are simple instruments that measure flow direction and hydraulic gradients between ground water and surface water. Often temporarily installed, minipiezometers are essentially small-scaled versions of piezometers, which are commonly used to make groundwater level measurements. By combining water table data with surface water level measurements, flow direction can be determined. Minipiezometers are typically used in the areas where many measurements are required. Commercial minipiezometers are available, but they are very expensive. The purpose of this paper is to design and construc a low-cost minipiezometer for measuring ground water and surface water exchanges. In this study, a minipiezometer was made by simple and available materials such as steel pipe, steel 3NPSoft rob, clear plastic hose, gas valves, hand vacuum pump, hammer, U-shape clear tubing, graduated manometer board, and graduated transparent plastic cylinder and was successfully tested in the Soleghan River in the west of Tehran. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
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  3 - Design and construction of minipiezometers to determine surface water-groundwater interactions
  Behzad Hammamipour Baranji Gholam Abbas Fanaei Kheirabad  Delkhahi  Hatefi Mokhtar  karami  Najibi
  Understanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine More

  Understanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine ground water and surface water exchanges. Minipiezometers are simple instruments that measure flow direction and hydraulic gradients between ground water and surface water. Often temporarily installed, minipiezometers are essentially small-scaled versions of piezometers, which are commonly used to make groundwater level measurements. By combining water table data with surface water level measurements, flow direction can be determined. Minipiezometers are typically used in the areas where many measurements are required. Commercial minipiezometers are available, but they are very expensive. The purpose of this paper is to design and construc a low-cost minipiezometer for measuring ground water and surface water exchanges. In this study, a minipiezometer was made by simple and available materials such as steel pipe, steel 3NPSoft rob, clear plastic hose, gas valves, hand vacuum pump, hammer, U-shape clear tubing, graduated manometer board, and graduated transparent plastic cylinder and was successfully tested in the Soleghan River in the west of Tehran. Manuscript profile