Microfacies and petrofacies analysis, diagenetic characteristics and environmental condition of the Faraghan Formation in the central part of the Persian Gulf
Subject Areas :J. Amraei 1 , Peyman Rezaei 2 , A.H. Amini 3 , Seyed Mohammad Zamanzadeh 4 , V. Tavakoli 5
1 -
2 - دانشگاه هرمزگان
3 - University of Tehran
4 - University of Tehran
5 - School of Geology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Paleozoic Facies analysis Faraghan Formation Environmental condition Persian Gulf,
Abstract :
Clastic deposits of the Faraghan Formation (Late Permian, Sakmarian) are present in different outcrops in the Zagros area and some wells in the Persian Gulf Basin. The presence of these clastics represents the existence of an extended clastic system on the north-east of the Arabian plate. The Faraghan Formation unconformably overlies Zakeen sandstone (Devonian) and grades upward into Dalan carbonate (Upper Permian). To study the Faraghan Formation some thin sections were prepared from cuttings of some wells in the central part of the Persian Gulf and then they were studied. Results show of this study that the Faraghan Formation consists of quartz arenite, sandy siltstone and sandy claystone petrofacies and carbonate mudstone, bioclast wackestone and bioclast packstone microfacies. Based on sedimentary characteristics and spatial relationships between the petrofacies, this formation was deposited on a linear shoreface environment (floodplain, shoreface and offshore sub-environments). Main diagenetic processes consist of compaction, dissolution, cementation, neomorphism, sericitization and dolomitization. Heterogeneity of the Faraghan Formation lithology and variety of environmental conditions and diagenetic features make this formation a good candidate for hydrocarbon reservoir studies.
آقا نباتي، سيد. علي. 1387. فرهنگ چينه‌شناسي ايران، جلد دوم (دونين-پرمين)، سازمان زمين‌شناسي و اكتشافات معدني، 1297-660.
اميربهادر، ليلا، رحیم‌پور بناب ، حسين و آرين، مهران، 1392. بررسي تغييرات سطح نسبي آب دريا بر اساس تحولات رخساره‌اي پرمين پاياني، مثالي از عضو دالان بالايي در ميدان پارس جنوبي، علوم زمين، 95، 274-263.
زلیخایی. يوسف، ۱۳۹۳. مقایسه خاستگاه سازندهای زاکین و فرقان در پسکرانه بندرعباس به‌منظور استفاده از نتایج در تجزیه و تحلیل شرایط محیطی آنها. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد.
زمان زاده، سيد محمد، ۱۳٨۷. مشخصات سنگ‌شناسی، محیط رسوبی و چینه نگاری سکانسی سازندهای زاکین و فراقان در مقطع تیپ، شمال بندرعباس. رساله دکترا.
قويدل سيوکى، محمد، 1369. مطالعه اكريتارك‌ها و كيتونوزوآهاي سازندهاي ميلا، ايلبك، زردكوه و فراقان در ناحيه زردكوه و انطباق آنها با سكانس پالئوزوئيك ناحيه چاليشه و دارنگ، مجموعه مقالات سمپوزيوم دياپيريسم با نگرشي ويژه به ايران (جلد اول)، 218-141.
قويدل سيوکى، محمد، 1377. بررسى رسوب‌هاى پالئوزوئيک بالايى در حوضه زاگرس و معرفى سازند زاکين در کوه فراقون، فصلنامه علمى علوم زمين، سال هفتم، 73- 54.
گزارش داخلي شركت نفت و گاز پارس (منتشر نشده)، 1396. 355.
مهدي‌نيا، مهدي و موسوي حرمي سيد رضا، 1388. پتروگرافي و تفسير محيط رسوب‌گذاري نهشته‌هاي پرمين پيشين (سازند فراقان) در ميدان گلشن در خلیج‌فارس. رسوب و سنگ رسوبي، 2، 6، 11-1.
Ahr, W. M., 2008. Geology of carbonate reservoir, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 296.
AI-Dajani, A.F., Burns, D. and Toksoz, N.M., 2000. Aeolian and Fluvial depositional systems discrimination in wireline logs: Unayzah Formation, central Saudi Arabia, GeoFrontier, 3, 25–43.
Al-Ramadan, K., 2014. Illitization of Smectite in Sandstones: The Permian Unayzah Reservoir, Saudi Arabia, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering , 39,407–412
Baccelle, L. and Bosellini, A., 1965. Diagrammi per la stima visiva della composizione percentuale nelle rocce sedimentary. Annali dell Universita di Ferrara Wuova serial, Sezione IX, Scienze geologiche e paleontologiche 4, 117-53.
Besse, J., Torcq, F., Gallet, Y., Ricou, L. E., Krystyn, L. and Saidi, A., 1998. Late Permian to Late Triassic palaeomagnetic data from Iran: Constrains on the migration of the Iranian block through the Tethyan Ocean and initial destruction of Pangea: Geophysical Journal International, 135, 77–92.
Birkle, P., Jenden, P.D. and Al-Dubaisi, J.M., 2013. Origin of formation water from the Unayzah and Khuff petroleum reservoirs, Saudi Arabia, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 7, 77-80.
Cocks, L. M. R. and Torsvik, T. K., 2002. Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: A faunal and palaeomagnetic review: Journal of the Geological Society, 159, 631–644.
Curtis, C.D., 1983. Geochemistry of porosity enhancement and reduction on clastic sediments. In: Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration of Europe (Ed. J. Brooks). Special Publication of Geological Society of London, 12, 113-125.
Dercourt, J., Ricou, L. E. and Vrielynck, B., 1993. Atlas Tethys palaeoenvironmental maps: Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 307.
Dunham, R. J, 1962. Classification of carbonate rock according to depositional texture, AAPG Memoir 1, 108-121.
Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate rocks, Analysis, Interpretation and Application, Second Edition, Spring-Verlog, Berlin, 1006.
Folk, R. L., 1974. Petrology of sedimentary rocks: Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, Texas, 182.
Friedman, G. M., 1965. Terminology of crystallization texture and fabrics in sedimentary rocks, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 35, 643-655.
Ghavidel Syooki, M., 1986. Palynological Study and Age Determination of Faraghan Formation in Kuh-e Gahkum Region at Southeast of Iran: Journal of Science, Iran, 1-2, 11-28.
Ghavidel Syooki, M., 1988. Palynological study and age determination of Faraghan Formation in Kuh-e-Gahkum region at southeast of Iran, Journal of Science, Iran, 15, 1 and 2, 11-28.
Ghavidel Syooki, M., 1990. The encountered acritarchs and chitinozoan from Mila, Ilebeyk, Zardkuh formations in Tang-eIlebeyk at Zard-kuh region and their correlation with Paleozoic sequence in Chali-Sheh area in Zagros Basin of Iran. Symposium on Diapirism with Special Reference to Iran, Geological Survey of Iran 1, 141-218.
Ghavidel Syooki, M., 1997. Palynostratigraphy and paleogeography of Early Permian strata in the Zagros Basin, Southeast-southwest Iran. J. Sci. Islam. Repub. Iran 8, 243-261.
Ghavidel Syooki, M., 1999. Investigation on the Upper Paleozoic Strata in Tang-e- Zakeen and Introducing Zakeen Formation, Kuh-e-Faraghan Zagros Basin, Southern Iran: Geological. Survey of Iran, Geoscience Quarterly Journal, 29-30, 54-73.
Ghavidel Syooki, M., 2003. Palynostratigraphy of Devonian sediments in the Zagros Basin, southern Iran. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 127, 241-268.
Insalaco E., Virgone A., Courme B., Gaillot J., Kamali M., Moallemi A., Lotfpout M. and Monibi S., 2006. “Upper Dalan Member and Kangan Formation between the Zagros Mountains and offshore Fars,” Iran: Depositional system, biostratigraphy and stratigraphic architecture. GeoArabia, 11, 75–176.
Kamali, M. R. and Rezaee, M. R., 2003. Burial history reconstruction and thermal modeling at Kuh-e Mond, SW Iran, 26, 4, 415-46.
Lewis D. W. and McConchie, D., 1994. Practical Sedimentology. 2nd Ed., IX+ NewoYork, London, Champton & Hall, 123.
Lucia, F. J., 2007. Carbonate reservoir characterization, Second edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 236.
MacDonald, R., Hardman, D., Sprague, R., Meridji, Y., Mudjiono, W., Galford, J., Rourke, M., Dix, M. and Kelton, M., 2010. Using elemental geochemistry to improve sandstone reservoir characterization: a case study from the Unayzah interval of Saudi Arabia, SPWLA 51st Annual Logging Symposium, 19-23, 2010.
Mattes, B.W. and Montjoy, E.W., 1980. Burial Dolomitization of Upper Devonian Miette buildup, Jasper National Park, Alberta, in: Zenger, D.H., Dunham, J.B. and. Ethington, R.L eds., Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. SEPM Special. Publication, 28, 250-297.
McHargue, T.R. and Price, R.C., 1982. Dolomite from Clay in Argillaceous or Shale Associated Marine Carbonates: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 52, 873-880.
Mckay, J.L., Longstaffe, F.J. and Plint, A.G., 1995. Early Diagenesis and Its Relationship to Depositional Environment and Relative Sea-Level Fluctuations (Upper Cretaceous Marshybank Formation, Alberta and British Columbia): Sedimentology, 42, 161-190.
Metcalfe, I., 2002. Tectonic history of the SE Asian–Australian region: Advances in Geoecology, 34, 29–48.
Mollazal, Y., 1965. The geology of the Kuh-e Neyse and adjoining area. Report, 1098.
Moor, C. H., 1989. Carbonate diagenesis and porosity. Elsevier, Development in sedimentology 46, 338.
Moore, C. H. and Wade, W. J., 2013. Carbonate reservoir: porosity, evolution and diagenesis in a sequences stratigraphic framework: Second edition, Elsevier, 369.
Muttoni, G., Kent, D. V., Garzanti, E., Brack, P., Abrahamsen, N. and Gaetani, M., 2003. Early Permian Pangea ‘B’ to Late Permian Pangea ‘A’: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 215, 379–394.
Muttoni, G., Kent, D. V., Garzanti, E., Brack, P., Abrahamsen, N. and Gaetani, M., 2004. Erratum to “Early Permian Pangea ‘B’ to Late Permian Pangea ‘A’”: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 218, 539–540.
Muttoni, G., Mattei, M., Balini, M., Zanchi, A., Gaetani, M. and Berra, F., 2009a. The drift history of Iran from the Ordovician to the Triassic, in M.-F. Brunet, M. Wilmsen, and J. W. Granath, eds., South Caspian to Central Iran Basins: GSL Special Publications 312, 7–29.
Nicol, G.A. and Kheradpir, A., 1972. Interoffice Memo. (Unpub).
Pettijohn, F. J. Seever, R. and Potter, P. E., 1975. Sand and Sandstone, 2nd ed., Springer Verlog-New Yourk, 328.
Ronchi, P., Ortenzi, A., Borromeo, O., Claps, M., Zempolich, W. G., 2010. Deposiional setting and diagenetic processes and their impact on the reservoir quality in the late Visean-Bashkirian Kashagan carbonate platform (Pre-Caspian Basin, Kazakhstan). American Association of Petroleum Geologist, 94, 9, 1313-1348.
Sengör, A. M. C., 1979. Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications: Nature, 279, 590–593.
Sharland, P. R., Archer, R., Casey, D. M., Davies, R.B., Hall, S.H., Heward, A.P., Horbury, A.D. and M. D. Simmons, 2001. Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphy. GeoArabia Special Publication 2, GulfPetroLink, Bahrain, 371, with 3 charts.
Szabo, F., 1977. Permian Triassic stratigraphy, Zagros Basin, southwest Iran, Report 1261.
Szabo, F., Rask and Khosravi, S., 1977. Permian and Triassic Stratigraphy, Zagros Basin (Unpublished report).
Taghavi, A. A., Mark, A. and Emadi, M. A., 2006. Sequence Stratigraphically controlled diagenesis govern reservoir qualityin the carbonate Dehloran Field, Southwest, Iran, Petroleum Geoscience, 12, 115-126.
Tucker, M.E., 2001. Sedimentary petrology: An Introduction to the Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 260.
Worden, R.H. and Morad, S., 2000. Quartz cementation in oil field sandstones: a review of the key controversies. In: Worden, R.H. and Morad, S, (Eds), Quartz Cementation in Sandstones. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 29, 1-20.
Zamanzadeh, S. M., Mirzaei, S., Sardar Abadi, M. and Poosti, M., 2011. Diagenetic factors controlling reservoir quality in the Faraghan Fm. Energy Exploration and Exploitation, 29, 109-128.
Zamanzadeh, S. M., Amini A. H. and Rahimpour Bonab, H., 2009. Eogenetic dolomite cementation in Lower Permian reservoir sandstones, southern Zagros, Iran,Geology Journal, 44, 501–525.
Zeigler, M. A., 2001. Late Permian to Holocene paleofacies evolution of the Arabian plate and it's hydrocarbon occurrence. Geo Arabia, 6, 3, 445-504.
