Effect of Iso–Caloric Sago and Soy Supplementations during 90 Minutes Steady–State Cycling on Subsequent 20–km Cycling Time Trial Performance in the Heat
Subject Areas : Sport NutritionDaniel Tarmast 1 , Asok Kumar Ghosh 2 , Chee Keong Chen 3
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Tehran, Iran
2 - Professor, Department of Sports Science and Yoga, School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Education, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Belur Math, Howrah, West Bengal 711202, India.
3 - Professor, Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
Keywords: Carbohydrate, Protein, Iso–Caloric, Sago, Soy, Cycling Time Trial, Heat,
Abstract :
Background: In Asian countries, like Malaysia, India, and Thailand, sago (SA) is frequently used as daily food. The use of local daily food as supplements over expensive drinks is cost–effective for athletes. Hence, SA (carbohydrate) could be recommended as affordable nutrition ingestion. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of SA, Soy (SO) protein, Sago+Soy (SS) supplementation (combination of carbohydrate and protein), and placebo (PL) during moderate–intensity cycling on subsequent 20–km time trial performance. Materials and Methods: The participants were 12 young male well–trained cyclists from Malaysia. They pedaled at 60% of VO2max for 90 min followed by a 20–km time trial (TT) in the heat. At 20 min intervals during cycling at 60% VO2max, participants consumed either SA, SO, SS, or a PL. The SA, SO, and SS feedings provided 7.5% SA, 7.5% SO, and 7.5% SA+1.5% SO respectively to drink iso–caloric beverages with an estimated energy level ~300 kcal. The average speed and cadence were also recorded during the TT. Results: Time taken for TT for SA, SO, SS, and PL were 42.8±1.8 min, 46.3±2.6 min, 42.7±2.3 min, and 43.2±1.8 min respectively. The TT performance, speed, and cadence of the cyclists did not exhibit any significant differences among the three trials. Conclusion: These data indicated that consumption of sago and soy, and iso–caloric SS (coingestion of sago and soy) during steady–state ride failed to improve the subsequent cycling performance in the heat.
1. Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance. Nutrition. 2004;20(7-8):669-77. PMID: 15212750 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.017
2. Learsi SK, Ghiarone T, Silva‐Cavalcante MD, Andrade‐Souza VA, Ataide‐Silva T, Bertuzzi R, et al. Cycling time trial performance is improved by carbohydrate ingestion during exercise regardless of a fed or fasted state. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2019;29(5):651-62. PMID: 30672619 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13393
3. Scrivin R, Black K. Sports Drinks Consumed During Exercise, Which Affect Thermoregulation and/or Athletic Performance in the Heat: A Review. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2018;40(5):108-19. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000394
4. Snipe RM, Khoo A, Kitic CM, Gibson PR, Costa RJ. Carbohydrate and protein intake during exertional heat stress ameliorates intestinal epithelial injury and small intestine permeability. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 2017;42(12):1283-92. PMID: 28777927 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0361
5. Burke LM. Nutritional needs for exercise in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2001;128(4):735-48. PMID: 11282317 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00279-3
6. Coyle EF. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise. International journal of sports medicine. 1992;13 Suppl 1:S126-8. PMID: 1483749 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1024615
7. Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, Montain SJ, Reiff RV, Rich BS, et al. National athletic trainers' association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of athletic training. 2000;35(2):212-24. PMID: 16558633
8. Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2007;39(2):377-90. PMID: 17277604 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597
9. Febbraio MA, Snow RJ, Hargreaves M, Stathis CG, Martin IK, Carey MF. Muscle metabolism during exercise and heat stress in trained men: effect of acclimation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994;76(2):589-97. PMID: 8175568 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.2.589
10. Ahmad H, Singh R, Ghosh AK. Glycaemic & insulinaemic responses in men at rest following sago meal. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009;130(2):160. PMID: 19797813
11. Kueh HS, Robert E, Tie Y, Ung C, Osman JH, editors. The feasibility of plantation production of sago (Metroxylon sagu) on an organic soil in Sarawak. 4th International Sago Symposium; 1991 6-9 Aug; Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia: Ministry of Agriculture and Community Development. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=MY9305232
12. Ghosh AK, Rahaman AA, Singh R. Combination of sago and soy-protein supplementation during endurance cycling exercise and subsequent high-intensity endurance capacity. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2010;20(3):216-23. PMID: 20601739 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.216
13. Che Jusoh MR, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Sago supplementation for exercise performed in a thermally stressful environment: Rationale, efficacy and opportunity. Temperature. 2016;3(3):384-93. PMID: 28349080 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1211072
14. Che Jusoh MR, Stannard SR, Mündel T. Physiologic and performance effects of sago supplementation before and during cycling in a warm-humid environment. Temperature. 2016;3(2):318-27. PMID: 27857961 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1159772
15. Tarmast D, Ghosh AK, Chen CK. Metabolic Responses to Sago and Soy Supplementations during Endurance Cycling Performance in the Heat. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2017;6(3):1-7. DOI: 10.22631/ijaep.v6i3.176
16. Ivy JL, Goforth HW, Damon BM, McCauley TR, Parsons EC, Price TB. Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;93(4):1337-44. PMID: 12235033 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00394.2002
17. Saunders MJ, Kane MD, Todd MK. Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damage. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2004;36(7):1233-8. PMID: 15235331 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000132377.66177.9f
18. George KS, Muñoz J, Akhavan NS, Foley EM, Siebert SC, Tenenbaum G, et al. Is soy protein effective in reducing cholesterol and improving bone health? Food & Function. 2020;11(1):544-51. PMID: 31848551 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01081e
19. Ghosh A, Bin R, Jusoh C. Soy protein supplementation during moderate intensity exercise failed to improve the subsequent 15 min time trial power output in hot environment. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2010;12:e103. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.212
20. Seeley AD, Jacobs KA, JF S. Acute Soy Supplementation Improves 20-km Time Trial Performance, Power, and Speed. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2020;52(1):170-7. PMID: 31343517 DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002102
21. Sanz JMM, Navarro AN, García ES, López IS. An Overview on Essential Amino Acids and Branched Chain Amino Acids. Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance: Elsevier; 2019. p. 509-19. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813922-6.00043-6
22. Ahmad H, Ghosh AK, Mat Easa A, Singh R. Postprandial Plasma Glucose Responses and Glycaemic Indices of Different Forms of a Large Sago Meal. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition. 2005;11(1):S76. https:// http://eprints.usm.my/190/
23. Ahmad H, Singh R, Ghosh AK. The effect of a sago starch feedings before and during endurance cycling in the heat on subsequent time trial performance. 6th Sports Science Conference; 24-26 July; Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia: Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2006. p. 33.
24. Faizal AM, Ooi FK, Ghosh AK, Ang BS, Rosli WIW, editors. Effectiveness of an Isocaloric Daily Use Food and Sports Drink as Recovery Aids on Subsequent High-Intensity Cycling Performance. 9th International Sport Science Conference, Contemporary Trends and Research in Sports, Exercise and Physical Education; 2012; Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia: Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2013. http://eprints.unisza.edu.my/512/1/FH03-FPSK-14-01418.pdf#page=114
25. Ghosh AK, Jusoh MRBC. Soy protein supplementation during moderate intensity exercise failed to improve the subsequent 15 min time trial power output in hot environment. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2010;12(2):e103. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.212
26. Ghosh AK, Singh R, Mat Easa A, Ahmad H. Glucose And Insulin Reponses At Rest Following The Ingestion Of Different Physical Forms Of Sago Meal [Monograph ]. Kota Bharu, Kelantan: Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2008 [Available from: http://eprints.usm.my/189/1/Glucose_And_Insulin_Response_At_Rest_Following_The_Ingestion_Of_Different_Physical_Forms_Of_A_Sago_Meal.pdf.
27. Rahaman A, Ghosh AK, Singh R. The effect of sago-soy protein supplementation on endurance cycling performance in thermo-neutral environment. 4th ISN Sports Medicine and Sports Science International Conference; 25th –27th May; Palace of the Golden Horses, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2006. p. 74.
28. Ivy JL, Res PT, Sprague RC, Widzer MO. Effect of a carbohydrate-protein supplement on endurance performance during exercise of varying intensity. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2003;13(3):382-95. PMID: 14669937 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.382
29. Cathcart AJ, Murgatroyd SR, McNab A, Whyte LJ, Easton C. Combined carbohydrate–protein supplementation improves competitive endurance exercise performance in the heat. European journal of applied physiology. 2011;111(9):2051-61. PMID: 21259024 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1831-5
30. Dupont WD, Plummer Jr WD. PS: Power and sample size calculation Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University2010 [Available from: http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu.
31. Bayles MP, Swank AM. ACSM's exercise testing and prescription: Wolters Kluwer; 2018. ISBN: 9781496338792
32. Rahimi MCJ, Ghosh AK, Bandyopadhyay A. Effects of Soy Protein Supplementation on High Intensity Cycling Performance in Hot and Humid Environment. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011;18(3 July-September):124.
33. Manaf FbA, Ghosh AK, Suen AB, Kiew OF, Ishak WRW. A comparative analysis of post-exercise supplementation of isocaloric sago, sago-soy and sports drink on subsequent high intensity cycling performance: at Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2009.
34. Carter JM, Jeukendrup AE, Jones DA. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2004;36(12):2107-11. PMID: 15570147 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000147585.65709.6f
35. Desbrow B, Anderson S, Barrett J, Rao E, Hargreaves M. Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings and 1 h time trial cycling performance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2004;14(5):541-9. PMID: 15673100 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.541
36. Nassif C, Ferreira A, Gomes A, Silva L, Garcia E, Marino F. Double blind carbohydrate ingestion does not improve exercise duration in warm humid conditions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2008;11:72-9. PMID: 18023253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.015
37. Nassif C, Gomes AR, Peixoto GH, Chagas MH, Soares DD, Silami-Garcia E, et al. The effect of double--blind carbohydrate ingestion during 60 km of self-paced exercise in warm ambient conditions. PloS one. 2014;9(8):1-8. PMID: 25110952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104710
38. Oosthuyse T, Carstens M, Millen AM. Ingesting Isomaltulose Versus Fructose-Maltodextrin During Prolonged Moderate-Heavy Exercise Increases Fat Oxidation but Impairs Gastrointestinal Comfort and Cycling Performance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2015;25(5):427-38. PMID: 25811946 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0178
39. Saunders MJ. Coingestion of carbohydrate-protein during endurance exercise: influence on performance and recovery. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2007;17(s1):S87-S103. PMID: 18577778 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s87
40. Muhamad AS, Puad N, Kuan G. Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Salivary Lysozyme, Mood States and Running Performance Among Recreational Runners. Malays J Med Sci. 2020;27(1):87-96. PMID: 32158348 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.1.9
41. Vandenbogaerde TJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of acute carbohydrate supplementation on endurance performance: a meta-analysis. Sports medicine. 2011;41(9):773-92. PMID: 21846165 DOI: 10.2165/11590520-000000000-00000
42. Niles ES, Lachowetz T, Garfi J, Sullivan W, Smith JC, Leyh BP, et al. Carbohydrate-protein drink improves time to exhaustion after recovery from endurance exercise. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2001;4(1):45-52. PMID: 22692117 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182606cec
43. Romano-Ely BC, Todd MK, Saunders MJ, Laurent TS. Effect of an isocaloric carbohydrate-protein-antioxidant drink on cycling performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2006;38(9):1608-16. PMID: 16960522 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000229458.11452.e9
44. Upshaw AU, Wong TS, Bandegan A, Lemon PW. Cycling time trial performance 4 hours after glycogen-lowering exercise is similarly enhanced by recovery nondairy chocolate beverages versus chocolate Milk. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2016;26(1):65-70. PMID: 26314086 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0056
45. Gervasi M, Sisti D, Amatori S, Donati Zeppa S, Annibalini G, Piccoli G, et al. Effects of a commercially available branched-chain amino acid-alanine-carbohydrate-based sports supplement on perceived exertion and performance in high intensity endurance cycling tests. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2020;17(1):6. PMID: 31959202 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-0337-0
46. Madsen K, MacLean DA, Kiens B, Christensen D. Effects of glucose, glucose plus branched-chain amino acids, or placebo on bike performance over 100 km. Journal of applied physiology. 1996;81(6):2644-50. PMID: 9018517 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2644
47. Osterberg KL, Zachwieja JJ, Smith JW. Carbohydrate and carbohydrate + protein for cycling time-trial performance. Journal of sports sciences. 2008;26(3):227-33. PMID: 18074296 DOI: 10.1080/02640410701459730
48. van Essen M, Gibala MJ. Failure of protein to improve time trial performance when added to a sports drink. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2006;38(8):1476-83. PMID: 16888462 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000228958.82968.0a
49. Dumke CL, Slivka DR, Cuddy JS, Hailes WS, Ruby BC. Skeletal muscle metabolic gene response to carbohydrate feeding during exercise in the heat. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2013;10(1):1-8. PMID: 24034227 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-40
50. Febbraio MA, Murton P, Selig SE, Clark SA, Lambert DL, Angus DJ, et al. Effect of CHO ingestion on exercise metabolism and performance in different ambient temperatures. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1996;28(11):1380-7. PMID: 8933488 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199611000-00006
51. Lee JK, Ang WH, Ng JW, Fan PW, Teo YS, Nolte HW, et al. Effects of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on cognitive performance following exercise-induced hyperthermia in humans. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2014;11(1):51-8. PMID: 25379031 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0051-x
52. Dumke CL, Davis JM, Murphy EA, Nieman DC, Carmichael MD, Quindry JC, et al. Successive bouts of cycling stimulates genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2009;107(4):419-27. PMID: 19657668 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1143-1
53. Liu C-T, Brooks GA. Mild heat stress induces mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. Journal of applied physiology. 2012;112(3):354-61. PMID: 22052865 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00989.2011
54. Slivka D, Dumke C, Tucker T, Cuddy J, Ruby B. Human mRNA response to exercise and temperature. International journal of sports medicine. 2012;33(2):94-100. PMID: 22113536 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1287799
55. Cluberton LJ, McGee SL, Murphy RM, Hargreaves M. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise-induced alterations in metabolic gene expression. Journal of applied physiology. 2005;99(4):1359-63. PMID: 15932964 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00197.2005
56. Morton JP, Croft L, Bartlett JD, MacLaren DP, Reilly T, Evans L, et al. Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. Journal of applied physiology. 2009;106(5):1513-21. PMID: 19265068 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00003.2009.