Developing a model of professional competencies of engineers for industrial modern organizations
Subject Areas :Fatemeh Narenji thani 1 , Zeinab Sadat Mostafavi 2
1 - Tehran university
2 - Tehran
Keywords: Engineers, General Competencies, Specialized Competencies, Model, Industrial Organizations ,
Abstract :
The present study industrial modern organizations industrial organizations. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and a little descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study includes; 1) Expert faculty members in engineering and active in the field of industry, 2) Managers and experts working in industrial organizations with experience of 5 years or more and have an engineering degree from 46 universities and 4 top industrial organizations to 467 people. Using Cochran's sampling formula, a sample size of 216 people was selected by stratified random sampling. In order to identify the professional competencies of engineers to enter industrial organizations, the background of the researches and the onet site have been examined, then the qualifications of extraction and based on it into two general categories; General and specialized were classified. In order to collect data, a 42-item researcher-made questionnaire was used and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all underlying indices was 82.3. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of relevant experts as well as the validity of the structure were used. The results showed that: 1- The required professional competencies include; General competencies (personality competence, planning, cognitive competence) and specialized competencies (systematic, applied, professional ethics and strategic. 2- The general model of the research was fitted by using confirmatory factor analysis. 3. All indicators were significantly related to their underlying factor and the measurement model was desirable during the evaluation of minor indicators.
References:
1. Bastedo, M. N., & Gumport, P. J. Access to what? Mission differentiation and academic stratification in US public higher education. Higher Education. 2003; 46(3): 341-359.
2. Bridgstock, R. The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: Enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research & Development. 2009; 28(1): 31-44.
3. Brunell, L. A. Building global citizenship: Engaging global issues, practicing civic skills. Journal of Political Science Education. (2013); 9(1): 16-3
4. Arkes, J. Using unemployment rates as instruments to estimate returns to schooling. Southern Economic Journal. 2010; 76(3): 711-722.
5. Rahdari M, Nasr A R, Nili M R, Tork Ladani B. Evaluating professional skills and employment status of baccalaureate's alumni in Information Technology Engineering. IRPHE. 2015; 21 (2):1-24.
6. Al-Ghoul, K. A. The Reasons for Unemployment Related to Academic Qualification and Work Environment from the viewpoint of Students Expected to Graduate from King Saud University. Academia. 2020; 20-21:29-50.
7. Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Nwosu, H. E., Eneje, B. C., & Mlanga, S. Enhancing graduate employability: Why do higher education institutions have problems with teaching generic skills?. Policy Futures in Education. 2020; 18(2): 294-313.
8. Kenayathulla, H., Ahmad, N. and Idris, A."Gaps between competence and importance of employability skills: evidence from Malaysia", Higher Education Evaluation and Development. .2019; 13(2):97-112.
9. Harris, K. A., Nousiainen, M. T., & Reznick, R. Competency-based resident education—The Canadian perspective. Surgery. 2020; 167(4): 681-684.
10. Dada, Lydia Titilay. Quality and Unemployment Issues in Curriculum and Graduate Outputs of Nigerian Universities, Journal of Positive Psychology and Counselling. 2020; Vol 6.
11. Mansourian, M., Alipour, O., Ghorbani Boosari, R. The Viewpoint of the Ph.D. Students and Alumni of Library and Information Science about the Job Prospects of this Field of Study. National Studies on Librarianship and Information Organization. 2013; 24(1): 150-165.
12. Jacob, S. A., & Boyter, A. C. “My experiences were highly-dependent on the knowledge and enthusiasm of the tutor”: graduates’ feedback of experiential learning in an MP harm programmed Part 1 (TELL Project). Studies in Educational Evaluation. 2020; 66: 100891.
13. McClelland, D. C. The two faces of power. Journal of International Affairs. 1970; 29-47.
14. Malone, K., & Supri, S. A critical time for medical education: the perils of competency-based reform of the curriculum. Advances in health sciences education. 2012; 17(2): 241-246.
15. Cochran, G. R. Ohio State University extension competency study: Developing a competency model for a 21st-century extension organization (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). 2009.
16. Hu, M. L. M. Developing a core competency model of innovative culinary development. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2010; 29(4): 582-590.
17. Mace, K. L., & Bacon, C. E. W. The Future of Health Professions Education: Considerations for Competency-Based Education in Athletic Training. Athletic Training Education Journal. 2019; 14(3): 215-222.
18. Cebrián Bernat, G., Junyent i Pubill, M., & Mulà Pons de Vall, I. Competencies in Education for Sustainable Development: Emerging Teaching and Research Developments. Sustainability. 202;, 12(2) :579.
19. Rawboon, K., Yamazaki, A. K., Oda, S., & Wongsatanawarid, A. Global competencies for engineering education: A comparative study of industry and academic perspectives. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information and Education Innovations. 2020; 66-71.
20. Motahhari-Nejad, H. Professional competencies in engineering: examining validity and measurement invariance of a scale. Studies in Higher Education. 2019; 1-12.
21. Jaeger, M., Yu, G., & Adair, D. Project Based Learning versus Traditional Learning–Comparing Perspectives of Arab Managers with Chinese Managers. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education. 2020.
22. Vaggione, A. M. G., Ghilardi, L. M., & Dávila, M. A. Analysis of curriculum processes for the development of competencies in engineering education. Tuning Journal for Higher Education. 2020; 7(2): 25-42.
23. Frache, G., Tombras, G. S., Nistazakis, H. E., & Thompson, N. Pedagogical approaches to 21st-century learning: a model to prepare learners for 21 set century competencies and skills in engineering. In 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 2019; pp. 711-717. IEEE.
24. Cicek, J. S. Determining the Dependencies of Engineering Competencies for Engineering Practice: An Exploratory Case Study. American Society for Engineering Education. 2019.
25. Dumitrescu, A., Lima, R., Chattinnawat, W., & Savu, T. Industry 4.0 competencies’ gap analysis. Industry. 2019;4(3): 138-141.
26. Malheiro, B., Guedes, P., Silva, M. F., & Ferreira, P. Fostering professional competencies in engineering undergraduates with eps@ isep. Education Sciences. 2019; 9(2): 119.
27. Yuzainee, M. Y., Zaharim, A., & Omar, M. Z. Employability skills for an entry-level engineer as seen by Malaysian employers. In 2011 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 2011; (pp. 80-85). IEEE.
28. Aleryani, A. Y., & AlMunifi, A. A., A Roadmap to the Development of Key Competencies of Engineering and Technology Graduates. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (IJEP). 2019; 9(5): 75-88.
29. Azmi, A. N., Kamin, Y., Noordin, M. K., & Nasira, A. N. M. Effects of Industrial Training Programs on Competencies of Engineering Graduates: A Preliminary Study. Journal Kemanusiaan. 2019;17(1-S).
30. Samsuri, N. S., Yusof, K. M., & Aziz, A. A. Preparing first-year engineering students to become engineers: The impact of an “Introduction to Engineering” course. Journal of Technical Education and Training. 2017; 9(1).
31. Suleiman, A., & Abahre, J. Essential competencies for engineers from the perspective of fresh graduates. Engineering Management in Production and Services. 2020; 12(1): 70-79.
32. Budiman, A., Suyanto, W., & Efendi, Y. Mapping graduate learning competencies of automotive engineering education. JPhCS. 2020; 1446(1): 012035.
33. Pyrhönen, V. P., Niiranen, S., & Pajarre, E. „Engineering Graduates’ Development of Competencies–Views from Academic Stakeholders.”. In Proceedings of the 2019 SEFI Annual Conference. 2019.
34. Passow, H. J., & Passow, C. H. What competencies should undergraduate engineering programs emphasize? A systematic review. Journal of Engineering Education. 2017; 106(3): 475-526.
35. Ejtehadi, M., Behrroozi, M. A Study of the Abilities and Capabilities of Graduate Students to Meet the Demands of Work Market and Produce a Suitable Framework for Perception. Research in Curriculum Planning. 2017; 1(10): 1-28.
36. Towfighi, J. Pathology of University-Industry Relation. Iranian Journal of Engineering Education. 2007; 9(34): 1-25.
37. Mohammadi, M., Naseri Jahromi, R., Rahmani, H. Evaluation of External Effectiveness of the Undergraduate Curriculum in Bandar Abbas Azad Islamic University - Based on the Eye Competency Model. Research in Curriculum Planning. 2013; 10(37): 20-32.
38. Entezarian Nahid; Fattahi, Rahmatollah. Guidelines for user interface design based on user behavior expectations and perceptions. Library and Information Science. 2010; 2(13): 9- 29.
39. Salehi Imran I., Yaghmouri, S. Investigating job-creating skills in the labor market according to the global economy in higher education curricula. Curriculum studies. 2010; 4(16):165-188
40. Momeni Mahmouei, H., Kazempoor, E., & Tafreshi, M. Competency-based curriculum An appropriate strategy toward the development of basic competencies. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences. 2011; 4(3): 143-149.
41. Hedayati, A., Maleki, H., Sadeghi, A., Sadipour, I. Expected Competencies of Master degree of curriculum graduates: a qualitative study. The Journal of Modern Thoughts in Education. 2015; 10(3): 71-51.
42. Eisazadeh, S., Naziri, M. K., & Naeini, H. The Effect of Skill Mismatch on the Unemployment Rate in Iran. Journal of Economic Modeling Research. 2018; 8(30): 79-107.
43. Turner, J. Rodney , and Müller, Ralf. Choosing appropriate project managers: matching their leadership style to the type of project. Newtown Square, U.S.: Project Management Institute. 2006; 117.
44. Rahmani, H., Shah, H. M., & Pourezzat, A. Identifying Desired Competencies of Undergraduate Students in Management with an Islamic-Iranian Approach (Case Study: Management Faculty of Tehran University). 2013; 3(8): 395-412.
45. Feiz, M., & Bahadori Nejad, M. A professional competency model for graduates of engineering colleges in Iran (case study: graduates of sharif university of technology). Iranian Journal of Engineering Education. 2010; 12(46): 37-68.
46. Hyväri, I. Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations. International journal of project management. 2006; 24(3): 216-225.
47. Anwar, A., & Richards, D. Is the USA set to dominate accreditation of engineering education and professional qualifications? In Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers-civil engineering. 2013; 166(1): 42-48.
48. Desha, C., Rowe, D., & Hargreaves, D. A review of progress and opportunities to foster the development of sustainability-related competencies in engineering education. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education. 2019; 24(2): 61-73.
49. Van Loo, J., & Semeijn, J. Defining and measuring competencies: an application to graduate surveys. Quality and Quantity. 2004; 38(3): 331-349.
50. Ricolfe, J. S. C., & Pérez, C. E. Análisis de la percepción de las competencias genéricas adquiridas en la universidad. Revista de educación. 2013; (362): 535-561.
51. Marhuenda, F., Bernad, J. C., & Navas, A. Las prácticas en empresa como estrategia de enseñanza e inserción laboral: las empresas de inserción social. Revista de Educación. 2010; 351: 139-161.
52. Pérez, P. J., and L. E. Vila. La adquisición de competencias para la innovación productiva en la universidad española. Revista de Educación. 2013; 361: 429–55.
53. Schulz, M., & Roßnagel, C. S. Informal workplace learning: An exploration of age differences in learning competence. Learning and Instruction. 2010; 20(5): 383-399.
54. Villardón-Gallego, L., Yániz, C., Achurra, C., Iraurgi, I., & Aguilar, M. C. Learning competence in university: development and structural validation of a scale to measure. Revista de Psicodidáctica. 2013; 18(2): 357-374.
55. Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 2013; 20(1): 125-142.
56. Hernández-Pina, F., & Monroy, F. A preliminary study of teachers’ perception of core competencies for undergraduate students. Psychology educative. 2015; 21(1): 11-16.
57. Camacho Rivadeneira, M. H. Effects of using Research-Based Learning on the development of academic competencies of graduate students (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University). 2020.
58. Hamid, M. R., Mustafa, Z., Suradi, N. R. M., Idris, F., & Abdullah, M. Value-based performance excellence measurement for higher education institution: instrument validation. Quality & Quantity. 2013; 6(47): 3019-3030.
59. Vaatstra, R., & De Vries, R. The effect of the learning environment on competencies and training for the workplace according to graduates. Higher Education. 2007; 53(3): 335-357.
60. Heidari, GH. Abdolhossein Faraj pahlavi Farideh Extract Ehsan Geri.The Effect of Higher Education on The Focal Competencies of Undergraduate Students of Library and Information Science: A Case Study of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, National Studies of Library and Information Organization. 2013; 24(93).
61. Lobanova, T., & Shunin, Y. Competence-based education: A common European strategy. Computer Modelling and New Technologies. 2008; 12(2): 45-65.
62. Pearson, R. The demise of the graduate labor market. Beyond Mass Higher Education: Building on Experience: Building on Experience. 2005; 68.
63. Asif, M., Awan, M. U., Khan, M. K., & Ahmad, N. A model for total quality management in higher education. Quality & Quantity. 2013; 47(4): 1883-1904.
64. Martinez, J., Phillips, E., & Harris, C. Where do we go from here? Moving from systems-based practice process measures to true competency via developmental milestones. Medical education online. 2014; 19(1).
65. Azevedo, A., Apfelthaler, G., & Hurst, D. Competency development in business graduates: An industry-driven approach for examining the alignment of undergraduate business education with industry requirements. The International Journal of Management Education. 2012; 10(1): 12-28.
66. Ebrahimi Ghavam, S., Rahmani, N. Developing a primary model for evaluating the competency of a police university graduate. quarterly journal of training in police sciences. 2019; 21(4): 63-104.
67. Wu, W. W. A competency-based model for the success of an entrepreneurial start-up. WSEAS transactions on business and economics. 2009; 6(6): 279-291.
68. Santandreu-Mascarell, C., Garzon, D., & Knorr, H. Entrepreneurial and innovative competences, are they the same? Management Decision. 2013; 51(5): 1084.
69. Bennett, D., Knight, E., & Bell, K. Graduate employability, and the career thinking of university STEMM students. Teaching in Higher Education. 2020; 25(6): 750-765.
70. Shukla, O. P., & Suresh, G. Skills requirements for engineering graduates: An industry perspective. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM). 2016; 18(10).
71. Aghapour S, Movahhed Mohammadi S H, Alambeigi A. Key skills role in employability formation of college students. IRPHE. 2014;20 (1): 41-56
72. Tahmasbi, r., hashemnia, a. Development of Factors for Identification of Talents in SAPCO`s Strategic Jobs (Case Study: Manufacturing and supply of parts). Management Researches. 2013; 6(20): 97-119
73. Ahmad, S., Khaidzir, I., Azizan, A., Kadir, A., Zainul Ariffin, A. A., Anwarc, K., ... & Mb, W. The Social and Academic Skills And The Marketability Of UKM’s Graduates. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 131: 118-123.
74. Ahn, Benjamin; Cox, Monica, London; Jeremi, Cakic, Osman and Zhu, Jiabin. Creating an Instrument to Measure Leadership, Change, and Synthesis in Engineering Undergraduates. Journal of Engineering Education. 2014; 103)1(:115-136.
75. Fang, C. H., Chang, S. T., & Chen, G. L. Competency development among Taiwanese healthcare middle managers: A test of the AHP approach. African journal of business management. 2010; 4(13): 2845-2855.
76. Jungmann, T., Ossenberg, P., & Wissemann, S. Forschendes Lernen in den Ingenieurwissenschaften. Forschendes Lernen. 2017; 245-256.
77. Jantunen, S., Dumdum, R., & Gause, D. Towards new requirements engineering competencies. In 2019 IEEE/ACM 12th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE). 2019; (pp. 131-134). IEEE.
78. House, S. B. O. DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING GRADUATE PROGRAM OPEN HOUSE (Doctoral dissertation, School of Medicine, Brookhaven National Lab). 2020.
79. Sadegh, M. Prioritization of the Merits and Characteristics of Revolutionary Institutions through Value Approach. Journal of Research in Human Resources Management, 2015; 7(1): 113-135.
80. Shirazi A, Amini A. The Role of Institutional &Cultural Pressures in Utilizing Knowledge Management (a case study: Mashhad Regional Electricity Company). ORMR. 2013; 2 (4) :1-22
81. Mojab, F., Zaefarian, R., & Azizi, A. H. D. Applying the competency-based approach for entrepreneurship education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011; 12: 436-447.
82. Antunes, L. C. D. (2019). Challenges and Thoughts to Maintain a Skilled Cyber Workforce. Cyber Defense-Policies, Operations, and Capacity Building: CYDEF 2018, 147, 113.
83. Ranjbar, M., Khaef Elahi, A., Danaee Fard, H., & Fani, A. Measuring competency model for managers in the health sector (structural equation modeling approach). Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 23(109): 104-113.
84. Zopiatis, A. Is it art or science? Chef's competencies for success. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2010; 29(3): 459-467.
85. Asadi N; Sajadi s N; goudarzi M; Moradi A. Determining the Competencies of Sports Event Managers, Journal of Sport Management. 2015; 7(2): 159-174.
86. Niroomand, P., Ranjbar, M., & Bamdad Soufi, J. Managers' professional competencies and sustainable development in Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (A suggested framework). Journal of Human Resource Management in the Oil Industry. 2011; 2 (8): 73-101.
87. Shabani, R., Hojjati, A., & Ghorbani, R. Identification of Commanders’ Worthiness in the Units of Brigade of Student at Imam Ali Military University. MILITARY MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY. 2015; 15(57): 82-101.
88. Jungmann T. Inquiry-based learning in the engineering sciences. inquiry-based learning–undergraduate research 2019 (pp. 205-215). Springer, Cham.
89. Khorasani, Abasalt, Hossein Zahedi, And Akbar Kamizi. Designing a Business Management Competency Model for Managerial Jobs of Ansar Bank." 2015; 1(1):1-21.
90. Seabela, M., & Fatoki, O. The entrepreneurial competencies of non-business university students in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Sciences. 2014; 6(3): 375-381.
91. Orejudo-Hernández, S., Aparicio-Moreno, L., & Cano-Escoriaza, J. Personal competencies of Spanish students pursuing different academic careers. contributions and reflections from positive psychology. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues. 2013; 5(2): 63-78.
92. Cortes Tomas, M. T., Giménez Costa, J. A., Sellés, P. M., & Mahía, F. C. The importance of expectations in the relationship between impulsivity and binge drinking among university students. Adicciones. 2014; 26(2).
93. Boni, A., & Lozano, J. F. The generic competencies: an opportunity for ethical learning in the European convergence in higher education. Higher Education. 2007; 54(6): 819-831.
94. Nicklaus, T. Learning Needs Assessment in Entrepreneurship Training: a Practical Approach of Competency-Based Assessment (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Twente). 2011.
95. www.onetonline.org.
96. Motaghed Larijani, Z., Vakili, M. M., Gofranipour, F., & Mirmohammadkhani, M. Effects of health education program on Behvarz's interpersonal communication skills in Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Koomesh. 2015; 16(2): 229-238.
97. Mahmoudi A, Abedi A, Heydari Y. Professional Competencies of Educational Directors. JMDP. 2012; 25 (1):69-92
98. Leach, R. Fundamental Principles of Engineering Nanometrology. William Andrew. 2009.
99. Bazargan, A., Dadras, M., & Yousefi Afrashteh, M. Construction and Validation of an Instrument to Measure the Quality of Academic Services to Students. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education. 2014; 20(2): 73-97.
100. Gross, B. Student Teachers’ Interest in and Expectations of their Studies and their Profession: Empirical Research and Critical Reflection on Teaching Competencies and Qualifications. FORMAZIONE & INSEGNAMENTO.Rivista internazionale di Scienze dell'educazione e della formazione. 2020; 18(1), 497-510.
101. Koenen, A. K., Dochy, F., & Berghmans, I. A phenomenographic analysis of the implementation of competency-based education in higher education. Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies. 2015; 50(1): 1-12.
102. Melnyk, Y. B. Study of Trends of Students’ Demand for The Formation of Competences By Higher Educational Institutions. Наука і освіта. 2017; (5): 127-133.
103. Lechasseur, K., Caux, C., Dollé, S., & Legault, A. Ethical competence: An integrative review. Nursing ethics. 2018; 25(6): 694-706.
1. Bastedo, M. N., & Gumport, P. J. Access to what? Mission differentiation and academic stratification in US public higher education. Higher Education. 2003; 46(3): 341-359.
2. Bridgstock, R. The graduate attributes we’ve overlooked: Enhancing graduate employability through career management skills. Higher Education Research & Development. 2009; 28(1): 31-44.
3. Brunell, L. A. Building global citizenship: Engaging global issues, practicing civic skills. Journal of Political Science Education. (2013); 9(1): 16-3
4. Arkes, J. Using unemployment rates as instruments to estimate returns to schooling. Southern Economic Journal. 2010; 76(3): 711-722.
5. Rahdari M, Nasr A R, Nili M R, Tork Ladani B. Evaluating professional skills and employment status of baccalaureate's alumni in Information Technology Engineering. IRPHE. 2015; 21 (2):1-24.
6. Al-Ghoul, K. A. The Reasons for Unemployment Related to Academic Qualification and Work Environment from the viewpoint of Students Expected to Graduate from King Saud University. Academia. 2020; 20-21:29-50.
7. Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Nwosu, H. E., Eneje, B. C., & Mlanga, S. Enhancing graduate employability: Why do higher education institutions have problems with teaching generic skills?. Policy Futures in Education. 2020; 18(2): 294-313.
8. Kenayathulla, H., Ahmad, N. and Idris, A."Gaps between competence and importance of employability skills: evidence from Malaysia", Higher Education Evaluation and Development. .2019; 13(2):97-112.
9. Harris, K. A., Nousiainen, M. T., & Reznick, R. Competency-based resident education—The Canadian perspective. Surgery. 2020; 167(4): 681-684.
10. Dada, Lydia Titilay. Quality and Unemployment Issues in Curriculum and Graduate Outputs of Nigerian Universities, Journal of Positive Psychology and Counselling. 2020; Vol 6.
11. Mansourian, M., Alipour, O., Ghorbani Boosari, R. The Viewpoint of the Ph.D. Students and Alumni of Library and Information Science about the Job Prospects of this Field of Study. National Studies on Librarianship and Information Organization. 2013; 24(1): 150-165.
12. Jacob, S. A., & Boyter, A. C. “My experiences were highly-dependent on the knowledge and enthusiasm of the tutor”: graduates’ feedback of experiential learning in an MP harm programmed Part 1 (TELL Project). Studies in Educational Evaluation. 2020; 66: 100891.
13. McClelland, D. C. The two faces of power. Journal of International Affairs. 1970; 29-47.
14. Malone, K., & Supri, S. A critical time for medical education: the perils of competency-based reform of the curriculum. Advances in health sciences education. 2012; 17(2): 241-246.
15. Cochran, G. R. Ohio State University extension competency study: Developing a competency model for a 21st-century extension organization (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). 2009.
16. Hu, M. L. M. Developing a core competency model of innovative culinary development. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2010; 29(4): 582-590.
17. Mace, K. L., & Bacon, C. E. W. The Future of Health Professions Education: Considerations for Competency-Based Education in Athletic Training. Athletic Training Education Journal. 2019; 14(3): 215-222.
18. Cebrián Bernat, G., Junyent i Pubill, M., & Mulà Pons de Vall, I. Competencies in Education for Sustainable Development: Emerging Teaching and Research Developments. Sustainability. 202;, 12(2) :579.
19. Rawboon, K., Yamazaki, A. K., Oda, S., & Wongsatanawarid, A. Global competencies for engineering education: A comparative study of industry and academic perspectives. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information and Education Innovations. 2020; 66-71.
20. Motahhari-Nejad, H. Professional competencies in engineering: examining validity and measurement invariance of a scale. Studies in Higher Education. 2019; 1-12.
21. Jaeger, M., Yu, G., & Adair, D. Project Based Learning versus Traditional Learning–Comparing Perspectives of Arab Managers with Chinese Managers. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education. 2020.
22. Vaggione, A. M. G., Ghilardi, L. M., & Dávila, M. A. Analysis of curriculum processes for the development of competencies in engineering education. Tuning Journal for Higher Education. 2020; 7(2): 25-42.
23. Frache, G., Tombras, G. S., Nistazakis, H. E., & Thompson, N. Pedagogical approaches to 21st-century learning: a model to prepare learners for 21 set century competencies and skills in engineering. In 2019 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 2019; pp. 711-717. IEEE.
24. Cicek, J. S. Determining the Dependencies of Engineering Competencies for Engineering Practice: An Exploratory Case Study. American Society for Engineering Education. 2019.
25. Dumitrescu, A., Lima, R., Chattinnawat, W., & Savu, T. Industry 4.0 competencies’ gap analysis. Industry. 2019;4(3): 138-141.
26. Malheiro, B., Guedes, P., Silva, M. F., & Ferreira, P. Fostering professional competencies in engineering undergraduates with eps@ isep. Education Sciences. 2019; 9(2): 119.
27. Yuzainee, M. Y., Zaharim, A., & Omar, M. Z. Employability skills for an entry-level engineer as seen by Malaysian employers. In 2011 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 2011; (pp. 80-85). IEEE.
28. Aleryani, A. Y., & AlMunifi, A. A., A Roadmap to the Development of Key Competencies of Engineering and Technology Graduates. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (IJEP). 2019; 9(5): 75-88.
29. Azmi, A. N., Kamin, Y., Noordin, M. K., & Nasira, A. N. M. Effects of Industrial Training Programs on Competencies of Engineering Graduates: A Preliminary Study. Journal Kemanusiaan. 2019;17(1-S).
30. Samsuri, N. S., Yusof, K. M., & Aziz, A. A. Preparing first-year engineering students to become engineers: The impact of an “Introduction to Engineering” course. Journal of Technical Education and Training. 2017; 9(1).
31. Suleiman, A., & Abahre, J. Essential competencies for engineers from the perspective of fresh graduates. Engineering Management in Production and Services. 2020; 12(1): 70-79.
32. Budiman, A., Suyanto, W., & Efendi, Y. Mapping graduate learning competencies of automotive engineering education. JPhCS. 2020; 1446(1): 012035.
33. Pyrhönen, V. P., Niiranen, S., & Pajarre, E. „Engineering Graduates’ Development of Competencies–Views from Academic Stakeholders.”. In Proceedings of the 2019 SEFI Annual Conference. 2019.
34. Passow, H. J., & Passow, C. H. What competencies should undergraduate engineering programs emphasize? A systematic review. Journal of Engineering Education. 2017; 106(3): 475-526.
35. Ejtehadi, M., Behrroozi, M. A Study of the Abilities and Capabilities of Graduate Students to Meet the Demands of Work Market and Produce a Suitable Framework for Perception. Research in Curriculum Planning. 2017; 1(10): 1-28.
36. Towfighi, J. Pathology of University-Industry Relation. Iranian Journal of Engineering Education. 2007; 9(34): 1-25.
37. Mohammadi, M., Naseri Jahromi, R., Rahmani, H. Evaluation of External Effectiveness of the Undergraduate Curriculum in Bandar Abbas Azad Islamic University - Based on the Eye Competency Model. Research in Curriculum Planning. 2013; 10(37): 20-32.
38. Entezarian Nahid; Fattahi, Rahmatollah. Guidelines for user interface design based on user behavior expectations and perceptions. Library and Information Science. 2010; 2(13): 9- 29.
39. Salehi Imran I., Yaghmouri, S. Investigating job-creating skills in the labor market according to the global economy in higher education curricula. Curriculum studies. 2010; 4(16):165-188
40. Momeni Mahmouei, H., Kazempoor, E., & Tafreshi, M. Competency-based curriculum An appropriate strategy toward the development of basic competencies. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences. 2011; 4(3): 143-149.
41. Hedayati, A., Maleki, H., Sadeghi, A., Sadipour, I. Expected Competencies of Master degree of curriculum graduates: a qualitative study. The Journal of Modern Thoughts in Education. 2015; 10(3): 71-51.
42. Eisazadeh, S., Naziri, M. K., & Naeini, H. The Effect of Skill Mismatch on the Unemployment Rate in Iran. Journal of Economic Modeling Research. 2018; 8(30): 79-107.
43. Turner, J. Rodney , and Müller, Ralf. Choosing appropriate project managers: matching their leadership style to the type of project. Newtown Square, U.S.: Project Management Institute. 2006; 117.
44. Rahmani, H., Shah, H. M., & Pourezzat, A. Identifying Desired Competencies of Undergraduate Students in Management with an Islamic-Iranian Approach (Case Study: Management Faculty of Tehran University). 2013; 3(8): 395-412.
45. Feiz, M., & Bahadori Nejad, M. A professional competency model for graduates of engineering colleges in Iran (case study: graduates of sharif university of technology). Iranian Journal of Engineering Education. 2010; 12(46): 37-68.
46. Hyväri, I. Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations. International journal of project management. 2006; 24(3): 216-225.
47. Anwar, A., & Richards, D. Is the USA set to dominate accreditation of engineering education and professional qualifications? In Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers-civil engineering. 2013; 166(1): 42-48.
48. Desha, C., Rowe, D., & Hargreaves, D. A review of progress and opportunities to foster the development of sustainability-related competencies in engineering education. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education. 2019; 24(2): 61-73.
49. Van Loo, J., & Semeijn, J. Defining and measuring competencies: an application to graduate surveys. Quality and Quantity. 2004; 38(3): 331-349.
50. Ricolfe, J. S. C., & Pérez, C. E. Análisis de la percepción de las competencias genéricas adquiridas en la universidad. Revista de educación. 2013; (362): 535-561.
51. Marhuenda, F., Bernad, J. C., & Navas, A. Las prácticas en empresa como estrategia de enseñanza e inserción laboral: las empresas de inserción social. Revista de Educación. 2010; 351: 139-161.
52. Pérez, P. J., and L. E. Vila. La adquisición de competencias para la innovación productiva en la universidad española. Revista de Educación. 2013; 361: 429–55.
53. Schulz, M., & Roßnagel, C. S. Informal workplace learning: An exploration of age differences in learning competence. Learning and Instruction. 2010; 20(5): 383-399.
54. Villardón-Gallego, L., Yániz, C., Achurra, C., Iraurgi, I., & Aguilar, M. C. Learning competence in university: development and structural validation of a scale to measure. Revista de Psicodidáctica. 2013; 18(2): 357-374.
55. Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 2013; 20(1): 125-142.
56. Hernández-Pina, F., & Monroy, F. A preliminary study of teachers’ perception of core competencies for undergraduate students. Psychology educative. 2015; 21(1): 11-16.
57. Camacho Rivadeneira, M. H. Effects of using Research-Based Learning on the development of academic competencies of graduate students (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University). 2020.
58. Hamid, M. R., Mustafa, Z., Suradi, N. R. M., Idris, F., & Abdullah, M. Value-based performance excellence measurement for higher education institution: instrument validation. Quality & Quantity. 2013; 6(47): 3019-3030.
59. Vaatstra, R., & De Vries, R. The effect of the learning environment on competencies and training for the workplace according to graduates. Higher Education. 2007; 53(3): 335-357.
60. Heidari, GH. Abdolhossein Faraj pahlavi Farideh Extract Ehsan Geri.The Effect of Higher Education on The Focal Competencies of Undergraduate Students of Library and Information Science: A Case Study of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, National Studies of Library and Information Organization. 2013; 24(93).
61. Lobanova, T., & Shunin, Y. Competence-based education: A common European strategy. Computer Modelling and New Technologies. 2008; 12(2): 45-65.
62. Pearson, R. The demise of the graduate labor market. Beyond Mass Higher Education: Building on Experience: Building on Experience. 2005; 68.
63. Asif, M., Awan, M. U., Khan, M. K., & Ahmad, N. A model for total quality management in higher education. Quality & Quantity. 2013; 47(4): 1883-1904.
64. Martinez, J., Phillips, E., & Harris, C. Where do we go from here? Moving from systems-based practice process measures to true competency via developmental milestones. Medical education online. 2014; 19(1).
65. Azevedo, A., Apfelthaler, G., & Hurst, D. Competency development in business graduates: An industry-driven approach for examining the alignment of undergraduate business education with industry requirements. The International Journal of Management Education. 2012; 10(1): 12-28.
66. Ebrahimi Ghavam, S., Rahmani, N. Developing a primary model for evaluating the competency of a police university graduate. quarterly journal of training in police sciences. 2019; 21(4): 63-104.
67. Wu, W. W. A competency-based model for the success of an entrepreneurial start-up. WSEAS transactions on business and economics. 2009; 6(6): 279-291.
68. Santandreu-Mascarell, C., Garzon, D., & Knorr, H. Entrepreneurial and innovative competences, are they the same? Management Decision. 2013; 51(5): 1084.
69. Bennett, D., Knight, E., & Bell, K. Graduate employability, and the career thinking of university STEMM students. Teaching in Higher Education. 2020; 25(6): 750-765.
70. Shukla, O. P., & Suresh, G. Skills requirements for engineering graduates: An industry perspective. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM). 2016; 18(10).
71. Aghapour S, Movahhed Mohammadi S H, Alambeigi A. Key skills role in employability formation of college students. IRPHE. 2014;20 (1): 41-56
72. Tahmasbi, r., hashemnia, a. Development of Factors for Identification of Talents in SAPCO`s Strategic Jobs (Case Study: Manufacturing and supply of parts). Management Researches. 2013; 6(20): 97-119
73. Ahmad, S., Khaidzir, I., Azizan, A., Kadir, A., Zainul Ariffin, A. A., Anwarc, K., ... & Mb, W. The Social and Academic Skills And The Marketability Of UKM’s Graduates. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 131: 118-123.
74. Ahn, Benjamin; Cox, Monica, London; Jeremi, Cakic, Osman and Zhu, Jiabin. Creating an Instrument to Measure Leadership, Change, and Synthesis in Engineering Undergraduates. Journal of Engineering Education. 2014; 103)1(:115-136.
75. Fang, C. H., Chang, S. T., & Chen, G. L. Competency development among Taiwanese healthcare middle managers: A test of the AHP approach. African journal of business management. 2010; 4(13): 2845-2855.
76. Jungmann, T., Ossenberg, P., & Wissemann, S. Forschendes Lernen in den Ingenieurwissenschaften. Forschendes Lernen. 2017; 245-256.
77. Jantunen, S., Dumdum, R., & Gause, D. Towards new requirements engineering competencies. In 2019 IEEE/ACM 12th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE). 2019; (pp. 131-134). IEEE.
78. House, S. B. O. DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING GRADUATE PROGRAM OPEN HOUSE (Doctoral dissertation, School of Medicine, Brookhaven National Lab). 2020.
79. Sadegh, M. Prioritization of the Merits and Characteristics of Revolutionary Institutions through Value Approach. Journal of Research in Human Resources Management, 2015; 7(1): 113-135.
80. Shirazi A, Amini A. The Role of Institutional &Cultural Pressures in Utilizing Knowledge Management (a case study: Mashhad Regional Electricity Company). ORMR. 2013; 2 (4) :1-22
81. Mojab, F., Zaefarian, R., & Azizi, A. H. D. Applying the competency-based approach for entrepreneurship education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011; 12: 436-447.
82. Antunes, L. C. D. (2019). Challenges and Thoughts to Maintain a Skilled Cyber Workforce. Cyber Defense-Policies, Operations, and Capacity Building: CYDEF 2018, 147, 113.
83. Ranjbar, M., Khaef Elahi, A., Danaee Fard, H., & Fani, A. Measuring competency model for managers in the health sector (structural equation modeling approach). Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 23(109): 104-113.
84. Zopiatis, A. Is it art or science? Chef's competencies for success. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2010; 29(3): 459-467.
85. Asadi N; Sajadi s N; goudarzi M; Moradi A. Determining the Competencies of Sports Event Managers, Journal of Sport Management. 2015; 7(2): 159-174.
86. Niroomand, P., Ranjbar, M., & Bamdad Soufi, J. Managers' professional competencies and sustainable development in Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (A suggested framework). Journal of Human Resource Management in the Oil Industry. 2011; 2 (8): 73-101.
87. Shabani, R., Hojjati, A., & Ghorbani, R. Identification of Commanders’ Worthiness in the Units of Brigade of Student at Imam Ali Military University. MILITARY MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY. 2015; 15(57): 82-101.
88. Jungmann T. Inquiry-based learning in the engineering sciences. inquiry-based learning–undergraduate research 2019 (pp. 205-215). Springer, Cham.
89. Khorasani, Abasalt, Hossein Zahedi, And Akbar Kamizi. Designing a Business Management Competency Model for Managerial Jobs of Ansar Bank." 2015; 1(1):1-21.
90. Seabela, M., & Fatoki, O. The entrepreneurial competencies of non-business university students in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Sciences. 2014; 6(3): 375-381.
91. Orejudo-Hernández, S., Aparicio-Moreno, L., & Cano-Escoriaza, J. Personal competencies of Spanish students pursuing different academic careers. contributions and reflections from positive psychology. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues. 2013; 5(2): 63-78.
92. Cortes Tomas, M. T., Giménez Costa, J. A., Sellés, P. M., & Mahía, F. C. The importance of expectations in the relationship between impulsivity and binge drinking among university students. Adicciones. 2014; 26(2).
93. Boni, A., & Lozano, J. F. The generic competencies: an opportunity for ethical learning in the European convergence in higher education. Higher Education. 2007; 54(6): 819-831.
94. Nicklaus, T. Learning Needs Assessment in Entrepreneurship Training: a Practical Approach of Competency-Based Assessment (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Twente). 2011.
95. www.onetonline.org.
96. Motaghed Larijani, Z., Vakili, M. M., Gofranipour, F., & Mirmohammadkhani, M. Effects of health education program on Behvarz's interpersonal communication skills in Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Koomesh. 2015; 16(2): 229-238.
97. Mahmoudi A, Abedi A, Heydari Y. Professional Competencies of Educational Directors. JMDP. 2012; 25 (1):69-92
98. Leach, R. Fundamental Principles of Engineering Nanometrology. William Andrew. 2009.
99. Bazargan, A., Dadras, M., & Yousefi Afrashteh, M. Construction and Validation of an Instrument to Measure the Quality of Academic Services to Students. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education. 2014; 20(2): 73-97.
100. Gross, B. Student Teachers’ Interest in and Expectations of their Studies and their Profession: Empirical Research and Critical Reflection on Teaching Competencies and Qualifications. FORMAZIONE & INSEGNAMENTO.Rivista internazionale di Scienze dell'educazione e della formazione. 2020; 18(1), 497-510.
101. Koenen, A. K., Dochy, F., & Berghmans, I. A phenomenographic analysis of the implementation of competency-based education in higher education. Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies. 2015; 50(1): 1-12.
102. Melnyk, Y. B. Study of Trends of Students’ Demand for The Formation of Competences By Higher Educational Institutions. Наука і освіта. 2017; (5): 127-133.
103. Lechasseur, K., Caux, C., Dollé, S., & Legault, A. Ethical competence: An integrative review. Nursing ethics. 2018; 25(6): 694-706.
