Measurement and Analysis of Radiation Levels from Base Transceiver Station in Sambas
Subject Areas : Electromagnetic, Antenna and PropagationFitri Imansyah 1 , Leonardus Sandy Ade Putra 2 , Eka Kusumawardhani 3
1 - University of Tanjungpura
2 - University of Tanjungpura
3 - University of Tanjungpura
Keywords: Base Transceiver Stations, Radiation Level, ICNIRP, Telecommunication, Sambas,
Abstract :
The development of telecommunications in Indonesia until now has experienced a very significant increase and has become a significant need in communication. Many people use communication tools daily, causing many providers to set up Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) to reach their users to remote areas. BTS has a transmit power that can reach the destination area, but most people still do not know the level of radiation emitted and the health effects on the body. Therefore the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has set a threshold level of safe radiation for the human body. Sambas is one of the cities in West Kalimantan which is the target for the development of BTS establishments by operators. This makes the surrounding community feel afraid of the health caused by radiation from the BTS. So it is necessary to do some research, socialize, measuring, and evaluate the level of radiation emitted from BTS, especially in residential areas. The research was conducted through several stages, including; data collection, data collection methods on variations in distance from BTS, results of radiation level measurements, and comparisons to the safe threshold value for radiation intensity that has been set by ICNIRP. The measurement results from 20 BTS in Sambas show that the radiation level from the BTS measured is still far from the safe radiation threshold that has been set by ICNIRP.
[1] R. I. KOMINFO, “Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 7 Tahun 2009 tentang Pedoman Pembangunan dan Penggunaan Bersama Menara Telekomunikasi.” 2009.
[2] K. P. Republik Indonesia, “Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 7 Tahun 2009 tentang Pedoman Pembangunan dan Penggunaan Bersama Menara Telekomunikasi.” 2009.
[3] Health Protection Agency, Health Effects from Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. 2012.
[4] P. Bernardi et al., “Evaluation of human absorption in the near field of a BTS antenna,” IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., vol. 3, pp. 1449–1452, 2004.
[5] T. A. A. Santana et al., “Measurement campaign on the electromagnetic environment in the central region of the City of Mossoro,” SBMO/IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Optoelectron. Conf. IMOC 2017, vol. 2017-Janua, no. 303, pp. 1–4, 2017.
[6] A. Linhares, M. A. B. Terada, and A. J. M. Soares, “Estimating the location of maximum exposure to electromagnetic fields associated with a radiocommunication station,” J. Microwaves, Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 141–157, 2013.
[7] M. Riederer, “EMF exposure due to GSM base stations: measurements and limits,” pp. 402-405 Vol.1, 2008.
[8] IARC, “IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans,” World Heal. Organ., vol. 2008, no. May, pp. 1–6, 2011.
[9] R. Matthes, “EMF Safety Guidelines \r- The ICNIRP View - ,” ITU Work. Hum. Expo. Electromagn. F., no. May, 2013.
[10] E. A. Dialogue and E. Fields, “on Risks From,” Environ. Heal., pp. i–66, 2002.
[11] M. J. Schoemaker et al., “Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: Results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries,” Br. J. Cancer, vol. 93, no. 7, pp. 842–848, 2005.
[12] J. Wilén et al., “Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Health among RF Plastic Sealer Operators,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 5–15, 2004.
[13] N. Kwan-hoong and D. Ph, “Radiation, Mobile Phones, Base Stations and Your Health.”
[14] G. Ziegelberger et al., Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz), vol. 118, no. 5. 2020.
[15] S. Sector and O. F. Itu, “Guide on electromagnetic fields and health,” vol. 1, 2020.
[16] M. E. van D. P. R. Repcholi, “Base stations and wireless networks: Exposures and health consequences,” Int. Work. Base Station. Wirel. Networks Expo. Heal. Consequences, pp. 1–168, 2005.
[17] G. J. Rubin, G. Hahn, B. S. Everitt, A. J. Cleare, and S. Wessely, “Are some people sensitive to mobile phone signals? Within participants double blind randomised provocation study,” Br. Med. J., vol. 332, no. 7546, pp. 886–889, 2006.
[18] K. K. Kesari, M. H. Siddiqui, R. Meena, H. N. Verma, and S. Kumar, “Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems,” Indian J. Exp. Biol., vol. 51, no. 3, p. 187—200, Mar. 2013.
[19] P. A. Valberg, E. van Deventer, and M. H. Repacholi, “Workgroup report: Base stations and wireless networks - Radiofrequency (RF) exposures and health consequences,” Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 416–424, 2007.
[20] IEEE, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, vol. 2005, no. April. 2006.
[21] A. Linhares, A. J. M. Soares, and M. A. B. Terada, “Determination of Measurement Points in Urban Environments for Assessment of Maximum Exposure to EMF Associated with a Base Station,” Int. J. Antennas Propag., vol. 2014, 2014.
[22] R. Vadlamudi and D. Sriram Kumar, “97 Dual Band, Dual Slant ±45° Polarized 2 × 2 MIMO (8T 8R) Antenna Array with Low Mutual Coupling for A-LTE(4G) Band 41/42/43(5G) BTS Application,” 2020 Int. Conf. Wirel. Commun. Signal Process. Networking, WiSPNET 2020, vol. 43, pp. 97–101, 2020.
[23] U. Bergqvist, G. Friedrich, Y. Hamnerius, and L. Martens, “Mobile Telecommunication Base Stations-Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, Report of a Short Term Mission within COST 244bis,” Cost, p. 77, 2000.
[24] B. O. Ayinmode and I. P. Farai, “Risks Associated with Low Level Radiofrequency Exposure at Close Proximities to Mobile Phone Base Stations,” Pacific J. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 330–335, 2012.
[25] S. To and P. By, “REPORT ON Secretary , DOT , Delhi Prepared By,” no. December, pp. 1–50, 2010.