The Roots and Causes of Suicide in Iranian Society: An Overview of National Surveys (2002–2025)
Subject Areas : Research on Iranian social issues
Taha Ashayeri
1
,
ali mirzapour
2
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
2 - M.A. Student in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
Keywords: Suicide, Social Capital, Religiosity, Class Inequality, Social Isolation.,
Abstract :
The Roots and Causes of Suicide in Iranian Society:
An Overview of National Surveys (2002–2025)
Taha Ashayeri*
Ali Mirzapour**
Suicide, as a complex social harm, results from the interaction of multidimensional factors and has been on the rise in Iranian society. This study aims to systematically explain and analyze the social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors influencing suicidal tendencies in Iran. The research method employed was a quantitative meta-analysis. Through systematic searches in the SID, Magiran, and IranDoc databases, 32 valid studies from the period 2002 to 2025 were selected. Data were analyzed using CMA software version 3 with a random-effects model. The findings indicate that social factors (family conflicts, substance abuse, social capital, social pressures, social deprivation, and history of deviant behavior), cultural factors (cultural capital, media consumption, risky lifestyles, religiosity, literacy, and cultural awareness), economic factors (class inequality, unemployment, economic instability, and inflation), and psychological factors (social isolation, self-confidence, social hope, and sense of worth) have significantly influenced the tendency toward suicide during 2002–2025. The conclusion emphasizes that preventive interventions should focus on strengthening social and cultural capitals (especially religiosity and support networks) and reducing structural risk factors (inequality, isolation, and risky lifestyles).
Keywords: Suicide, Social Capital, Religiosity, Class Inequality, Social Isolation.
Introduction
Suicide refers to the intentional act of ending one’s own life and is widely recognized as a preventable phenomenon with profound consequences for individuals, families, and societies. A wide range of social, cultural, and contextual conditions influence mental health outcomes and may increase the likelihood of suicidal behavior. Cultural norms, collective traditions, and social environments can therefore shape suicide-related behaviors and provide a basis for prevention strategies. In legal and medical contexts, suicide is identified when evidence confirms that an individual intentionally performed an act to end their life. Suicidal behavior is generally understood as the outcome of complex interactions among psychological vulnerabilities and broader social and economic conditions. Factors such as poverty, developmental inequalities, and public health crises can influence suicide patterns, although their impact varies across socio-cultural contexts. In addition, cultural norms, poverty, and limited social awareness, along with family conflicts, social disintegration, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, have been identified as important risk factors. Globally, suicide remains a major public health concern, accounting for approximately 800,000 deaths annually and occurring particularly among young people aged 15–25. From a sociological perspective, Durkheim conceptualized suicide as a social fact shaped by structural conditions rather than merely individual issues. Subsequent studies have emphasized the role of broader social contexts such as welfare systems, family structures, and employment opportunities as the reasons of suicide. In Iran, suicide has increased in recent years. Between 2011 and 2021 (1390–1400), the annual average of suicide reached 3,616 cases, rising from 2,598 to 5,085, indicating a clear upward trend. Despite numerous studies on suicide conducted between 2002 and 2025 (1381–1404), findings remain fragmented and lack of theoretical integration. Therefore, this study employs a quantitative meta-analysis to synthesize previous empirical research and identify the most significant social, cultural, economic, and psychological determinants of suicidal tendencies in Iran.
Theoretical Framework
Suicide has long been conceptualized as a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by the interaction of social, psychological, cultural, and biological factors. Although the term derives from the Latin sui (self) and caedere (to kill) sociological approaches emphasize that suicide cannot be reduced to an individual or pathological act. Durkheim regarded suicide as a social fact reflecting dysfunctions within the social structure rather than merely personal pathology. Contemporary institutional definitions similarly define suicide as intentional self-inflicted death while distinguishing suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicide. Suicidal behavior encompasses a broad spectrum including suicidal ideation, self-harm, symbolic gestures, interrupted attempts, near-lethal attempts, and completed suicide .In this framework, suicidal ideation may involve verbal expressions of self-destructive intent or non-lethal self-injurious.Consequently, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury have become major areas of sociological and medical inquiry .Among sociological theories, Durkheim’s Suicide theory (1897) remains foundational. Through comparative statistical analysis, he argued that suicide rates are shaped by broader social conditions rather than solely by individual psychology. Durkheim identified two central structural dimensions: social integration, referring to individuals’ attachment to collective life, and social regulation, referring to normative constraints governing behavior. Balanced levels of both dimensions maintain social order, whereas imbalance increases suicide risk. Based on these dimensions, Durkheim identified four types of suicide: egoistic suicide resulting from weak integration, altruistic suicide from excessive integration, anomic suicide from weakened regulation during periods of instability, and fatalistic suicide from excessive regulation and oppressive control. Accordingly, suicide reflects broader structural dynamics and the relationship between individuals and society rather than merely individual pathology.
Methodology
This study utilizes a quantitative meta-analysis to systematically synthesize empirical research on determinants of suicidal tendencies in Iran. The statistical population comprises 70 studies published between 2002 and 2025 (1381–1404), with 32 selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria emphasizing relevance and availability of quantitative data such as effect sizes, correlations, or significance values. Studies lacking sufficient quantitative data or methodological clarity were excluded. Systematic searches were conducted in major Iranian academic databases (Magiran, NoorMags, SID, Humanities Research Institute), supplemented by accessible sampling to ensure comprehensive coverage. Data extraction and coding were rigorously performed from selected studies. Data analysis employed Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. A random-effects model was used to accommodate heterogeneity across studies and estimate pooled effect sizes, elucidating the relationship between social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors and suicidal tendencies in Iran.
Findings
The meta-analytic results indicate that all examined categories of variables show statistically significant relationships with suicidal tendencies in Iran (p < 0.001). Among social factors, family conflicts demonstrate a positive relationship with suicidal tendencies (effect size = 0.183), suggesting that heightened familial tensions increase the likelihood of suicidal inclinations. Similarly, weak social support and social isolation were associated with increased suicidal tendencies, reflecting the importance of social integration and interpersonal networks in protecting individuals from suicide risk. Regarding cultural factors, variables such as cultural norms, value conflicts, and social stigma surrounding mental health also showed significant associations with suicidal tendencies. These findings highlight the role of cultural expectations, traditional norms, and community attitudes in shaping individuals’ coping strategies and help-seeking behaviors. Economic factors likewise demonstrated meaningful relationships with suicidal tendencies. Conditions such as unemployment, economic insecurity, and financial stress were positively associated with suicide risk, indicating that structural economic pressures and material deprivation can intensify feelings of hopelessness and social marginalization. Finally, psychological factors showed some of the strongest associations with suicidal tendencies. Variables including depression, anxiety, hopelessness, and substance abuse were significantly related to suicide risk, underscoring the interaction between psychological vulnerability and broader social conditions. Overall, the meta-analysis demonstrates that suicidal tendencies in Iran are shaped by the combined influence of social, cultural, economic, and psychological determinants, reflecting the multidimensional nature of suicide as both a psychosocial and structural phenomenon.
Discussion and Conclusion
Suicide in Iranian society transcends an individual psychological crisis, representing structural dysfunctions in social integration, cultural meaning, and economic stability. This meta-analysis reveals that suicidal tendencies arise from the interplay of social pressures, economic insecurity, diminishing social capital, and psychological vulnerabilities. The uneven suicide risk among youth, women, and marginalized populations underscores the structural dimension of this issue. Social determinants such as family conflicts and substance abuse elevate suicide risk by undermining primary support systems, whereas social capital serves as a crucial protective factor. Echoing Durkheim’s social integration and Merton’s strain theory, pressures amplify when culturally valued goals—like employment and family formation—are unattainable (Durkheim, 1897; Merton, 1938). Social deprivation and deviant behaviors further reflect marginalization, increasing psychosocial vulnerability. Cultural factors yield dual effects: religiosity is the strongest protective influence, offering moral frameworks that alleviate existential despair. Cultural capital and literacy bolster cognitive resilience, whereas high-risk lifestyles and suicide-related media exposure heighten vulnerability, especially among youths navigating normative uncertainty in social transition. Economic variables, including class inequality, unemployment, inflation, and instability, highlight how structural economic stresses foster suicidal tendencies. These contribute to relative deprivation and economic anomie, particularly where social status is tied to occupational identity. Psychological dimensions—social isolation, low self-confidence, reduced social hope, and diminished self-worth—mirror the internalization of structural inequalities. Aligned with Honneth’s recognition theory, lack of social acknowledgment deepens identity crises, escalating suicide risk. In sum, suicide in Iran is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by interlinked social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors. Prevention demands integrated strategies: strengthening community networks, expanding economic opportunities, nurturing cultural resilience, and promoting psychological well-being through coordinated social and health policies.
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* Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8210-8899
** M.A. Student in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4392-2301
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