Hoof blocks in dairy cows, fundamentals and techniques of application
Subject Areas : Veterinary Soft and Hard Tissue Surgery
Mojtaba Mohamaddoust
1
,
Fatemeh Kohansal
2
,
Reyhane Sangtarash
3
,
Ahmadreza Mohamadnia
4
1 - No
2 - no
3 - no
4 - Ferdowsi university
Keywords: Hoof trimming, Cow, Hoof Blocks, Hoof glue, Claw horn lesions,
Abstract :
Digital lesions were treated by corrective hoof trimming, nonstroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hoof blocks on a sound claw. Any claw lesions including sole ulcer, white line diseases, toe ulcer, digital wall lesions, penetrating interdigital necrobacillosis should be treated using hoof blocks. Block height estimated as 25, width 50 and length 110 millimeters. Sound claw should be prepared for block adhesion with no eminence or any rugged part. The block should stick to the digit slightly toward the heel. Different glue and adhesives were used in hoof blocking. Functional glues generally divided in to two groups of Epoxy and Polyurethane. These glues are strong with good elasticity. Epoxy glues are synthetic glues consisting of two parts of resin and hardener and are stronger than polyurethane glues. Polyurethane glues are more tolerant than epoxies against rusting and trauma but because of Isocyanates are dangerous in use. Methymetacrylate adhesive glues are located between polyurethane and epoxy glues with strong and elastic features. Different techniques of hoof block usage were reviewed in this current study.
1. Ranjbar S, Rabiee A, Reynolds M, Mohler V, House J. Wooden hoof blocks: are we using the right wood? New Zealand veterinary journal. 2021;69(3):158-64.#
2. O'Callaghan K. Lamneness and associated pain in cattle‐challenging traditional perceptions. In Practice. 2002;24(4):212-9.#
3. Laven R, Lawrence K, Weston J, Dowson K, Stafford K. Assessment of the duration of the pain response associated with lameness in dairy cows, and the influence of treatment. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 2008;56(5):210-7.#
4. Griffiths BE, Dai White G, Oikonomou G. A cross-sectional study into the prevalence of dairy cattle lameness and associated herd-level risk factors in England and Wales. Frontiers in veterinary science. 2018;5:65.#
5. Chapinal N, Liang Y, Weary D, Wang Y, Von Keyserlingk M. Risk factors for lameness and hock injuries in Holstein herds in China. Journal of dairy science. 2014;97(7):4309-16.#
6. Salfer JA, Siewert JM, Endres MI. Housing, management characteristics, and factors associated with lameness, hock lesion, and hygiene of lactating dairy cattle on Upper Midwest United States dairy farms using automatic milking systems. Journal of dairy science. 2018;101(9):8586-94.#
7. Jewell M, Cameron M, Spears J, McKenna S, Cockram M, Sanchez J, et al. Prevalence oflameness and associated risk factors on dairy farms in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Journal of dairy science. 2019;102(4):3392-405.#
8. Van der Tol P, Van Der Beek S, Metz J, Noordhuizen-Stassen E, Back W, Braam C, et al. The effect of preventive trimming on weight bearing and force balance on the claws of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2004;87(6):1732-8.#
9. Shearer JK, van Amstel SR. Functional and corrective claw trimming. Veterinary clinics of North America: food animal practice. 2001;17(1):53-72.#
10. Alsaaod M, Fadul M, Deiss R, Bucher E, Rehage J, Guccione J, et al. Use of validated objective methods of locomotion characteristics and weight distribution for evaluating the efficacy of ketoprofen for alleviating pain in cows with limb pathologies. Plos one. 2019;14(6):e0218546.#
11. Wagner S, Young J, Tena J, Manning B. Behavioral evaluation of the analgesic effect of flunixin meglumine in lame dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017;100(8):6562-6.#
12. Whay H, Webster A, Waterman‐Pearson A. Role of ketoprofen in the modulation of hyperalgesia associated with lameness in dairy cattle. Veterinary Record. 2005;157(23):729-33.#
13. Pyman M. Comparison of bandaging and elevation of the claw for the treatment of foot lameness in dairy cows. Australian veterinary journal. 1997;75(2):132-5.#
14. Horseman S, Whay H, Huxley J, Bell N, Mason C. A survey of the on-farm treatment of sole ulcer and white line disease in dairy cattle. The Veterinary Journal. 2013;197(2):461-7.#
15. Shearer JK, Stock ML, Van Amstel SR, Coetzee JF. Assessment and management of pain associated with lameness in cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2013;29(1):135-56.#
16. Miguel-Pacheco GG, Thomas HJ, Kaler J, Craigon J, Huxley JN. Effects of lameness treatment for claw horn lesions on lying behaviour in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2016;179:11-6.#
17. Plüss J, Steiner A, Alsaaod M. Claw block application improves locomotion and weight-bearing characteristics in cattle with foot diseases. Journal of dairy science. 2021;104(2):2302-7.#
18. Thomas H, Miguel-Pacheco G, Bollard N, Archer S, Bell N, Mason C, et al. Evaluation of treatments for claw horn lesions in dairy cows in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dairy Science. 2015;98(7):4477-86.#
19. Nuss K, Tiefenthaler I. Design and clinical applicability of different claw blocks. Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere. 2000;28(3):125-32.#
20. Pyman MF. Comparison of bandaging and elevation of the claw for the treatment of foot lameness in dairy cows. Aust Vet J. 1997;75(2):132-5.#
21. Lischer CJ, Koller U, Geyer H, Mülling C, Schulze J, Ossent P. Effect of therapeutic dietary biotin on the healing of uncomplicated sole ulcers in dairy cattle–a double blinded controlled study. The Veterinary Journal. 2002;163(1):51-60.#
22. Thomas HJ, Miguel-Pacheco GG, Bollard NJ, Archer SC, Bell NJ, Mason C, et al. Evaluation of treatments for claw horn lesions in dairy cows in a randomized controlled trial. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98(7):4477-86.#
23. Amory J, Kloosterman P, Barker Z, Wright J, Blowey R, Green L. Risk factors for reduced locomotion in dairy cattle on nineteen farms in The Netherlands. Journal of dairy science. 2006;89(5):1509-15.#
24. Dyer R, Neerchal N, Tasch U, Wu Y, Dyer P, Rajkondawar P. Objective determination of claw pain and its relationship to limb locomotion score in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;90(10):4592-602.#
25. Whay H, Waterman A, Webster A, O'brien J. The influence of lesion type on the duration ofhyperalgesiaassociated with hindlimb lameness in dairy cattle. The veterinary journal. 1998;156(1):23-9.#
26. Chesterton R, Lawrence K, Laven R. A descriptive analysis of the foot lesions identified during veterinary treatment for lameness on dairy farms in north Taranaki. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 2008;56(3):130-8.#
27. Weaver AD, Atkinson O, Jean GS, Steiner A. Bovine surgery and lameness: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.#
28. AN INTRODUCTION TO MMA STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES.#
29. Resin-Expert. polyurethane glue guide-Urethane application and tutorials 2022 [Available from: https://resin-expert.com/en/guide/best-epoxy-glue.#
30. Scigrip. An Introduction to MMA structural adhesive 2022 [Available from: https://www.compositesworld.com/cdn/cms/cw_whitepaper_scigrip_mma_intro.pdf.#
