Investigation of pesticide residues of Moinfos and Ethion in apple and grape and health risk assessment based on Monte Carlo Simulation
Subject Areas : Environmental Health EngineeringBehzad Mohammadi Khangahi 1 , Neda Sohili Maleki 2 , Lila Abbaszadeh 3 , Gholamhossein Safari 4
1 - 1- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2 - Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3 - .Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4 - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Keywords: Pesticide residues, Grape, Risk assessment, Monte Carlo Simulation, Maragheh ,
Abstract :
The residues of Moinfos and Ethion pesticides in 20 samples of apples and 12 samples of grapes, in two treatments, unwashed and washed, after extraction with a convenient, fast, effective, and safe analytical method (QuEChERS) were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Also, the health risk assessment of pesticide residues in apple and grape samples was done using the hazard quotient (HQ) and based on the Monte Carlo simulation for two age groups of adults and children. The results showed that the average residue of ethion in unwashed apple and grape samples was lower than the maximum residue levels of the MRLs of Iran. While, the average residue of Moinphos in unwashed apple and grape samples was higher than the MRLs of Iran. Also, the pesticide residues of Ethion and Moinfos in 100% of the apple and grape samples were higher than the MRL of the European Union. After washing, the average residue of Moinfos and Ethion pesticides decreased by 47 and 45% in apple samples and 44 and 42% in grape samples, respectively. The results of risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation showed that the HQ value is less than one with 100% certainty in the age groups of children and adults. Therefore, the consumption of apples and grapes with these two pesticides does not pose any significant risk to the health of consumers. However, due to the use of numerous pesticides, continuous and accurate monitoring and strict regulations regarding the quality and safety of fruits are recommended.
Arabameri, M., Mohammadi Moghadam, M., Monjazeb Marvdashti, L., Mehdinia, S. M., Abdolshahi, A. & Dezianian, A. 2022. Pesticide residues in pistachio nut: a human risk assessment study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 102, 394 3960-7.
Bahrami, A., Ghorbani Shanh, F. & Rahimpoor, R. 2017. Comparation of health risk assessment carcinogenic hydrocarbons in workplace air in an oil-dependent industry by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Human Resources Malaysia. Iran Occupational Health, 14, 107-117.
Bajwa, U. & Sandhu, K. S. 2014. Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food-a review. Journal of food science and technology, 51, 201-220.
Bouagga, A., Chaabane, H., Toumi, K., Mougou Hamdane, A., Nasraoui, B. & Joly, L. 2019. Pesticide residues in Tunisian table grapes and associated risk for consumer’s health. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 12, 135-144.
Choi, Y. C., Ng, T. T., Hu, B., Li, R. & Yao, Z. P. 2020. Rapid detection of pesticides in honey by solid‐phase micro‐extraction coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 55, e4380.
Dos Reis Souza, M. R., Moreira, C. O., De Lima, T. G., Aquino, A. & Dórea, H. S. 2013. Validation of a matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) technique for determination of pesticides in lyophilized eggs of the chicken Gallus gallus domesticus. Microchemical Journal, 110, 395-401.
El Hawari, K., Mokh, S., Al Iskandarani, M., Halloum, W. & Jaber, F. 2019. Pesticide residues in Lebanese apples and health risk assessment. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 12, 81-89.
Eslami, Z., Mahdavi, V. & Tajdar-Oranj, B. 2021. Probabilistic health risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation for pesticide residues in date fruits of Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 42037-42050.
Ganjeizadeh Rohani, F., Mahdavi, V. & Aminaei, M. M. 2014. Investigation on diazinon and oxydemeton-methyl residues in cucumbers grown in Kerman greenhouses. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 186, 3995-3999.
Hasnaki, R., Ziaee, M. & Mahdavi, V. 2023. Pesticide residues in corn and soil of corn fields of Khuzestan, Iran, and potential health risk assessment. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 115, 104972.
JESÚS, F., HLADKI, R., GÉREZ, N., BESIL, N., NIELL, S., FERNÁNDEZ, G., HEINZEN, H. & CESIO, M. V. 2018. Miniaturized QuEChERS based methodology for multiresidue determination of pesticides in odonate nymphs as ecosystem biomonitors. Talanta, 178, 410-418.
Kazar Soydan, D., Turgut, N., Yalçın, M., Turgut, C. & Karakuş, P. B. K. 2021. Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region of Turkey and assessment of risk to consumers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 27511-27519.
Khangahi, B. M., Ghayurdoost, F., Ghanbari Ghozikali, M. & Safari, G. H. 2023. Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride in Drinking Water Based on Monte Carlo Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis: a Study in Rural Areas of East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234, 29.
Kujawski, M. W., Bargańska, Ż., Marciniak, K., Miedzianowska, E., Kujawski, J. K., Ślebioda, M. & Namieśnik, J. 2014. Determining pesticide contamination in honey by LC-ESI-MS/MS–comparison of pesticide recoveries of two liquid–liquid extraction based approaches. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 56, 517-523.
Lehotay, S. J., Kok, A. D., Hiemstra, M. & Bodegraven, P. V. 2005. Validation of a fast and easy method for the determination of residues from 229 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of AOAC International, 88, 595-614.
Lehotay, S. J., Son, K. A., Kwon, H., Koesukwiwat, U., Fu, W., Mastovska, K., Hoh, E. & Leepipatpiboon, N. 2010. Comparison of QuEChERS sample preparation methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Journal of Chromatography a, 1217, 2548-2560.
Likudis, Z., Costarelli, V., Vitoratos, A. & Apostolopoulos, C. 2014. Pesticide residues in Greek apples with protected geographical indication or designation of origin. Journal of Pesticide Science, 39, 29-35.
Liu, Y., Bei, K., Zheng, W., Yu, G. & Sun, C. 2023. Pesticide residues risk assessment and quality evaluation of four characteristic fruits in Zhejiang Province, China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1124094.
Lozowicka, B. 2015. Health risk for children and adults consuming apples with pesticide residue. Science of the total environment, 502, 184-198.
Mahdavi, V., Eslami, Z., Golmohammadi, G., Tajdar-Oranj, B., Behbahan, A. K. & Khaneghah, A. M. 2021. Simultaneous determination of multiple pesticide residues in Iranian saffron: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 100, 103915.
Mahdavi, V., Eslami, Z., Molaee-Aghaee, E., Peivasteh-Roudsari, L., Sadighara, P., Fakhri, Y. & Ravanlou, A. A. 2022a. Evaluation of pesticide residues and risk assessment in apple and grape from western Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Environmental Research, 203, 111882
Mahdavi, V., Gordan, H., Peivasteh-Roudsari, L. & Fakhri, Y. 2022b. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment induced by pesticide residues in commercially available ready-to-eat raisins of Iran based on Monte Carlo Simulation. Environmental Research, 206, 112253.
Maleki, N. S., Shakerkhatibi, M., Dolatkhah, M. & Safari, G. H. 2023. Cumulative health risk assessment of pesticide residues in apple products in the Northwest of Iran using Monte Carlo simulation. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 40, 992-1010.
Mohammadi, B., Farajzadeh, M. & Safari, G. H. 2021. The Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate in Drinking Water in the Rural and Urban Areas of Tabriz, Iran. Journal of Human, Environment, and Health Promotion, 7(1), 15-21.
Mohammadnejad, M., Farhadpour, M., Mahdavi, V. & Tabrizchi, M. 2017. Rapid monitoring and sensitive determination of DDT and its metabolites in water sample using solid-phase extraction followed by ion mobility spectrometry. International Journal for Ion Mobility Spectrometry, 20, 23-30.
Radulović, J., Lučić, M., Nešić, A. & Onjia, A. 2023. Multivariate Assessment and Risk Ranking of Pesticide Residues in Citrus Fruits. Foods, 12, 2454.
Rejczak, T. & Tuzimski, T. 2015. A review of recent developments and trends in the QuEChERS sample preparation approach. Open Chemistry, 13, 000010151520150109.
Safari, G. H., Mohammadi, B., Farajzadeh, M. & Esmailzadeh, N. 2021. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of drinking water nitrate in the urban and rural area of the Bostanabad County in 2017. Journal of Environmental Science Studies, 6, 3390-3395.
Salamzadeh, J., Shakoori, A. & Moradi, V. 2018. Occurrence of multiclass pesticide residues in tomato samples collected from different markets of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 16, 55-63.
Yang, X., Luo, J., Li, S. & Liu, C. 2016. Evaluation of nine pesticide residues in three minor tropical fruits from southern China. Food Control, 60, 677-682.
Yousefi, S., Aslani, H., Shakerkhatibi, M., Mohammadian, Y. & Safari, G. H. 2022. Combined health risk assessment of organophosphates pesticide residues in greenhouse cucumber in the Northwestern of Iran based on Monte Carlo Simulations. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1-16.
Zhang, Y., Si, W., Chen, L., Shen, G., Bai, B. & Zhou, C. 2021. Determination and dietary risk assessment of 284 pesticide residues in local fruit cultivars in Shanghai, China. Scientific Reports, 11, 9681.