Evaluation of the consumption of authorized and illegal supplements among ski athletes in Tehran
Subject Areas : Sport Nutrition
Arezoo Kalhor
1
,
Alireza Eizadi
2
1 - MA, Exercise physiology, Department of physical education & sport sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor of Sport Management, Department of physical education & sport sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Authorized supplement, unauthorized supplement, athlete, skiing,
Abstract :
Background: In line with the general policy of quantitative and qualitative development of sports by relying on scientific and research achievements and in order to keep sports clean from the harmful and destructive phenomenon of inappropriate use of drugs and supplements, an exorbitant amount is paid annually to track drugs and control doping. The purpose of this research is to investigate the consumption of permitted and unauthorized supplements among skiing athletes in Tehran. Materials and Methods: According to the nature of the subject and research objectives, the present research uses the analytical descriptive research method along with the survey method, which was conducted in the field by presenting a standard questionnaire. The statistical population in this research is 103 people from the first to tenth place in national championships. In this research, after collecting data, we use factorial variance analysis, Friedman test and linear regression to perform statistical analysis. Results: The findings of the research showed that according to the results of this research, we find that all the selected variables in this research, which include (effects on muscles, physical effects, doping and motivation), have a significant effect on the consumption of sports supplements by They have athletes. Also, considering that the selected sample is from the first to tenth champions of the country's skiing championships, most of these people have an acceptable quality of sleep without any particular problem. Conclusion: It seems that the variables of this research include effects on muscle, physical effects, doping and motivation. The test results showed that the importance and ranking of these criteria are different among athletes. The comparison of the average ranks shows that the most important variable influencing why sports supplements are used among ski athletes was the positive effects on the muscles and improving their performance. The third and fourth are ranked for doping and motivation, respectively.
1-Malm C, Jakobsson J, Isaksson A. Physical Activity and Sports-Real Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden. Sports (Basel). 2019 May 23;7(5):127. doi: 10.3390/sports7050127. PMID: 31126126; PMCID: PMC6572041.
2. Riyahi Malayeri, S., Saei, M. Changes in Insulin resistance and serum levels of resistin after 10 weeks high intensity interval training in overweight and obese men. Sport Physiology & Management Investigations, 2019; 10(4): 31-42. http://www.sportrc.ir/article_82662.html?lang=en.
3. Riyahi Malayeri S, Kaka Abdullah Shirazi S, Behdari R, mousavi Sadati K. Effect of 8-week Swimming training and garlic intake on serum ICAM and VCAM adhesion molecules in male obese rats. JSSU 2019; 26 (10): 867-878.URL: http://jssu.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-4695-en.html.
4-Pöppel K. Efficient Ways to Combat Doping in a Sports Education Context!? A Systematic Review on Doping Prevention Measures Focusing on Young Age Groups. Front Sports Act Living. 2021 Dec 16; 3:673452. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.673452. PMID: 34977566; PMCID: PMC8716629.
5- Beck KL, Thomson JS, Swift RJ, von Hurst PR. Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and post exercise recovery. Open Access J Sports Med. 2015 Aug 11; 6:259-67. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S33605. PMID: 26316828; PMCID: PMC4540168.
6- Molinero O, Márquez S. Use of nutritional supplements in sports: risks, knowledge, and behavioural-related factors. Nutr Hosp. 2009 Mar-Apr;24(2):128-34. PMID: 19593480.
7- Ghoochani S, Riyahi Malayeri S, Daneshjo A. Short-term effect of Citrulline Malate supplement on LDH and Lactate levels and Resistance Exercise Performance. J Mil Med 2020; 22 (S1) :154-162. URL: http://militarymedj.ir/article-1-2669-en.html.
8-Dwyer JT, Coates PM, Smith MJ. Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and Research Resources. Nutrients. 2018 Jan 4;10(1):41. doi: 10.3390/nu10010041. PMID: 29300341; PMCID: PMC5793269.
9- Riyahi Malayeri, S., Azadniya, A., & Rasaee, M. J. (2019). Effect Of Eight-Week High Intensity Interval Training And Resveratrol Intake On Serum Adiponectin And Resistin In Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Iranian Journal Of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders, 18(1), 8-1. URL: http://ijdld.tums.ac.ir/article-1-5708-en.html.
10. Riyahi Malayeri, S., Soleimani Ghaleh, O., Ghane, M., Shariat, A., Oghbaee, H., Takhti, M. The effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction and creatine supplements on serum concentrations of myostatin and growth hormone in male bodybuilders. Physical Activity and Health, 2022; 1(3): 15-28. doi: 10.30495/pah.2022.698099.
11- Vlad RA, Hancu G, Popescu GC, Lungu IA. Doping in Sports, a Never-Ending Story? Adv Pharm Bull. 2018 Nov;8(4):529-534. doi: 10.15171/apb.2018.062. Epub 2018 Nov 29. PMID: 30607326; PMCID: PMC6311632.
12- Petróczi A, Naughton DP. Supplement use in sport: is there a potentially dangerous incongruence between rationale and practice? J Occup Med Toxicol. 2007 May 29; 2:4. doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-2-4. PMID: 17535442; PMCID: PMC1904455.
13- Ciccarone D. Stimulant abuse: pharmacology, cocaine, methamphetamine, treatment, attempts at pharmacotherapy. Prim Care. 2011 Mar;38(1):41-58. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2010.11.004. Epub 2011 Jan 11. PMID: 21356420; PMCID: PMC3056348.
14- Morente-Sánchez J, Zabala M. Doping in sport: a review of elite athletes' attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge. Sports Med. 2013 Jun;43(6):395-411. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0037-x. PMID: 23532595.
15. Lauritzen F, Gjelstad A. Trends in dietary supplement use among athletes selected for doping controls. Front Nutr. 2023 Mar 15; 10:1143187. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143187. PMID: 37006918; PMCID: PMC10050343.
16. Shirvani, H., Riyahi malayeri, S., Akbarpour Bani, M., Kazemzadeh, Y. The Effects of Taurine Supplementation with High Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Serum IL-6 and TNF-α in Well-Trained Soccer Players. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 2013; 5(2): 59-79. doi: 10.22059/jsb.2013.35040
17. Mehdi Shahbazi , Sirous Choobineh, Reihaneh Ezzati, Psychological Pathology and Prevalence Sports Supplements among Female Athletes, Sport Psychology Studies, 2020; 8(30): 57-76. https://doi.org/10.22089/spsyj.2019.7350.1784.
18. Wax B, Kerksick CM, Jagim AR, Mayo JJ, Lyons BC, Kreider RB. Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations. Nutrients. 2021 Jun 2;13(6):1915. doi: 10.3390/nu13061915. PMID: 34199588; PMCID: PMC8228369.
