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Subject Areas :
1 -
Keywords: Intumescent coatings, non-intumescent coatings, nanocomposite, sol-gel method, passive fire protection, formulation optimization,
Abstract :
Fire-retardant and fire-resistant coatings, as one of the most efficient and cost-effective passive protection strategies, play a key role in delaying ignition, reducing heat transfer, and limiting flame spread. This review article aims to systematize the existing knowledge in four main areas: first, the fundamentals and mechanisms of action, distinguishing between two categories of intumescent coatings (forming a swollen char layer with expansion capability of up to 100 times) and non-intumescent coatings (gas-phase mechanism or glassy layer formation). Second, formulation optimization based on industrial experimental evidence, demonstrating that the selection of an appropriate polymer binder, optimal ratio of main components, and nano-clay and reinforcing fiber additives have a direct impact on the thermal stability and integrity of the char layer. Third, emerging technologies such as nanocomposites and the sol-gel method, which, by creating transparent coatings while preserving the aesthetic appearance of the substrate, have significantly expanded the application range of these systems. In the final section, considering the challenges associated with the direct application of coatings onto sensitive substrates (chemical damage, reduced mechanical strength, and aesthetic alterations), the "indirect application" approach onto supporting materials is proposed as a low-impact strategy consistent with the principles of reversibility. Nevertheless, the lack of systematic studies in direct comparison of different formulations and evaluation of the long-term durability of these coatings remains a fundamental gap in current knowledge.
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