The position of Shanghai cooperation organization in Chinese regional and transregional balancing strategies (2010-2020)
Subject Areas : PoliticsMostafa Pakdel Majd 1 , Asghar Pirhadi 2
1 -
2 -
Keywords: ChinaShanghai Cooperation OrganizationBalancing StrategyThreatChinese Strategic approach,
Abstract :
As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in international balance of power over the past decade, pursuing a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand bilateral and multilateral relations with others. In this line, Regional and trans-regional organizations provided PRC with the Suitable foundation for achieving its security, military and economic goals and paved the way for the subsequent rearrangement of the international hierarchy of power. Given the circumstances, based on the theoretical assumptions of the balance of power theory, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors of the present essay have sought to answer this strategic question that "what are the main security goals that Beijing pursues in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?" The hypothesis of this essay is that through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, increasing cooperation with the Russian Federation and implementation of soft aspects of balancing strategy, China is both seeking to limit the presence of the United States in Central Asia, along with dominating this strategic region.
آریس، استفان (1397). منطقه‌گرایی اوراسیایی سازمان همکاری شانگهای (حجت یاوری، ترجمه). تهران: نشر مخاطب.
آقایی، داوود و راهدار، حسین (1394). نقش سازمان همکاری شانگهای در برقراری نظم مبتنی بر موازنه قدرت در آسیای مرکزی. فصلنامه مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، 8(2)، 193-210.
جمشیدی، حبیب الله، مهکویی، حجت، گودرزی، مهناز و مؤمنی، مهدی (1399). تأثیرپذیری ژئوپلیتیکی منافع جمهوری اسلامی ایران از رقابت ناتو و سازمان همکاری شانگهای در آسیای مرکزی. فصلنامه راهبرد، 29(96)، 103-136.
رنجکش، محمدجواد (1397). کاربست نظریه فالکر ریتبرگر در فرایند شکل‌گیری سازمان‌های بین‌المللی مورد‌پژوهی؛ سازمان همکاری شانگهای. مجلۀ پژوهش‌های جغرافیای سیاسی، 3(2)، 149-171.
سلیمان‌پور، هادی و آخشی، مسعود (1394). تحلیل مقایسه‌ای رفتار ناتو و سازمان همکاری شانگهای در آسیای مرکزی از سال 2001 تا 2012. فصلنامه آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز، 90، 119-151.
شفیعی، نوذر و فرجی، شهریار (1387). تقابل سازمان همکاری شانگهای و ناتو در آسیای مرکزی. فصلنامه مطالعات آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز، 64، 1-26.
کولایی، الهه و مرادی، فتح الله (1389). پیامدهای امنیتی سازمان همکاری شانگهای در آسیای مرکزی. فصلنامه سیاست، 40(4)، 235-217.
واعظی، محمود (1389). اهداف و منافع چین و روسیه در سازمان همکاری شانگهای. فصلنامه آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز، 72، 200-165.
Alimov, R. (2017). The Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Counteracting Threats to Peace and Security. United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/role-shanghai-cooperation-organization-counteracting-threats-peace-and-security.
Alison, G. (2018). China and Russia: A Strategic Alliance in the Making. The National Interest. Available at: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/china-and-russia-strategic-alliance-making-38727?page=0%2C1.
Alison, R. & Johnson, L. (2002). Security in Central Asia: The New International Framework (Translation by Mohammad Reza Amiri). Tehran, Iran: Office of Political & International Studies.
Ben B. (2017). Syria says up to 5,000 Chinese Uighurs fighting in militant groups. Reuters. available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-china-idUSKBN1840UP.
Bureau of South & Central Asian Affairs (2020). United States Strategy for Central Asia 2019 – 2025. Advancing Sovereignty & Economic Prosperity (Overview), Available at: https://www.state.gov/United- states- strategy- for- central- Asia- 2019- 2025- advancing-sovereignty- and-economic-prosperity.
China Power Team. What Does China Really Spend on its Military?. China Power (2015). (Updated 15 September 2020), (Accessed 16 February 2021). Available at: https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/.
de Haas, M. (2016). War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move!. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(3), 378-406. DOI: 10.1080/13518046.2016.1200383.
Iwanek, K. (2020). Does India Gain Anything From the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?. The Diplomat, Available at: https://thediplomat.com/ 2020/01/ does- india- gain- anything- from- the- shanghai-cooperation-organization/.
Kissinger, H. (2011). On China. Penguin Books.
Koolaee, E. (2004). Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and central Asia’s Security. Political Sciences Bulletin, 2(3), 29-46.
Kumar, S. Y. Surendra (2013). India & the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Issues & Concerns. International Journal of China Studies, 4(3), 343-359.
Lukin, A. (2018). Russia & the United States in the Asia Pacific: A Perspective of the English School. Asian Perspective, 42(43), 241-284.
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (2018). "Entire GTD dataset" (XLSX). Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland. (Retrieved 16 February 2021).
Paul, T.V. (2018). Restraining Great Powers; Soft Balancing from Empires to the Global Era. Yale university press.
Rauf, S. (2017). Changing Geopolitical Dynamics in Central Asia: Causes & Effects. Institute if Strategic Studies, 37(4), 149-165.
Standish, R. (2019). China’s Central Asian Plans Are Unnerving Moscow. Foreign Policy. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/ 2019/12/23/ china-russia-central-asia-competition/.
Stobdan, P. (2020). China-India Tensions Put New Delhi at the Margins of the SCO. The Diplomat. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/ china-india-tensions-put-new-delhi-at-the-margins-of-the-sco/.
Stronski, P. & Ng, N. (2018). Cooperation & Competition: Russia & China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/ 2018/02/28/cooperation-and-competition-russia-and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673
Tanner, M. S. & Bellacqua J. (2016). China’s Response to Terrorism. CNA Analysis and Solutions.
Umaruv, T. (2020). China Looms Large in Central Asia. Carnegie Endowment. Available at: https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402.
Westad, O. A. (2017). The Cold War: A World History. Basic Books.
Xuejun W. (2018). Developmental Peace: Understanding China’s Africa Policy in Peace and Security. In: Alden C., Alao A., Chun Z., Barber L. (eds) China and Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Yu, Z. (2020). China’s Foreign Aid to the Middle East: History & Development. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern & Islamic Studies, 14( 2), 301-321.
Zhen, H. & Paul, T.V (2020). China’s Rise and Balance of Power Politics. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 13(1), 1–26. https://doi. org/10.1093/cjip/poz018.
