Identifying factors affecting the development of students' leadership talent: a qualitative study

Abstract :

Leadership talent is one of the important capabilities and abilities for organizational leadership and guiding the organization's forces to achieve goals. Talented leaders play a significant role in the change and transformation of the organization and act dynamically and creatively against environmental changes and transformations and provide the most competitive advantage for the organization. Therefore, recognizing and paying attention to leadership talent and its development plays an important role in the success of the organization. The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the effective factors on the development of students' leadership talent with a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method. The participants of the current research were 18 experts in the field of leadership and students who were responsible for leadership in scientific and academic organizations and associations, who were selected by snowball sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. After analyzing and coding the data, 134 propositions or basic concepts were identified, which were classified into 26 sub-components . Finally, these sub-components were categorized into four main components (personality characteristics, background, organizational and extra- organizational). Universities' attention to the important factors identified in this research can help attract and better develop leadership talents among students.

References:

منابع
1. Skalicky, J., Warr Pedersen, K., van der Meer, J., Fuglsang, S., Dawson, P., & Stewart, S. (2020). A framework for developing and supporting student leadership in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 45(1), 100-116.‏
2. Haber, P.( 2011a). Formal Leadership Program Models. In The Handbook for Student Leadership Development, edited by S. R. Komives, J. P. Duggan, J. E. Owen, C. Slack, W. Wagner, and Associates, 231–58. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
3. Haber, P. (2011b). Peer Education in Student Leadership Programs: Responding to Co-Curricular Challenges. New Directions for Student Services Special Issue: Emerging Issues and Practices in Peer Education 133: 65–76. doi:/10.1002/ ss.385.
4. Dugan, J. P., & Komives, S. R., (2007). Developing leadership capacity in college students: Findings from a national study. College Park, MD: National Clearinghouse for Leadership Programs.
5. Jackson, N. J. (2010). From a Curriculum That Integrates Work to a Curriculum That Integrates Life: Changing a University’s Conceptions of Curriculum. Higher Education Research and Development 29 (5): 491–505. doi:10.1080/07294360.2010. 502218.
6. Campbell, C. M., Smith, M., Dugan, J. P., & Komives, S. R. (2012). Mentors and college student leadership outcomes: The importance of position and process. Review of Higher Education, 35(4), 595-625.
7. Dugan, J. P., Bohle, C. W., Gebhardt, M., Hofert, M., Wilk, E., & Cooney, M. A. (2011). Influences of leadership program participation on students' capacities for socially responsible leadership. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 48(1), 63-82.
8. Salisbury, M. H., Pascarella, E. T., Padgett, R. D., & Blaich, C. (2012). The effects of work on leadership development among first-year college students. Journal of College Student Development, 53(2), 300-324.
9. Dugan, J. P., & Komives, S. R. (2010). Influences on college students' capacities for socially responsible leadership. Journal of College Student Development, 51(5), 525-549.
10. Kezar, A., & Moriarty, D. (2000). Expanding our understanding of student leadership development: A study exploring gender and ethnic identity. Journal of College Student Development, 41(1), 55–69.
11. Baccei, M. A. (2015). Understanding college student leadership development: a longitudinal examination of the impact of campus-based leadership trainings,‏ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Educational Policy and Leadership Studies (Higher Education and Student Affairs) in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa.
12. Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education. (2009). The role of leadership programs for students: CAS standards contextual statement. CAS professional standards for higher education. Washington, DC: Author.
13. Gardner, H. (2006). Five minds for the future. Boston MA: Harvard Business Press.
14. Zohar, D. (2000). SQ: Connecting with Our Spiritual Intelligence. London: Bloomsbury.
15. Anders Ericsson, K., Roring, R. W., & Nandagopal, K. (2007). Giftedness and evidence for reproducibly superior performance: An account based on the expert performance framework. High ability studies, 18(1), 3-56.‏
16. Muyia, M. H., Wekullo, C. S., & Nafukho, F. M. (2018). Talent development in emerging economies through learning and development capacity building. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 20(4), 498-516.‏
17. Michaels, E., Handfield-Jones, H., & Axelrod, B. (2001). The War for Talent . Brighton: Boston MA: Harvard Business School Publishing .
18. Sayadi, S., Mohammadi, M., & Nikpour, A. (2011). Talent management, a key concept in the organizational field, Work and Society Monthly, pp. 81-86.
19. Salehi Sedkiani, J; Shams, S. H., & Makhsosi, A. (2014). talent management; Concepts and models, Human Resource Studies Quarterly, Year 5, Number 18, pp. 121-138.
20. Alian, H., Orei, S. H., & Ramezani, M. (2011). Talent management, the factor promoting innovation and national production, collection of articles of the first international conference on management, innovation and national production.
21. Gagne, F. (2007). Ten Commandments for academic talent development. Gifted Child Quarterly, 51, 93-118.
22. Visser, K., Barkhuizen, N., & Schutte, N. (2018). Exploring the role of a work integrated learning programme in facilitating sustainable graduate employment in the transport industry: A conceptual paper. Organisational Studies and Innovation Review, 3(3), 65-75.‏
23. Barkhuizen, E. N. (2015). Talent management: The catalist for the 21st century business world.‏ Inaugural Lecture. North West University.
24. Barkhuizen, N.E., & Gumede, B. (2021). The relationship between talent management, job satisfaction and voluntary turnover intentions of employees in a selected government institution. SA Journal of Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 19(0), a1396. https://doi. org/10.4102/sajhrm. v19i0.1396.
25. Rezaeian, A., & Soltani, F. (2009). Introducing a comprehensive and systematic talent management model to improve the individual performance of oil industry employees. Quarterly Journal of Management and Human Resources in the Oil Industry. Third Year, (8), 49-7.‏
26. Seyyedi, A. H., & Mardi, H. (2012). Talent Management in Human Resource Development Processes. Social, Economic, Scientific and Cultural Monthly Work and Society, (149), 13-18.‏
27. Andersson, M., Solitander, A., & Tendersor. (2014). Talent retension policy and initiatives in the Baltic Sea Region: a situation analysis. Swedish Institute.
28. Islam, M.(2021). Student housing as a talent management issue: the case of international students in Estonia.‏ Master Thesis Technology Governance and Digital Transformation. TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Social Sciences Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance.
29. Noe, R. A. (2010). Employee Training and Development (Fifth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
30. Hamid, J. A., & Krauss, S. E. (2013). Does university campus experience develop motivation to lead or readiness to lead among undergraduate students? A Malaysian perspective. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 50(2), 208-225.
31. Posner, B. Z. (2009). A longitudinal study examining changes in students' leadership behavior. Journal of College Student Development, 50(5), 551–563.
32. Riggio, R. E., Ciulla, J. B., & Sorenson, G. J. (2003). Leadership education at the undergraduate level: A liberal arts approach to leadership development. In S. E. Murphy & R. E. Riggio (Eds.), The future of leadership development (pp. 223–236). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
33. Eich, D. (2008). A grounded theory of high-quality leadership programs perspectives from student leadership development programs in higher education. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(2), 176-187.
34. McIntosh, M., Cacciola, K., Clermont, S., & Keniry, J. (2001). State of the campus environment: A national report card on environmental performance and sustainability in higher education. Reston, VA: National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved from: www.nwf.org/campusecology/ stateofthecampusenvironment. cfm.
35. Sessa, V. I. (2017). College student leadership development. Taylor & Francis.‏
36. Deloitte. (2013). Resetting Horizons- Human Capital Trends. Deloitte.
37. Tladi, K. (2016). Leadership mindset: The existence or absence of leadership styles that encourages talent management and its practices and how this affects both career orientation and burnout. Mmabatho: Department of Industrial Psychology, North-West University.
38. Renzulli, J. S. (2012). Reexamining the Role of Gifted Education and Talent Development for the 21st Century: A Four-Part Theoretical Approach. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56(3) , 150 –159.
39. Garavan, T. N., Carbery, R., & Rock, A. (2012). Mapping talent development: definition, scope and architecture. European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 36 No. 1, 5-24.
40. Astin, A. W. (1991). Assessment for excellence. New York: Macmillan.
41. Horn, C. (2013). Why leadership? USC Times, 24(15), 1.
42. Scager, K. (2010). Wat is talent? In: P.J. van Eijl, A. Pilot en M. Wolfensberger (2010). Talent voor morgen. Groningen: Noordhoff Uitgevers.
43. Cress, C. M., Astin, H. S., Zimmerman, K., & Burkhardt, J. C. (2001). Developmental outcomes of college students’ involvement in leadership activities. Journal of College Student Development, 42(1), 15-27.
44. Dugan, J. P. (2006). Involvement and leadership: a descriptive analysis of socially responsible leadership. Journal of College Student Development, 335-343.
45. Galinsky, A. D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Magee, J. C. (2003). From power to action. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(3), 453.‏
46. Galinsky, A. D., Magee, J. C., Inesi, M. E., & Gruenfeld, D. H. (2006). Power and perspectives not taken. Psychological science, 17(12), 1068-1074.‏
47. Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk‐taking. European journal of social psychology, 36(4), 511-536.‏
48. Dugan, J. P. (2011). Research on college student leadership development. In S.R. Komives, J. P. Dugan, J. E. Owen, C. Slack, W. Wagner, & Associates (Eds.), The handbook for student leadership development (2nd ed., pp. 59- 84). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
49. Kuhn, P & Weinberger, C. (2005). Leadership skills and wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 23(3), 395-436.
50. Lundin, M., Skans, O. N., & Zetterberg, P. (2021). Leadership experiences, labor market entry, and early career trajectories. Journal of Human Resources, 56(2), 480-511.‏
51. Rosch, D. M., & Caza, A. (2012). The durable effects of short-term programs on student leadership development. Journal of Leadership Education, 11(1), 28–48.
52. Zimmerman-Oster, K., & Burkhardt, J. C. (1999). Leadership in the making: A comprehensive examination of the impact of leadership development programs on students. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 6(3-4), 50-66.
53. Priyadarshini, C., Singh, S., David, R., & Sayeed, O. B. (2019). Effect of Student Leadership on Academic Performance and Perceived Employability: A Longitudinal Study on Scale Development and Validation in the Indian Context. South Asian Journal of Management, 26(2), 106-134.‏
54. Cunha, F., & Heckman, J. J. (2008). Formulating, identifying and estimating the technology of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. Journal of human resources, 43(4), 738-782.‏
55. Britton, Jack and Carol Propper. (2016). Teacher Pay and School Productivity: Exploiting Wage Regulation. Journal of Public Economics, 133, 75-89.
56. Khanam, R., & Nghiem, S. (2016). Family Income and Child Cognitive and Noncognitive Development in Australia: Does Money Matter? Demography, 53(3), 597-621.
57. van Eijl, P & Pilot, A. (2016). The honours experience, talentontwikkeling door de ogen van de honoursstudent. Rotterdam: Hogeschool Rotterdam Uitgeverij. Synopsis in English at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pj_ Eijl/ contributions.
58. Soria, K., Lepkowski, C., Fink, A., & Snyder, L. (2013). Undergraduate student leadership and social change. Journal of College and Character, 14(3), 241- 252.
59. Haber, P., & Komives, S. R. (2009). Predicting the individual values of the social change model of leadership development: The role of college students’ leadership and involvement experiences. Volume 7, Number 3-Winter 2009, , 133.
60. Kimbrough, W. M., & Hutcheson, P. A. (1998). The impact of membership in black greek-letter organizations on black students' involvement in collegiate activities and their development of leadership skills. Journal of Negro Education, , 96-105.
61. Hébert, T. P. (2019). A longitudinal case study of exceptional leadership talent. Gifted Child Quarterly, 63(1), 22-35.‏
62. Muthoni, M. L., Njagi, N. J., & Wambugu, G. M. (2018). Assessment of Student Leaders’ Skills Critical in Managing Student Affairs in Public Universities in Kenya. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(4), 107-113.
63. Amirianzadeh, M., Jaafari, P., Ghourchian, N., Jowkar, J.(2011). Student Leadership Competencies Development, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, pp.1616- 1620.
64. Cox, M. F., Cekic, O., & Adams, S. G. (2010). Developing leadership skills of undergraduate engineering students: Perspectives from engineering faculty. Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research, 11(3), pp.22-33.
65. Thompson, M. D. (2006). Student leadership process development: An assessment of contributing college resources. Journal of College Student Development, 47(3), 343-350.‏
66. Etemadian, M., Mosadeghrad, A. M., Soleimani, M. J., & Hedayati, S. P. (2020). Leadership success factors in a hospital: A case study. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 27(1), 38-61.‏
67. Bagheri Moghadam, N., & Ahmadi, H. (2019). Talent management: development of new leaders in the organization, identification and analysis of factors affecting it, scientific journal of applied educational leadership, year 1, number 2, pp. 13-28.
68. Mehri, Dariush; Abolghasemi, Mahmoud; Ghahrani, Mohammad and Mahjoub, Hossein (2017). Identifying factors affecting the strategic development of talents, Strategic Knowledge Interdisciplinary Studies Quarterly, Year 8, Number 33, pp. 63-89.
69. Mohammadi, M., & Moltji, L. (2012). Presenting the structural equation model of the effectiveness of the students' experienced curriculum and the development of their leadership competence - Shiraz University, Curriculum Research, Volume 3, Number 1, pp. 141-162.
70. Amirianzadeh, M., Jafari, P., & Ghouchanian, N. G. (2011). The role of student associations in the leadership development of male and female students. Quarterly Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, (1), 25-46.‏
71. Latifi, M., Abdolhosseinzadeh, M., & Azarfar, A. (2016). Design of succession planning model in public sector organizations with interpretive structural modelling (ISM). Quarterly Journal of Public Organzations Management, 4(4), 33-50.‏
72. Cole, D., & Zhou, J. (2013). Do diversity experiences help college students become more civically minded? applying banks’ multicultural education framework. Innovative Higher Education, 1-13.
73. Oaks, D. J., Duckett, K., Suddeth, T., & Kennedy-Phillips, L. (2013). Leadership development and the african american male college experience. Journal of College & Character, 14(4), 331-340.
74. Hancock, D., Dyk, P. H., & Jones, K. (2012). Adolescent involvement in extracurricular activities: influences on leadership skills. Journal of Leadership Education, 11(1).pp. ‏84- 101.
75. Astin, A. W. (1993). What matters in college: Four critical years revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
76. Kristin B.N., Gitile J.N. & Wegulo N.F. (2011). Nurturing Student Leadership Skills. International Journal of Business and Public Management. 2(2), 39-46.
77. Li, X., Deng, W., Wu, H., Xu, G. (2020). Student leadership and academic performance, China Economic Review, Volume 60, pp.
78. Scroggs, L. E., Sattler, J. L., & McMillan, M. B. (2009). The undergraduate leadership mosaic: A challenge of shared purpose. Volume 8, Number 1-Summer 2009, 8(1), 48-58.
79. Haber, P., & Komives, S. R. (2009). Predicting the individual values of the social change model of leadership development: The role of college students’ leadership and involvement experiences. Volume 7, Number 3-Winter 2009, , 133.
80. Peterson, T. O., & Peterson, C. M. (2012). What Managerial Leadership Behaviors do Student Managerial Leaders Need? An Empirical Study of Student Organizational Members. Journal of Leadership Education, 11(1).‏pp. 102-120.
81. Kelling, E. & Hoover, T. (2005). A comparative leadership development study within student collegiate clubs and organizations at an agrarian university in Ukraine and a university within the United States. Journal of Leadership Education, 4(2), 4-15.
82. Pascarella, E.T. & Terenzini, P.T. (2005). How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research. San Francisco: Jossey Bass
83. Whitt, E. J., Edison, M. I., Pascarella, E. T., Terenzini, P. T., & Nora, A. (2001). Influences on student's openness to diversity and challenge in the second and third years of college. Journal of Higher Education, 70(2) , 172-204.