Investigating the Effective Components of Designing Residential Complexes’ Spaces Based on Promoting the General Health of Residents (Case Study: Civil and Development and Iris Residential Complexes in Shiraz)
Subject Areas :
malihe taghipour
1
,
Saeed Azemati
2
,
Elahe Mohajer
3
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author)
3 - Ph.D. Student, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Keywords: Healing Architecture, Residential Complexes, Public Health.,
Abstract :
In the present age in urban and industrial societies, the environment's negative effects on the psyche of individuals and the prevalence of mental disorders make a need to pay attention to public health. Based on this fact, healing spaces are required for a daily stressful life. Residential areas have the largest share among where human beings deal during the day and have the most significant impact on the individual. So, these spaces should be designed to provide mental and physical health for residents. This study aims to provide effective components for promoting the general health of residents in residential complexes. This research has been done by a combined method (quantitative-qualitative). In the first stage, after introducing the basic concepts, healing architecture characteristics have been extracted from the research background, which will be the basis for the researcher-made questionnaire. Data collection was conducted by presenting a researcher-made questionnaire, a standard general health questionnaire (GHQ), and Keyes's Social Well-being questionnaire (KSWBQ) to the residents of Zanbagh, Civil and development residential complexes in Shiraz. Finally, the data obtained by Spss-23 software were analyzed using factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and the Friedman test. According to the results, the effective design components of residential complexes include various spaces and activities, environmental safety and security, privacy, environmental well-being, environmental pleasure and attractiveness, and social interactions based on promoting the general health of residents. Among these factors, the highest mean rank belongs to the component of social interactions, and the lowest one belongs to the component of various spaces and activities.
1. ابن‌سينا. (1370). قانون. ترجمه شرفكندى، ع. تهران: انتشارات سروش.
2. امامقلي، ع. (1393). تاثير معماري بر سلامت، ايد‌ه‌اي براي معماري درماني. فصلنامه علوم رفتاري، 6(20)، 23-37.
3. بنتلى، اى‌ين.، الکک، آ.، مورین، پ.، مک¬گلین، س.، اسمیت، گ. (1389). محيط‌هاى پاسخ‌ده. ترجمه بهزادفر، م. انتشارات دانشگاه علم وصنعت.
4. تقی‌پور، م. (1399). ارزیابی و تحلیل نحوه پراکنش گونه‌های مختلف مجتمع‌های مسکونی بر اساس معیار سازماندهی فضا؛ نمونه موردی: شهر شیراز. پژوهش و برنامه¬ریزی شهری، 11(40)، 155-174.
5. حمید، ن.، و بابامیری، م. (1391). بررسي رابطه فضاي سبز با سلامت روان. ارمغان دانش. مجله علمي پژوهشي دانشگاه علوم پزشكي ياسوج، ۱۷(4)، 309-316.
6. راپاپورت، آ. (1384). معنی محیط ساخته شده. ترجمه حبیب، ف. انتشارات شرکت پردازش و برنامه¬ریزی شهری.
7. زجاجی، ن.، نیکبخت، ع.، و کافی، م. (1395). اصول طراحی محوطه‌های درمانی با تأکید بر مؤلفه‌های باغ‌های شفابخش. فصلنامه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست، 18(4)، 303-317.
8. صبوری، س. (۱۳۸۹). بررسی سلامت اجتماعی در بین کارمندان آموزش و پرورش منطقه ۱۱ تهران. پایان نامه. دانشگاه پیامنور.
9. طالبى، ژ. و کلانترى، ا. (1375). راهنماى طراحى معمارى ساختمان‌هاى بلند مسکونى. تهران: مرکز تحقیقات ساختمان و مسکن.
10. طاهری، ث.، و طاهری، ج. (1398). ارزیابی عوامل محیطی مؤثر بر سلامت روان در مجموعه‌های مسکونی (نمونه موردی: مجموعه‌های 512 و 600 دستگاه شهر مشهد). هویت شهر، 13(4)، 57-74.
11. طباطبائیان، م.، و تمنایی، م. (1392). نقش محیط‌های ساختهشده در سلامت روان. معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر، 6 (11).
12. عبداله¬زاده فرد، ع.، و شمس¬الدینی، ع. (1399). نقش کیفیت محیطی محله در سلامت روحی و روانی ساکنان (مطالعه موردی محله سنگ سیاه، کلان¬شهر شیراز). دانش شهرسازی، 4(2)، 95 -114.
13. عظمتی، ح.، و ضرغامی، ا. (1391). رابطه سلامت ساکنین و کیفیت فضای همسایگی. پایش، 12(1)، 34-25.
14. گروتر، ي. (1375). زيبايی¬شناسى در معمار. ترجمه پاكزاد، ج.، و همايون، ع. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه شهيد بهشتى.
15. ملکی، س. (۱۳۹۰). بررسی تأثیر جمعیت بر تغییرات شاخص‌های اجتماعی مسکن در شهر اهواز. دو فصلنامه جمعیت، ۷۵(۷۶)، ۸۵ -112.
16. نیکبخت، ع. (1383). پزشکی در منظرسازی نوین: باغ‌های شفابخش. باغ نظر، 1(2)، 79-82.
17. نیلی، ر.، نیلی، ر.، و سلطان‌زاده، ح. (1391). چگونگی بازتاب شاخصه‌های مناظر شفابخش درالگوی منظر باغ ایرانی. باغ نظر 23(9)، 74 -65.
18. وبردميستر، جى. دال. بى. (1387). ارگونومى براى مبتديان. ترجمه پورقاسمى، ع. تهران: نشر مركز.
19. يزدان‌پناه، ل.،. و نيک‌ورز، ط. (1394). رابطه عوامل اجتماعی با سلامت اجتماعی دانشجویان دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان. جامعه¬شناسی کاربردی، 26(3)، 99-116.
20. Akalin-Baskaya, A., & Yildirim, K. E. M. A. L. (2007). Design of circulation axes in densely used polyclinic waiting halls. Building and Environment, 42(4), 1743-1751.
21. Baker, C. F. (1984). Sensory overload and noise in the ICU: Sources of environmental stress. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 6(4), 66-80.
22. Baum, A. E., Singer, J. E., & Valins, S. E. (1978). Advances in environmental psychology: I. The urban environment. Lawrence Erlbaum.
23. Beatrice, D. F., Thomas, C. P., & Biles, B. (1998). Essay: Grant Making With An Impact: The Picker/Commonwealth Patient-Centered Care Program: A successful multimillion-dollar program offers lessons to grantmakers about how a foundation can advance a field. Health Affairs, 17(1), 236-244.
24. Beauchemin, K. M., & Hays, P. (1996). Sunny hospital rooms expedite recovery from severe and refractory depressions. Journal of affective disorders, 40(1-2), 49-51.
25. Bell, P. A. (1981). Physiological, Comfort, Performance, And Social Effects Of Heat Stress. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 71-94.
26. Bell, P. A. (2005). Reanalysis and Perspective in the Heat-Agresion Debate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 71-73.
27. Bell, P. A., & Greene, T. C. (1982). Thermal stress: Physiological, comfort, performance, and social effects of hot and cold environments. Environmental stress, 75-104.
28. Bengtsson, A., & Grahn, P. (2014). Outdoor environments in healthcare settings: A quality evaluation tool for use in designing healthcare gardens. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(4), 878–891.
29. Bonaiuto, M. & M. Bonnes & F. Fornara. (2002). Effects of Architectural Humanization of Paediatric Hospital on Users, in The Proceeding of IAPS: 17- Culture, Quality of Life - Problems and Challenges. The New Millennium Conference 23-27, July , 593-594.
30. Boubekri, M., Cheung, I.N., Reid, K.J., Wang, C.H., & Zee, P.C. (2014). Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of office workers: a case control pilot study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10(6), 603-611.
31. Brown, S. P., Worden, E. C., Frohne, T. M., & Sullivan, J. (2011). Horticultural therapy. EDIS, 2011(2).
32. Campbell, S. (1996). Green cities, growing cities, just cities?: Urban planning and the contradictions of sustainable development. Journal of the American, Planning Association, 62(3), 296-312.
33. Caniano, G. M. (2006). An Integrative Approach to Therapeutic Outdoor Spaces in Dementia-Care Units (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).
34. Carp, F. M., Zawadski, R. T., & Shokrkon, H. (1976). Dimensions of urban environmental quality. Environment and behavior, 8(2), 239-264.
35. Eisen, S. L. (2007). The healing effects of art in pediatric healthcare: Art preferences of healthy children and hospitalized children (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University).
36. Eroglu, S., & Harrell, G. D. (1986). Retail crowding: Theoretical and strategic implications. Journal of retailing., 62, 347–363.
37. Evans, G. W. & McCoy, J. M. (1998). When Buildings Don’t Work: The Role of Architecture in Human Health. Journal of Environmental Physiology, 18, 85-94.
38. Evans, G. W. (2003). The Built Environment and Mental Health. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 80(4), 536-555.
39. Fairhall, K., Bache, L., Dodd, P., & Young, P. (2009). Single-bed versus multi-bed hospital rooms: The case for patient safety. World Health Design, 7, 57-61.
40. Frumkin, H. (2001). Beyond toxicity: human health and the natural environment. American journal of preventive medicine, 20(3), 234-240.
41. Garver, M. S., & Mentzer, J. T. (1999). Logistics research methods: employing structural equation modeling to test for construct validity. Journal of business logistics, 20(1), 33.
42. Gerlach-Spriggs, N., Kaufman, R. E., & Warner, S. B. (1998). Restorative gardens: The healing landscape. Yale University Press.
43. Gesler, W. M. (2003). Healing places. Rowman & Littlefield.
44. Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter, C. (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological medicine, 27(1), 191-197.
45. Grahn, P., & Stigsdotter, U. K. (2010). The relation between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration. Landscape and urban planning, 94(3-4), 264-275.
46. Hartig, T. A. (1993). Testing restorative environments theory (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine).
47. Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S., & Gärling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of environmental psychology, 23(2), 109-123.
48. Herzog, A. R., Ofstedal, M. B., & Wheeler, L. M. (2002). Social engagement and its relationship to health. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 18(3), 593-609.
49. Hill, T. R., & Think, L. (2008). Using Color to Create Healing Environments March.
50. Hoe, S. L. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modelling technique. Journal of Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76.
51. Hoelter, J. W. (1983). The analysis of covariance structures: Goodness-of-fit indices. Sociological Methods & Research, 11(3), 325-344.
52. Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature. New York: Cambridge.
53. Kaplan, R. (1989). Psychological testing: principles, applications, and issues. Brooks Cole publishing, pacific grove.
54. Kawakami, N., Winkleby, M., Skog, L., Szulkin, R., & Sundquist, K. (2011). Differences in neighborhood accessibility to health-related resources: a nationwide comparison between deprived and affluent neighborhoods in Sweden. Health & place, 17(1), 132-139.
55. Kellett, P., Macnaughton, J., & Coleman, S. (2004). Health, Art and Design: Evaluation of a new hospital environment. In 18th IAPS International Conference: Evaluation in Progress: Strategies for Environmental Research and Implementation. Newcastle University.
56. Krieger, J., & Higgins D.L. (2002). Housing and Health: time again for public health action. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 758–776
57. Kripke, D. F., Rische, S. C. & Janowsky, D. (1983). Bright White Light Alleviates Depression. Psychiatry Research, 10, 105-112.
58. Larson, J. S. (1993). The measurement of social well-being. Social indicators research, 28(3), 285-296.
59. Lavin, T., Higgins, C., Metcalfe, O., & Jordan, A. (2006). Health Impacts of the Built Environment. A Review. Dublin: Institute of Public Health in Ireland.
60. Malkin, J. (2003). Healing environments as the Century mark: The quest for optimal patient experiences. The architecture of hospitals. NAi Publishers, Rotterdam, 258-265.
61. Marcus, C. C. (2007). Healing gardens in hospitals. Interdisciplinary design and research e-Journal, 1(1), 1-27.
62. Marcus, C. C., & Barnes, M. (1995). Gardens in healthcare facilities: Uses, therapeutic benefits, and design recommendations. Concord, CA: Center for Health Design.
63. Marcus, C. C., & Barnes, M. (Eds.). (1999). Healing gardens: Therapeutic benefits and design recommendations (Vol. 4). John Wiley & Sons.
64. Marcus, C. C., Sarkissian. W. (1988). Housing As If People Mattered: Site Design Guidelines For Medium-Density Family Housing (California Series In Urban Development), Volume 4, University of California Press.
65. Marshall, E. S. (2008). Home as place for healing. Advances in Nursing Science, 31(3), 259-267.
66. Miller, F. D., Tsemberis, S., Malia, G. P., & Grega, D. (1980). Neighborhood satisfaction among urban dwellers. Journal of Social Issues, 36(3), 101-117.
67. Nakamura, R. and E. Fujii (1992). A comparative study of the characteristics of the electroencephalogram when observing a hedge and a concrete block fence. Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architects, 55: 139-144. (In Japanese with English summary.)
68. Nesmith, EL. (1995). Health Care Architecture: Designs for the Future. Washington, DC: The American Institute of Architects Press.
69. Oberlin, J. (2008). Evidence that pediatric settings can heal. Health Care Design.
70. Phiri, M. (2003). One patient one room–theory & practice: an evaluation of the leeds nuffield hospital. A study report. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, School of Architecture, Retrieved, 7, 2007.
71. Scanlon, M. (2007). Human Factors and Ergonomics in Pediatrics in Pascale Carayon, in Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care and Patient Safety. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London.
72. Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. Journal of Educational Research, 99, 323–337.
73. Sherman, S. A., Varni, J. W., Ulrich, R. S., & Malcarne, V. L. (2005). Post-occupancy evaluation of healing gardens in a pediatric cancer center. Landscape and Urban Planning, 73(2-3), 167-183.
74. Sivo, S. A., Fan, X., Witta, E. L., & Willse, J. T. (2006). The search for" optimal" cutoff properties: Fit index criteria in structural equation modeling. The journal of experimental education, 74(3), 267-288.
75. Topf, M. (1984). A framework for research on aversive physical aspects of the environment. Research in Nursing & Health, 7(1), 35-42.
76. Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and research.
77. Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230.
78. Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., DuBose, J., Seo, H. B., Choi, Y. S., ... & Joseph, A. (2008). A review of the research literature on evidence-based healthcare design. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 1(3), 61-125.
79. Ulrich, R.S. (1984) View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, 224, 420-421.
80. Van den Berg, A. E. (2005). Health impacts of healing environments; a review of evidence for benefits of nature, daylight, fresh air, and quiet in healthcare settings. UMCG.
81. Van den Berg, A.E., Koole, S.L., & Van der Wulp, N.Y. (2003). Environmental preference and re s toration: (How) are they related?. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23 (2), 135–146.
82. Veitch, J. A., Gifford, R., Hine, D. W. (1991). Demand Characteristics and Full Spectrum Lighting Effects on Performance and Mood. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 87-95.
83. Verhaeghe, P. P., Coenen, A., & Van de Putte, B. (2016). Is living in a high-rise building bad for your self-rated health?. Journal of Urban Health, 93(5), 884-898.
84. Vitruvius, P. (1914). The Ten Books on Architecture. (M.H. Morgan, Trans). London: Harvard University Press.
85. Walden, T. A., Forsyth, D. R. (1981). Close Encounters of the Stressful Kind: Affective, Physiological, and Behavioral Reactions to the Experience of Crowding. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 46-64.
86. Walden,T.A,Nelson,P,Smith,D.E.(1981) Crowding, Privacy And Coping. Environment and Behavior,13.
87. Wandersman, A., & Florin, P. (2000). Citizen participation and community organizations. In Handbook of community psychology (pp. 247-272). Springer, Boston, MA.
88. Williams, M. A. (1988). The physical environment and patient care. Annual review of nursing research, 6(3), 61-84.
89. Wilson, Kelly C. (2006). The Ecology of Waiting within an Ambulatory Waiting Room, A Student Project for New York: Cornell University.
90. Wilson, L. M. (1972). Intensive care delirium, the effect of outside deprivation in a windowless unit. Archives of Internal Medicine, 130 (2), 225-226.
