Investigating A Conceptual Link Between Tourism and Social Capital in the Development and Transformation of Society: A Mixed-Method Study
Subject Areas :
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration and Tourism, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.
Keywords: Tourism, Social Capital, Development, Mixed Method,
Abstract :
As a multifaceted phenomenon, tourism has traditionally existed in different dimensions and areas of society. On the other hand, there are some basic concepts in sociology such as social capital, which, together with the concept of tourism, can foster social development and evolution. Therefore, this study sought to develop a model in terms of a conceptual link between tourism and social capital to be used for the development and evolution of society using mixed-method research. To this end, the study used the partially mixed sequential dominant status design approach conducted in three qualitative-qualitative-quantitative phases, according to which systematic review, thematic analysis, and modified Delphi methods were used, respectively. According to the findings of the study, in the first phase, twenty-six English and Persian articles were selected out of 211 reviewed articles using the systematic review method. In the second phase, the data collected through semi-structured interviews were analyzed via the thematic analysis method, according to which sixty-seven basic themes, twenty-six organizing themes, and four inclusive themes were identified and extracted. In the third phase, three rounds of Delphi were conducted to validate the components of the model and examine the extent of the experts’ consensus in this regard using the modified Delphi method. Accordingly, all the experts confirmed the validity of the model’s components. The results of the study indicate the pivotal role of components such as "Providing social support, participating in tourism, observing the civil rights, strengthening social, cultural, and economic infrastructure, etc. in creating a link between tourism and social capital, which can pave the ground for fostering social developments.
References:
ابراهیم پور، حبیب؛ بابایی، یاور؛ سخندان، الناز. (1396). بررسی تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر مشارکت در توسعه گردشگری پایدار با نقش میانجی اثرات گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: شهر سرعین). برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری. دوره 6، شماره 22، پاییز 1396، صفحه 118-143.
احمدي، فضل اله؛ نصيرياني، خديجه؛ اباذري، پروانه. (1387). تكنيك دلفي: ابزار براي تحقيق. مجله ايراني آموزش در علوم پزشكي. بهار و تابستان 1387، دوره 8، شماره 1 (پياپي 19)، از صص 175-185.
حبیبی، فاتح. (1395). بررسی نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در تمایل به ورود گردشگر (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان مریوان). فصلنامه مطالعات شهری. دوره 5، شماره 18 - شماره پیاپی 18، بهار 1395، صص 37-50.
رازقی مله، هادی؛ ابراهیمی، قربانعلی. (1397). تحلیل رابطه علی سرمایه اجتماعی و توسعه پایدار گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: شهروندان شهر ساری). برنامه ريزي و توسعه گردشگري. تابستان 1397، دوره 7، شماره 25؛ صص 46-71.
صفایی پور، زهرا؛ توکلان، علی. (1399). بررسی نقش و اثرات سرمایه اجتماعی در توسعه گردشگری شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر ایلام. پژوهش های گردشگری و توسعه پایدار. سال سوم تابستان 1399 شماره 2 (پیای 10).
علي بيگي، جواد؛ قاسمي، يارمحمد. (1394). تأثير گردشگري مذهبي بر کيفيت زندگي و سرمايه اجتماعي خانوارهاي روستايي (مطالعه موردي: روستاي بردي؛ شهرستان دهلران). مطالعات اجتماعي گردشگري. پاييز و زمستان 1394، دوره 3، شماره 6، اصص 87-116.
عینالی، جمشید؛ فراهانی، حسین؛ رومیانی، احمد. (1392). ارزیابی نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در توسعه‌ی گردشگری روستایی با تأکید بر خانه‌های دوم مطالعه‌ی موردی: دهستان حصار ولیعصر- شهرستان بوئین‌زهرا. فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری. دوره 2، شماره 6، شماره پیاپی 6، پاییز 1392، صص52-74.
غزاني، عزت اله؛ بيژني، مسعود؛ چيذري، محمد. (1395). نقش سرمايه اجتماعي در توسعه گردشگري طبيعي مردم نهاد از ديدگاه روستاييان استان مازندران. علوم ترويج و آموزش كشاورزي ايران. دوره 12، شماره 1؛ صص 53-69.
Abdul Razzaq, Abdul Rasid; Mohamad, Nor Haniza; Syed A.Kader, Syed Shikh; Mustafad, Mohamad Zaid; Ab.Hadi, Mohd Yusop; Hamzah, Amran & Khalifah, Zainab. (2012). Developing Human Capital for Rural Community Tourism: Using Experiential Learning Approach. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 93 ( 2013 ) 1835 – 1839.
Altinay, L., Sigala, M., & Waligo, V. (2016). Social value creation through tourism enterprise. Tourism Management, 54, 404e417.
Andereck, K. L., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2011). Exploring the nature of tourism and quality of life perceptions among residents. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 248–260.
Ashley, C. (2009). The impacts of tourism on rural livelihoods. Retrieved on 10/3/2013 from http://dspace.cigilibrary.org.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001), “Thematic Networks: An Analytic Tool for Qualitative Research”, Qualitative Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, Pp. 385-405.
Banning EB. Archaeological survey. New York ; London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002.
Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society, 14(6), 723e744.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Caulfield, Jack. (2020). How to do thematic analysis. Published on September 6, 2019 by. Revised on August 14, 2020. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/
Campbell R, Pound P, Morgan M, et al. Evaluating meta-ethnography: systematic analysis and synthesis of qualitative research. Health Technol Assess. 2011; 15: 1–164.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc; 5th edition (January 2, 2018).
Dijkstra, Nienke E. et al. (2020). Developing a competence framework for nurses in pharmaceutical care: A Delphi study. Nurse Education Today. Volume 104, September 2021, 104926.
Dans, Eva Parga & González, Pablo Alonso. (2019). Sustainable tourism and social value at World Heritage Sites:Towards a conservation plan for Altamira, Spain. Annals of Tourism Research. 74 (2019) 68–80.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253.
Everett, J. (2002). Organizational research and the praxeology of Pierre Bourdieu. Organizational Research Methods, 5(1), 56e80.
Feldman, M., & Zoller, T. D. (2012). Dealmakers in place: Social capital connections in regional entrepreneurial economies. Regional Studies, 46(1), 23–37.
Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7e20.
García-Villaverde, Pedro M.; Elche, Dioni & Martínez-Pérez, Ángela. (2020). Understanding pioneering orientation in tourism clusters: Market dynamism and social capital. Tourism Management. 76 (2020) 103966.
Hamel, Candyce; Michaud, Alan; Thuku, Micere; Skidmore, Becky; Stevens, Adrienne. (2020). Defining Rapid Reviews: a systematic scoping review and thematic analysis of definitions and defining characteristics of rapid reviews. Journal Pre-proof. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.09.041.
Kakoudakis, Konstantinos I.; McCabe, Scott & Story, Vicky. (2017). Social tourism and self-efficacy Exploring links between tourism participation, job-seeking and unemployment. Annals of Tourism Research. 65 (2017) 108–121.
Kim, Myung Ja; Lee, Choong-Ki & Bonn, Mark. (2016). The effect of social capital and altruism on seniors' revisit intention to social network sites for tourism-related purposes. Annals of Tourism Research. Volume 85, November 2020, 103103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.007.
Knollenberg, Whitney; GilArroyo, Claudia; Barbieri, Carla & Boys, Kathryn. (2021). Craft beverage tourism development: The contributions of social capital. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. Volume 20, June 2021, 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100599.
Lee, Craig & Hallak, Rob. (2020). Investigating the effects of offline and online social capital on tourism SME performance: A mixed-methods study of New Zealand entrepreneurs. Tourism Management. 80 (2020) 104128.
Liu, Na; Nikitas, Alexandros & Parkinson, Simon. (2020). Exploring expert perceptions about the cyber security and privacy of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A thematic analysis approach. Transportation Research. Part F. 75 (2020) 66–86.
Maguire, Moira & Delahunt, Brid. (2017). Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step-by-Step: Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. AISHE-J. Volume , Number 3 (Autumn 2017) 3351- 33514.
McCabe, S., & Johnson, S. (2013). The happiness factor in tourism: Subjective well-being and social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 42–65.
McCabe, Scott & Qiao, Guanghui. (2020). A review of research into social tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on Social Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 85 (2020) 103103.
McKenna, H.P. (1994) The delphi technique: a worthwhile research approach for nursing? J. Adv. Nurs., 19 (6) (1994), pp. 1221-1225, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01207.x
Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Cheer, J. M. (2019). Overtourism and tourismphobia: A journey through four decades of tourism development, planning and local concerns. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 353–357.
Minnaer, Lynn. (2020). Stakeholder stories: Exploring social tourism networks. Annals of Tourism Research. 83 (2020) 102979.
Minnaert, L., Maitland, R., & Miller, G. (2009). Tourism and social policy: The value of social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(2), 316–334.
Minnaert, L; Maitland, R. & Miller, G. (2014.). Social Tourism: Perspectives and Potential, Edited Routledge, Oxon, UK (2013). Tourism Management. 43 (2014) 3. 123. pp., US$ 128.95, ISBN: 978-0-415-52378-3.
Moscardo, Gianna; Konovalov, Elena; Murphy, Laurie; McGehee, Nancy G. & Schurmann, Andrea. (2017). Linking tourism to social capital in destination communities. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management (2017), Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2017, Pages 286-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.10.001.
Musavengane, Regis & Kloppers, Roelie. (2020). Social capital: An investment towards community resilience in the collaborative natural resources management of community-based tourism schemes. Tourism Management Perspectives. 34 (2020) 100654.
Nawijn, J., & Mitas, O. (2012). Resident attitudes to tourism and their effect on subjective well-being the case of Palma de Mallorca. Journal of Travel Research, 51(5), 531–541.
Nikitas, A., Avineri, E., & Parkhurst, G. (2018). Understanding the public acceptability of road pricing and the roles of older age, social norms, pro-social values and trust for urban policy-making: The case of Bristol. Cities, 79, 78–91.
Nikitas, A., Wang, J. Y., & Knamiller, C. (2019). Exploring parental perceptions about school travel and walking school buses: A thematic analysis approach Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 124, 468–487.
Noblit G, Hare R. (1988). Meta-ethnography: synthesising qualitative studies (Qualitative research methods, Series 11). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1988.
Ooi, Chai-Aun; Chee-Wooi, Hooy & Mat Som, Ahmad Puad. (2015). Diversity in human and social capital: Empirical evidence from Asian tourism firms in corporate board composition. Tourism Management. 48 (2015) 139e153.
Park, Duk-Byeong; Lee, Kwang-Woo; Choi, Hyun-Suk & Yoon, Yooshik. (2012). Factors influencing social capital in rural tourism communities in South Korea. Tourism Management. 33 (2012) 1511e1520.
Pung, J. M., Gnoth, J., & Del Chiappa, G. (2020). Tourist transformation: Towards a conceptual model. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102885. Rawls, J. A. (1972). Theory of justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Pykea, Joanne; Sarah Pyke & Richard Watuwa. (2019). Social tourism and well-being in a first nation community. Annals of Tourism Research. 77 (2019) 38–48.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press.
Sam Liu, Chih-Hsing. (2017). Remodelling progress in tourism and hospitality students’ creativity through social capital and transformational leadership. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education. 21 (2017) 69–82.
Seers, Kate. (2015). Qualitative systematic reviews: their importance for our understanding of research relevant to pain. Br J Pain. 2015 Feb; 9(1): 36–40. doi: 10.1177/2049463714549777.
Soulard, Joelle; Knollenberg, Whitney; Boley, B. Bynum; Perdue, Richard R; McGehee, Nancy Gard. (2018). Tourism Management. 69 (2018) 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.06.011.
Thomas, James et al. (2017). Living systematic reviews: 2. Combining human and machine effort. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2017, pp. 1-7.
Tokarchuk, O., Gabriele, R., & Maurer, O. (2017). Development of city tourism and well-being of urban residents: A case of German Magic Cities. Tourism Economics, 23(2), 343–359.
Tokarchuka, Oksan; Gabriele, Roberto & Maurer, Oswin. (2019). Estimating tourism social carrying capacity. Annals of Tourism Research. 86(3):102971.
Toye F, Seers K, Allcock N, et al. A meta-ethnography of patients’ experience of chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain. Health Serv Deliv Res. 2013; 1(12).
Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. J. (2019). Quality-of-life indicators as performance measures. Annals of Tourism Research, 76, 291–300.
VisitBritain (2010). VisitBritain foresight, British destinations. Retrieved from https://britishdestinations.net/1194-2/content/visitbritain-foresight-issue-148-howthe-world-views-britain-2016/.
Waldinger, R. (2016). What makes a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness, TED talks. Retrieved from http://blog.zparkl.com/happiness/what-makesyou-happy-harvards-78-year-study-reveals?utm_content=28660006&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook/.
Wang, Jing; Wang, Shanyong; Wang, Hualong; Zhang, Zengtian & Liao, Fangwei. (2021). Is there an incompatibility between personal motives and social capital in triggering pro-environmental behavioral intentions in urban parks? A perspective of motivation-behavior relations. Tourism Management Perspectives. Volume 39, July 2021, 100847.
Woo, E., Kim, H., & Uysal, M. (2015). Life satisfaction and support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 84–97.
Xiong, Ying; Cho, Moonhee & Boatwright, Brandon. (2019). Hashtag activism and message frames among social movement organizations: Semantic network analysis and thematic analysis of Twitter during the #MeToo movement. Public Relations Review. Volume 45, Issue 1, March 2019, Pages 10-23.
Zhou, Lingxu; Chan, Eric & Song, Haiyan. (2017). Social capital and entrepreneurial mobility in early-stage tourism development: A case from rural China. Tourism Management. 63 (2017) 338e350.
ابراهیم پور، حبیب؛ بابایی، یاور؛ سخندان، الناز. (1396). بررسی تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر مشارکت در توسعه گردشگری پایدار با نقش میانجی اثرات گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: شهر سرعین). برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری. دوره 6، شماره 22، پاییز 1396، صفحه 118-143.
احمدي، فضل اله؛ نصيرياني، خديجه؛ اباذري، پروانه. (1387). تكنيك دلفي: ابزار براي تحقيق. مجله ايراني آموزش در علوم پزشكي. بهار و تابستان 1387، دوره 8، شماره 1 (پياپي 19)، از صص 175-185.
حبیبی، فاتح. (1395). بررسی نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در تمایل به ورود گردشگر (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان مریوان). فصلنامه مطالعات شهری. دوره 5، شماره 18 - شماره پیاپی 18، بهار 1395، صص 37-50.
رازقی مله، هادی؛ ابراهیمی، قربانعلی. (1397). تحلیل رابطه علی سرمایه اجتماعی و توسعه پایدار گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: شهروندان شهر ساری). برنامه ريزي و توسعه گردشگري. تابستان 1397، دوره 7، شماره 25؛ صص 46-71.
صفایی پور، زهرا؛ توکلان، علی. (1399). بررسی نقش و اثرات سرمایه اجتماعی در توسعه گردشگری شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر ایلام. پژوهش های گردشگری و توسعه پایدار. سال سوم تابستان 1399 شماره 2 (پیای 10).
علي بيگي، جواد؛ قاسمي، يارمحمد. (1394). تأثير گردشگري مذهبي بر کيفيت زندگي و سرمايه اجتماعي خانوارهاي روستايي (مطالعه موردي: روستاي بردي؛ شهرستان دهلران). مطالعات اجتماعي گردشگري. پاييز و زمستان 1394، دوره 3، شماره 6، اصص 87-116.
عینالی، جمشید؛ فراهانی، حسین؛ رومیانی، احمد. (1392). ارزیابی نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در توسعه‌ی گردشگری روستایی با تأکید بر خانه‌های دوم مطالعه‌ی موردی: دهستان حصار ولیعصر- شهرستان بوئین‌زهرا. فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری. دوره 2، شماره 6، شماره پیاپی 6، پاییز 1392، صص52-74.
غزاني، عزت اله؛ بيژني، مسعود؛ چيذري، محمد. (1395). نقش سرمايه اجتماعي در توسعه گردشگري طبيعي مردم نهاد از ديدگاه روستاييان استان مازندران. علوم ترويج و آموزش كشاورزي ايران. دوره 12، شماره 1؛ صص 53-69.
Abdul Razzaq, Abdul Rasid; Mohamad, Nor Haniza; Syed A.Kader, Syed Shikh; Mustafad, Mohamad Zaid; Ab.Hadi, Mohd Yusop; Hamzah, Amran & Khalifah, Zainab. (2012). Developing Human Capital for Rural Community Tourism: Using Experiential Learning Approach. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 93 ( 2013 ) 1835 – 1839.
Altinay, L., Sigala, M., & Waligo, V. (2016). Social value creation through tourism enterprise. Tourism Management, 54, 404e417.
Andereck, K. L., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2011). Exploring the nature of tourism and quality of life perceptions among residents. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 248–260.
Ashley, C. (2009). The impacts of tourism on rural livelihoods. Retrieved on 10/3/2013 from http://dspace.cigilibrary.org.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001), “Thematic Networks: An Analytic Tool for Qualitative Research”, Qualitative Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, Pp. 385-405.
Banning EB. Archaeological survey. New York ; London: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002.
Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society, 14(6), 723e744.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Caulfield, Jack. (2020). How to do thematic analysis. Published on September 6, 2019 by. Revised on August 14, 2020. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/
Campbell R, Pound P, Morgan M, et al. Evaluating meta-ethnography: systematic analysis and synthesis of qualitative research. Health Technol Assess. 2011; 15: 1–164.
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc; 5th edition (January 2, 2018).
Dijkstra, Nienke E. et al. (2020). Developing a competence framework for nurses in pharmaceutical care: A Delphi study. Nurse Education Today. Volume 104, September 2021, 104926.
Dans, Eva Parga & González, Pablo Alonso. (2019). Sustainable tourism and social value at World Heritage Sites:Towards a conservation plan for Altamira, Spain. Annals of Tourism Research. 74 (2019) 68–80.
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253.
Everett, J. (2002). Organizational research and the praxeology of Pierre Bourdieu. Organizational Research Methods, 5(1), 56e80.
Feldman, M., & Zoller, T. D. (2012). Dealmakers in place: Social capital connections in regional entrepreneurial economies. Regional Studies, 46(1), 23–37.
Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7e20.
García-Villaverde, Pedro M.; Elche, Dioni & Martínez-Pérez, Ángela. (2020). Understanding pioneering orientation in tourism clusters: Market dynamism and social capital. Tourism Management. 76 (2020) 103966.
Hamel, Candyce; Michaud, Alan; Thuku, Micere; Skidmore, Becky; Stevens, Adrienne. (2020). Defining Rapid Reviews: a systematic scoping review and thematic analysis of definitions and defining characteristics of rapid reviews. Journal Pre-proof. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.09.041.
Kakoudakis, Konstantinos I.; McCabe, Scott & Story, Vicky. (2017). Social tourism and self-efficacy Exploring links between tourism participation, job-seeking and unemployment. Annals of Tourism Research. 65 (2017) 108–121.
Kim, Myung Ja; Lee, Choong-Ki & Bonn, Mark. (2016). The effect of social capital and altruism on seniors' revisit intention to social network sites for tourism-related purposes. Annals of Tourism Research. Volume 85, November 2020, 103103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.007.
Knollenberg, Whitney; GilArroyo, Claudia; Barbieri, Carla & Boys, Kathryn. (2021). Craft beverage tourism development: The contributions of social capital. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. Volume 20, June 2021, 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100599.
Lee, Craig & Hallak, Rob. (2020). Investigating the effects of offline and online social capital on tourism SME performance: A mixed-methods study of New Zealand entrepreneurs. Tourism Management. 80 (2020) 104128.
Liu, Na; Nikitas, Alexandros & Parkinson, Simon. (2020). Exploring expert perceptions about the cyber security and privacy of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A thematic analysis approach. Transportation Research. Part F. 75 (2020) 66–86.
Maguire, Moira & Delahunt, Brid. (2017). Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical, Step-by-Step: Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. AISHE-J. Volume , Number 3 (Autumn 2017) 3351- 33514.
McCabe, S., & Johnson, S. (2013). The happiness factor in tourism: Subjective well-being and social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 42–65.
McCabe, Scott & Qiao, Guanghui. (2020). A review of research into social tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on Social Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 85 (2020) 103103.
McKenna, H.P. (1994) The delphi technique: a worthwhile research approach for nursing? J. Adv. Nurs., 19 (6) (1994), pp. 1221-1225, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01207.x
Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Cheer, J. M. (2019). Overtourism and tourismphobia: A journey through four decades of tourism development, planning and local concerns. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 353–357.
Minnaer, Lynn. (2020). Stakeholder stories: Exploring social tourism networks. Annals of Tourism Research. 83 (2020) 102979.
Minnaert, L., Maitland, R., & Miller, G. (2009). Tourism and social policy: The value of social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(2), 316–334.
Minnaert, L; Maitland, R. & Miller, G. (2014.). Social Tourism: Perspectives and Potential, Edited Routledge, Oxon, UK (2013). Tourism Management. 43 (2014) 3. 123. pp., US$ 128.95, ISBN: 978-0-415-52378-3.
Moscardo, Gianna; Konovalov, Elena; Murphy, Laurie; McGehee, Nancy G. & Schurmann, Andrea. (2017). Linking tourism to social capital in destination communities. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management (2017), Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2017, Pages 286-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.10.001.
Musavengane, Regis & Kloppers, Roelie. (2020). Social capital: An investment towards community resilience in the collaborative natural resources management of community-based tourism schemes. Tourism Management Perspectives. 34 (2020) 100654.
Nawijn, J., & Mitas, O. (2012). Resident attitudes to tourism and their effect on subjective well-being the case of Palma de Mallorca. Journal of Travel Research, 51(5), 531–541.
Nikitas, A., Avineri, E., & Parkhurst, G. (2018). Understanding the public acceptability of road pricing and the roles of older age, social norms, pro-social values and trust for urban policy-making: The case of Bristol. Cities, 79, 78–91.
Nikitas, A., Wang, J. Y., & Knamiller, C. (2019). Exploring parental perceptions about school travel and walking school buses: A thematic analysis approach Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 124, 468–487.
Noblit G, Hare R. (1988). Meta-ethnography: synthesising qualitative studies (Qualitative research methods, Series 11). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1988.
Ooi, Chai-Aun; Chee-Wooi, Hooy & Mat Som, Ahmad Puad. (2015). Diversity in human and social capital: Empirical evidence from Asian tourism firms in corporate board composition. Tourism Management. 48 (2015) 139e153.
Park, Duk-Byeong; Lee, Kwang-Woo; Choi, Hyun-Suk & Yoon, Yooshik. (2012). Factors influencing social capital in rural tourism communities in South Korea. Tourism Management. 33 (2012) 1511e1520.
Pung, J. M., Gnoth, J., & Del Chiappa, G. (2020). Tourist transformation: Towards a conceptual model. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102885. Rawls, J. A. (1972). Theory of justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Pykea, Joanne; Sarah Pyke & Richard Watuwa. (2019). Social tourism and well-being in a first nation community. Annals of Tourism Research. 77 (2019) 38–48.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press.
Sam Liu, Chih-Hsing. (2017). Remodelling progress in tourism and hospitality students’ creativity through social capital and transformational leadership. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education. 21 (2017) 69–82.
Seers, Kate. (2015). Qualitative systematic reviews: their importance for our understanding of research relevant to pain. Br J Pain. 2015 Feb; 9(1): 36–40. doi: 10.1177/2049463714549777.
Soulard, Joelle; Knollenberg, Whitney; Boley, B. Bynum; Perdue, Richard R; McGehee, Nancy Gard. (2018). Tourism Management. 69 (2018) 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.06.011.
Thomas, James et al. (2017). Living systematic reviews: 2. Combining human and machine effort. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2017, pp. 1-7.
Tokarchuk, O., Gabriele, R., & Maurer, O. (2017). Development of city tourism and well-being of urban residents: A case of German Magic Cities. Tourism Economics, 23(2), 343–359.
Tokarchuka, Oksan; Gabriele, Roberto & Maurer, Oswin. (2019). Estimating tourism social carrying capacity. Annals of Tourism Research. 86(3):102971.
Toye F, Seers K, Allcock N, et al. A meta-ethnography of patients’ experience of chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain. Health Serv Deliv Res. 2013; 1(12).
Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. J. (2019). Quality-of-life indicators as performance measures. Annals of Tourism Research, 76, 291–300.
VisitBritain (2010). VisitBritain foresight, British destinations. Retrieved from https://britishdestinations.net/1194-2/content/visitbritain-foresight-issue-148-howthe-world-views-britain-2016/.
Waldinger, R. (2016). What makes a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness, TED talks. Retrieved from http://blog.zparkl.com/happiness/what-makesyou-happy-harvards-78-year-study-reveals?utm_content=28660006&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook/.
Wang, Jing; Wang, Shanyong; Wang, Hualong; Zhang, Zengtian & Liao, Fangwei. (2021). Is there an incompatibility between personal motives and social capital in triggering pro-environmental behavioral intentions in urban parks? A perspective of motivation-behavior relations. Tourism Management Perspectives. Volume 39, July 2021, 100847.
Woo, E., Kim, H., & Uysal, M. (2015). Life satisfaction and support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 84–97.
Xiong, Ying; Cho, Moonhee & Boatwright, Brandon. (2019). Hashtag activism and message frames among social movement organizations: Semantic network analysis and thematic analysis of Twitter during the #MeToo movement. Public Relations Review. Volume 45, Issue 1, March 2019, Pages 10-23.
Zhou, Lingxu; Chan, Eric & Song, Haiyan. (2017). Social capital and entrepreneurial mobility in early-stage tourism development: A case from rural China. Tourism Management. 63 (2017) 338e350.
