Changes in the Family in Contemporary Iran Emphasis on Marriage and Divorce
Subject Areas : Research on Iranian social issues
1 - Associate Professor Emeritus, Department of Demography, University of Tehran.
Keywords: Modernization, Second Demographic Transition, Family Changes, Marriage Changes, Divorce Changes.,
Abstract :
The institution of the family in Iran has faced important changes during the last few decades, such as a transition from extended family to a nuclear family, an increase in marriage age, a decrease in the marriage rate, an increase in absolute celibacy, a change in criteria for choosing a spouse and increase in divorce. The purpose of this study is to present a picture of the evolution of the family and introduce theoretical approaches with an emphasis on the state of marriage and divorce. To explain the evolution of the family, three theoretical approaches have been used, "modernization theory", "second demographic transition theory" and "postmodern theory". In this study, two methods of "documentary" and "secondary analysis" were used. First, the topics related to the background, literature and research theories have been used from available scientific sources. And then, by referring to the data of the results of the censuses, the civil registration organization and the national survey report, the developments of marriage and divorce have been explained. The results showed that during the last four decades, the share of extended families has decreased and the net marriage rate has decreased, the average age of marriage and divorce rates have increased, and the criteria and methods of choosing a spouse and the attitude towards divorce have changed from traditional dimensions to modern ones. To make policies to increase the marriage rate, reduce the age of marriage and reduce the divorce rate, because the causes of most of the changes that have emerged are socio-cultural, it is suggested that instead of providing loans and facilities for marriage or issuing a directive to reduce divorce,special measures should be takenin the field of cultural issues and to change the lifestyle components in the country.
احمدی، امیدعلی (1394) تحلیل اجتماعی وضعیت و تغییرات اجتماعی ازدواج و طلاق، گزارش وضعیت اجتماعی زنان در ایران (1390-1380)، تهران، نشرنی.
احمدی، وکیل و دیگران (1391) «بررسی گذار جمعیتی در تغییرات جامعه‌شناختی خانواده»، فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی- روان¬شناختی زنان، سال دهم، شماره 1، صص 81-102.
سازمان ثبت احوال ( 1395-1355) گزارش های دفتر آمار و اطلاعات جمعیتی و مهاجرت.
سرایی، حسن (1385) «تداوم و تغییر خانواده در جریان گذار جمعیتی ایران»، نامه انجمن جمعیت‌شناسی ایران، سال اول، شماره 2، صص 37-60.
فروتن، یعقوب (1392) «چالشهای خانواده معاصر و نوگرایی با تأکید بر طلاق را در فرایند گذار جمعیتی»، نشریه مسائل اجتماعی ایران، دانشگاه خوارزمی، دوره چهارم، شماره 3، صص 105-129.
فیضی، ایرج و مرضیه ابراهیمی (1399) «پیمایش ملی خانواده»، سازمان مجری: جهاد دانشگاهی واحد استان البرز.
قانعی‌راد، محمدامین و فرهاد خسرو خاور (1385) «نگاهی به عوامل فرهنگی افزایش ورود دختران به دانشگاه»، مجله زن در توسعه و سیاست، دوره چهارم، شماره 4، صص 157-182.
محمدپور، احمد و دیگران (1388) «سنت، نوسازی و خانواده، مطالعة تداوم و تغییرات خانواده در اجتماع‌‌‌های ایلی با استفاده از رهیافت روش تحقیق کیفی»، فصلنامه پژوهش زنان، دورة هفتم، شمارة 4، صص 71-93.
مرکز آمار ایران ( 1395-1355) نتایج آمار سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن.
وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی (1394) ارزش‌ها و نگرش‌های ایرانیان: یافته‌های پیمایش در کشور، موج سوم، تهران.
یزدانی عباسعلی و سیمین دوستی (1396) «اشکال نوپدید خانواده در ایران و چالشهای آن»، پژوهشنامه مددکاری اجتماعی، سال دوم، شماره 6، صص 75-100.
Abbasi-Shavazi, M. PMcDonald (2007) “Fertility and Multiculturalism: Immigrant Fertility in Australia”,1997-1991, Internation Migration Review, 34(1):215-242.
Azadarmaki, T. , M. Bahar (2006) “ Families in Iran: Changes, Challenges and Future”,Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(4): 589-608.
Babar, A. Rm. ; Shabbir Ch, m. ; Batool, Z. ; Mahmood, B. & Shahzad Iqbal, M. (2018) “Impact of Modernization on Family Structure: A Case Study of Punjab Pakistan”, Journal of Organizational Behavior Research, Vol. 3 (2), pp 2732.
Fields, J. and L. M. Casper (2001) “America,s Families and living arrangements”, Washington, D. C: Us Census Bureau.
Good, W. (1963) “World Revolution and Family Patterns”, London: Free Press of Glencoe.
Hippen, K. A (2016) “Attitudes toward marrage and lond-term relationships acrossemerging adulthood. ” Georgia state university, department of sociology.
Jiloha, R. C. (2009) “Impact of Modernization on Family and Mental Health in South Asia”, Delhi Psychiatry Journal Vol. 12 no. 1, pp 42-60.
Kendall, Diana (2007) “Sociology in Our Times, Wadsworth”, Thomson Higher Education, CA, USA.
Kim, M. (2016) “Comparing Three Generation Perception of Family Values”, The Gerontologist, Volume 56, Issue Suppl 3, 167–168, https://doi. org/10. 1093/geront/gnw162. 659.
Lesthaeghe, R. and K Neels (2002) "From the First to the Second Demographic Transition: an Interpretation of the Spatial Continuity of Demographic Innovation in France, Belgium and Switzerland", European Journal of Population 18(4): 325-360.
Lewis, Jane, E. & K. Kiernan (1996) ”The Boundaries Between Marriage, Nonmarriage, and Parenthood: Changes in Behavior and Policy in Postwar Britain”, History, Economics, Journal of Family History, Volume 21, 372-387.
Martin, P. , Specter, G. , Martin, D. and Martin, M. (2003) Expressed Attitudes of Adolescents toward marriage and family life, Adolescence, 38 (150): 359-367.
Mau brigades, Silva (2015) “Connections between women`s age at marriage and socialand economic development. ” title clave: Document de job (Program de History Economic Social, Unity Multidisciplinary, Faculty de feminine Social, Universidad delaRepublic) , No. 39 :pp (1-39).
Parsons, Talcott (1966) “Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives,Englewood “, wood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Ryder, Dudley, (1987) “The Ryder family- Portrait”, The Ryder family - Portraithttps://www. npg. org. uk › collections › search.
Surkyn, J. and R. Lesthaeghe (2004) “Value Orientations and the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) in Northern”, Western and Southern Europe: An Update, Demographic Research, 3: 45-86.
United Nations (2008) United Nations Population Division: World Marriage Data 2008, New York.
Van de Kaa, Dirk, J. (2002) “The Idea of a Second Demographic Transition in Industrialized Countries”, Paper presented at the Sixth Welfare Policy Seminar of the National Institute of Population and Social Security, Tokyo, Japan, 29, January.
Wall, Richard, Jean Robin, Peter Laslett (1983) “ Family forms in historic Europe”, Cambridge University Press.
