An online scoring system using distributed ledger technology based on smart contracts
Subject Areas : Information and Communications Technology
1 - Yasouj Islamic Azad University
Keywords: Online scoring system, distributed ledger technologies, smart contract, blockchain.,
Abstract :
The online rating system on most websites provides users with a rating for products and services. The lack of trust in the correctness and non-manipulation of data has caused users' satisfaction to not be provided as it should be. Considering that the existing online scoring system deals with a central server, all score data is stored in a central server; Therefore, all score data can be deleted, changed and manipulated by the system administrator to change the score results in favor of the service or product provider. In this research, the online scoring system using distributed ledger technologies has been introduced as a proposed system to solve all the weaknesses in the current systems. Distributed ledger technologies are a type of technology that works in a decentralized manner and there is no focus from any entity on this technology. There are different types of distributed ledger technologies. Among distributed ledger technologies, block chain technology is chosen for the proposed scoring system due to its smart contract support. In the proposed online scoring system, the performance criteria of a node are unknown and therefore cannot be used directly to optimize the segmentation results. To solve the performance problem caused by the difference of nodes in the blockchain without knowing the different characteristics of the nodes, we propose a new segmentation method called NoRS. This proposed method consists of four phases: NoRS schematic, scoring mechanism, segmentation strategy, transaction confirmation, creation and release of new block. Therefore, by reviewing the transaction process reports, we evaluate the nodes and assign them to different committees based on the score corresponding to each node; With this process, the ratio of different nodes within the committee is balanced to improve the blockchain transaction efficiency. The advantages of the proposed scoring system compared to the existing systems are that the proposed system works in a decentralized manner and the information cannot be manipulated. Also, the privacy of the scorers is preserved and the transparency of the data is guaranteed.
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[1] Heavin, Ciara, and Daniel J. Power. "Challenges for digital transformation–towards a conceptual decision support guide for managers." Journal of Decision Systems 27, no. sup1 (2018): 38-45.
[2] Yelp, 2015. https://www.yelp.co.uk/
[3] Zheng, Zibin, Shaoan Xie, Hongning Dai, Xiangping Chen, and Huaimin Wang. "An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends." In 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData congress), pp. 557-564. IEEE, 2017.
[4] Liu, Xing, Bahar Farahani, and Farshad Firouzi. "Distributed Ledger Technology." In Intelligent Internet of Things, pp. 393-431. Springer, Cham, 2020.
[5] Zheng, Zibin, Shaoan Xie, Hong-Ning Dai, Xiangping Chen, and Huaimin Wang. "Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey." International Journal of Web and Grid Services 14, no. 4 (2018): 352-375
[6] Salah, Khaled, M. Habib Ur Rehman, Nishara Nizamuddin, and Ala Al-Fuqaha. "Blockchain for AI: Review and open research challenges." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 10127-10149.
[7] Saad, A., and Soo Young Park. "Decentralized Directed acyclic graph based DLT Network." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Omni-Layer Intelligent Systems, pp. 158-163. 2019.
[8] Bexam: The next generation blockchain/DAG hybrid platform, [Online]. Available: https://www.bexam.io/, Accessed May 6, 2019.
[9] Lamba, Anil, Satinderjeet Singh, Singh Balvinder, Natasha Dutta, and Sivakumar Rela. "Mitigating IoT Security and Privacy Challenges Using Distributed Ledger Based Blockchain (Dl-BC) Technology." International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering 4, no. 8 2017.
[10] Steemit: Private and public blockchain [Online]. Available: www.steemit.com/blockchain.
[11] Zheng, Zibin, Shaoan Xie, Hongning Dai, Xiangping Chen, and Huaimin Wang. "An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends." In 2017 IEEE international congress on big data (BigData congress), pp. 557-564. IEEE, 2017.
[12] Lin, Iuon-Chang, and Tzu-Chun Liao. "A Survey of Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges." IJ Network Security 19, no. 5 (2017): 653-659.
[13]Miraz, Mahdi H., and Maaruf Ali. "Applications of blockchain technology beyond cryptocurrency." arXiv preprint arXiv :1801.03528 2018.
[14] Yuan, Yong, and Fei-Yue Wang. "Blockchain and cryptocurrencies: Model, techniques, and applications." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 48, no. 9 (2018): 1421-1428 [15] Luu, Loi, Duc-Hiep Chu, Hrishi Olickel, Prateek Saxena, and Aquinas Hobor. "Making smart contracts smarter." In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC conference on computer and communications security, pp. 254-269. 2016.
[16] Bahga, Arshdeep, and Vijay K. Madisetti. "Blockchain platform for industrial internet of things." Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 9, no. 10 (2016): 533-546.
[17] Wood, Gavin. "Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger." Ethereum project yellow paper 151, no. 2014 (2014): 1-32.
[18] A Kosba, Ahmed, Andrew Miller, Elaine Shi, Zikai Wen, and Charalampos Papamanthou. "Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy-preserving smart contracts." In 2016 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP), pp. 839-858. IEEE, 2016.
[19] Kakavand, Hossein, Nicolette Kost De Sevres, and Bart Chilton. "The blockchain revolution: An analysis of regulation and technology related to distributed ledger technologies." Available at SSRN 2849251 (2017).
[20] Dorri, Ali, Salil S. Kanhere, and Raja Jurdak. "Blockchain in internet of things: challenges and solutions." arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.05187 (2016).
[21] Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. “Blockchain revolution: how the technology behind bitcoin is changing money, business, and the world”. Penguin, 2016.
[22] Kim, Seoyoung, and Atulya Sarin. "Distributed ledger and Blockchain technology: framework and use cases." Forthcoming, Journal of Investment Management (2019).
[23] Kraft, Daniel. "Difficulty control for blockchain-based consensus systems." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 9, no. 2 (2016): 397-413.
[24] Aung, Yu Nandar, and Thitinan Tantidham. "Ethereum-based Emergency Service for Smart Home System: Smart Contract Implementation." In 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), pp. 147-152. IEEE, 2019
[25] Aras, Supriya Thakur, and Vrushali Kulkarni. "Blockchain and Its Applications–A Detailed Survey." International Journal of Computer Applications 180, no. 3 (2017): 29-35.
[26] Watanabe, Hiroki, Shigeru Fujimura, Atsushi Nakadaira, Yasuhiko Miyazaki, Akihito Akutsu, and Jay Kishigami. "Blockchain contract: Securing a blockchain applied to smart contracts." In 2016 IEEE international conference on consumer electronics (ICCE), pp. 467-468. IEEE, 2016.
[27] Andreev, R. A., P. A. Andreeva, L. N. Krotov, and E. L. Krotova. "Review of blockchain technology: Types of blockchain and their application." Intellekt. Sist. Proizv. 16, no. 1 (2018): 11-14
[28] Zyskind, Guy, and Oz Nathan. "Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data." In 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops, pp. 180-184. IEEE, 2015.
[29] Zhang, Yuanyu, Shoji Kasahara, Yulong Shen, Xiaohong Jiang, and Jianxiong Wan. "Smart contract-based access control for the internet of things." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 2 (2018): 1594-1605. [30] Bogner, Andreas, Mathieu Chanson, and Arne Meeuw. "A decentralised sharing app running a smart contract on the ethereum blockchain." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Internet of Things, pp. 177-178. 2017.
[31] Sankar, Lakshmi Siva, M. Sindhu, and M. Sethumadhavan. "Survey of consensus protocols on blockchain applications." In 2017 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2017.
[32] Sankar, Lakshmi Siva, M. Sindhu, and M. Sethumadhavan. "Survey of consensus protocols on blockchain applications." In 2017 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2017.
[33] Aung, Yu Nandar, and Thitinan Tantidham. "Review of Ethereum: Smart home case study." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Information Technology (INCIT), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2017
[34] Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, “Mastering Ethereum - Building Smart Contracts and Dapps”, Publisher: O'Reilly Media, Inc., Release Date: 2018
[35] Christidis, Konstantinos, and Michael Devetsikiotis. "Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. IEEE Access, 4: 2292–2303, 2016.
[36] Galvez, Juan F., J. C. Mejuto, and J. Simal-Gandara. "Future challenges on the use of blockchain for food traceability analysis." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 107 (2018): 222-23.
[37] Gatteschi, Valentina, Fabrizio Lamberti, Claudio Demartini, Chiara Pranteda, and Víctor Santamaría. "Blockchain and smart contracts for insurance: Is the technology mature enough?." Future Internet 10, no. 2 (2018): 20.
[38] Kshetri, Nir, and Jeffrey Voas. "Blockchain-enabled e-voting." IEEE Software 35, no. 4 (2018): 95-99.
[39] Khan, Minhaj Ahmad, and Khaled Salah. "IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges." Future Generation Computer Systems 82 (2018): 395-411.
[40] Abeyratne, Saveen A., and Radmehr P. Monfared. "Blockchain ready manufacturing supply chain using distributed ledger." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 5, no. 9 (2016): 1-10.
[41] Khalil, Rami, and Arthur Gervais. "Revive: Rebalancing off-blockchain payment networks." In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp. 439-453. 2017.
[42] Sajana, P., M. Sindhu, and M. Sethumadhavan. "On blockchain applications: hyperledger fabric and ethereum." International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 118, no. 18 (2018): 2965-2970.
[43] Christidis, Konstantinos, and Michael Devetsikiotis. "Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things." Ieee Access 4 (2016): 2292-2303.
[44] McCorry, Patrick, Siamak F. Shahandashti, and Feng Hao. "A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy." In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, pp. 357-375. Springer, Cham, 2017.
[45] Hardwick, Freya Sheer, Apostolos Gioulis, Raja Naeem Akram, and Konstantinos Markantonakis. "E-voting with blockchain: An e-voting protocol with decentralisation and voter privacy." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), pp. 1561-1567. IEEE, 2018.
[46] Pawlak, Michał, Aneta Poniszewska-Marańda, and Natalia Kryvinska. "Towards the intelligent agents for blockchain e-voting system." Procedia Computer Science 141 (2018): 239-246.
[47] Atzori, Marcella. "Blockchain technology and decentralized governance: Is the state still necessary?." Available at SSRN 2709713 (2016).
[48] J. Bonneau, A. Miller, J. Clark, A. Narayanan, J. A. Kroll, and E. W. Felten. “SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies”. In: 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 2015, pp. 104–121.
[49] Nir Kshetri and Jeffrey Voas. Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting, In: IEEE SOFTWARE, (2018)
[50] I.-C. Lin and T.-C. Liao. “A Survey of Blockchain Security Issues and Challenges”. In: International Journal of Network Security 19.5 (2017), pp. 653–659.
[51] Dagher, Gaby G., Praneeth Babu Marella, Matea Milojkovic, and Jordan Mohler."BroncoVote: Secure Voting System Using Ethereum’s Blockchain." (2018).
[52] Sven Heiberg, Ivo Kubjas, Janno Siim and Jan Willemson. On Trade-offs of Applying Block Chains for Electronic Voting Bulletin Boards (2018)
[53] A proposal for a blockchain-based electronic voting system. VoteBook (2017)
[54] Yavuz, Emre, Ali Kaan Koç, Umut Can Çabuk, and Gökhan Dalkılıç. "Towards secure e-voting using ethereum blockchain." In 2018 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS), pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2018
[55] Hanifatunnisa, Rifa, and Budi Rahardjo. "Blockchain based e-voting recording system design." In 2017 11th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems Services and Applications (TSSA), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2017.
[56] Fusco, Francesco, MARIA ILARIA Lunesu, FILIPPO EROS Pani, and Andrea Pinna. "Crypto-voting, a Blockchain based e-Voting System." In KMIS, pp. 221-225. 2018.
[57] Xu, Ronghua, Xuheng Lin, Qi Dong, and Yu Chen. "Constructing trustworthy and safe communities on a blockchain-enabled social credits system." In Proceedings of the 15th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, pp. 449-453. 2018.
[58] Mingxiao, Du, Ma Xiaofeng, Zhang Zhe, Wang Xiangwei, and Chen Qijun. "A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), pp. 2567-2572. IEEE, 2017.
[59] Li, Yinsheng, Xu Liang, Xiao Zhu, and Bin Wu. "A blockchain-based autonomous credit system." In 2018 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE), pp. 178-186. IEEE, 2018.
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