Explaining the Impact of Web2.0 Technologies on Government Performance
Subject Areas : Research in Theoritical Politics
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Keywords: Web2.0, Web1.0, Gov2.0, Citizenship, Transparency,
Abstract :
Today, because of the development of communication and information technologies, the world in which we live is called the virtual world. This virtual world is heavily influenced by "Web2.0 technologies". Web2.0 technology refers to electronic and Internet media that can increase citizen participation in various affairs, in particular, political affairs. This technology as a second generation of Internet services has a social dimension that emanates in the form of social media, and therefore the impact of these technologies on the performance of the government is important. This article seeks to answer this question: What impact Web2.0 technologies can have on government performance? And how it affects the government? The hypothesis of the article suggests that Web 2.0 technologies potentially transformed the way and function of the traditional government and led to the emergence of a new kind of government. In the literature on communications and politics science, this kind of government is referred to as the "web.2.0 government". This study shows that Web2.0 leads to an increase in the level of government performance. Indeed, government 2.0 has not only influenced by the integration of new communication and information technologies but also benefited from the effects of these technologies. The mechanisms by which the web2.0 technologies increase the level of government performance are: Creating open culture, increasing citizen participation, promoting government transparency, citizen-centered government, and promoting democracy. In this paper, the question and research hypothesis has been evaluated using library resources and the descriptive-analytic method.
References:
افتاده، جواد (۱۳۹۱) «تفاوت بین رسانه¬های اجتماعی با رسانه¬های جمعی»، نشریه علوم اجتماعی، شماره ۵۶، صص 67-۷۲.
معمار، ثریا و دیگران (۱۳۹۱) «شبکه¬های اجتماعی مجازی و بحران هویت، با تأکید بر بحران هویتی ایران»، فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران، شماره ۴، صص 156-۱۷۶.
یعقوبی، نورمحمد (1385) «دولت الکترونیک؛ الگوی انتقالی»، فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت، دوره سیزدهم، شماره 50، صص 97-117.
Al-Badi, Ali H (2014) “The adoption of social media in government agencies: Gulf Cooperation Council case study” Journal of Technology Research, vol.5, pp1-26.
Addison, Chris (2006) “Web 2.0: A New Chapter in Development in Practice?”, Development in Practice, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp.623-627.
Aghaei, Sareh. Mohammad Ali Nematbakhsh and HadiKhosraviFarsani (2012) “Evolution of the world wide web: from Web 1.0 to Web 4.0”, International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology. Vol.3, No.1, pp.1-10.
Agichtein, E., Castillo, C., Donato, D, Gionis, A., &Mishne, G. (2008) “Finding high quality content in social media”. In Proceedings of the 2008 internationalconference on web search and web data mining, Standford: ACM, pp.183–194.
Aladalah M, Cheung Y and Lee V (2015) “Enabling Citizen Participation in Gov. 2.0: An Empowerment Perspective”, The Electronic Journal of e Government, Vol. 13, Issue. 2, pp.77‐93.
Alshehri, Mohammed and Steve Drew (2010) “E-Government Fundamentals”, IADIS International Conference ICT, Society and Human Beings, pp.35-42.
Bertot, John Carlo and Paul T. Jaeger and Justin M. Grimes (2012) “Promoting transparency and accountability through ICTs, social media, and collaborative e-government”, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, Vol. 6 Issue: 1, pp.78-91.
Breindl, Yana and Pascal Francq (2008) Can Web 2.0 applications save e-democracy? A study of how new internet applications may enhance citizen participation in the political process online, Int. J. ElectronicDemocracy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.14-31.
Bonson, Enrique, Lourdes Torres, Sonia Royo, Francisco Flores (2012) “Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 29, pp.123–132.
Chun, Soon Ae. Stuart Shulman, Rodrigo Sandovaland Eduard Hovy (2010) “Government 2.0: Making connections between citizens, data and government”, Information Polity, Vol. 15, pp.1–9.
Citron, Danielle Keats (2010) “Fulfilling Government 2.0’s Promise with Robust Privacy Protections”, The George Washington Law Review, June, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp.822-845.
Constantinides, E., & Fountain, S. J. (2008) “Web 2.0: Conceptual foundations and marketing issues”. Journal of direct, data and digital marketing practice, 9 (3), pp.231-244.
Constantinides, E. (2009) “Social Media/Web 2.0 as marketing parameter: An introduction”, In Proceedings of 8th international congress marketing trends, pp.15-17.
Dasgupta, Diptiman. and Dasgupta, Rudranil (2009) “social networks using web.2.0”, IBM corporation, developer works, no.23, pp.1-8.
Dong, Tiance. Chenxi Liang, Xu He (2016), “Social media and internet public events”, Telematics and Informatics, pp.1-14. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.024.
Dougall, Chandra (2012) “GOV 2.0: Exploring the Use of Web 2.0 Tools by Local Government in Southwestern Ontario”, MPA Research Report, The University of Western Ontario.
Effing, Robin and Jos van Hillegersberg, and Theo Huibers (2011) “Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems?”, International Federation for Information Processing, pp.25-35.
Engin, Melih, FatihGurses, Fatmaİgdeli (2016) “The Use Of Web 2.0 Tools In Local Goverment: An Empirical Study In Turkish Municipalities”, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, No. 44 , pp.213-232.
Freeman, Julie and SharnaQuirke (2013) “Understanding E-Democracy”, JeDEM 5 (2), pp.141-154.
Gardini, Silvia. Marco M. Mattei and Rebecca L. Orelli (2012) “Gov 2.0 theory and practice for service delivery”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 62, pp.122 – 127.
Gibby, Aaron; Smith, Stephen; Pang, Vincent; and Toorn, Christine Van (2014), “The Impact of WEB 2.0 (GOV 2.0) and Social Media Technologies on Engagment in Local Government”, PACIS 2014 Proceedings Gruen, Nicholas (2009) “Engage: Getting on with Government 2.0”, Draft Report of the Government 2.0 Taskforce, The Taskforce, Australia.
Hall, Wendy and Thanassis Tiropanis (2012) “Web evolution and Web Science”, Computer Networks, Vol. 56, pp.3859–3865.
Harrison, Teresa and Brea Barthel (2009) “Wielding new media in Web 2.0: exploring the history of engagement with the collaborative construction of media products”, new media & society, Vol.11 (1&2), pp.155-178.
Hassan, Mohammed.K. and Amany.M.Sarhan and Ali.I.El-Dosouki (2012) “Semantic Web a gainst Classic Web (Contender or Natural Evolution)”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol.2, Issue 9, pp.54-61.
Hiremath, B. K. & Anand Y. Kenchakkanavar (2016) “An Alteration of the Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0: A Comparative Study”, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue. 4, pp.705-710.
Jackson, Nigel A. & Darren G. Lilleker (2009) “Building an Architecture of Participation? Political Parties and Web 2.0 in Britain”, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Vol. 6, pp.232–250.
Jaeger, Paul T. and John Carlo Bertot (2010) Transparency and technological change: Ensuring equal and sustained public access to government information, Government Information Quarterly 27, pp.371–376.
Kaplan, Andreas M. and Michael Haenlein (2010) “Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media”, Business Horizons, Vol. 53, pp.59-68.
Karakiza, Maria (2015) “The impact of Social Media in the Public Sector”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 175, pp.384 – 392.
Kauffman, Heather J. (2009) “Political Discourse and Participation Utilizing Web 2.0 Technologes”, A Thesis Presented to the Faculty in Communication and Leadership Studies School of Professional Studies Gonzaga University.
Khan, GoharFeroz and Ho Young Yoon, Ji Young Kim and Han Woo Park (2014) “From e-government to social government: Twitter use by Korea’s central government”, Online Information Review.
Khan, GoharFeroz (2015) “The Government 2.0 utilization model and implementation scenarios”, Information Development, Vol. 31 (2), pp.135–149.
------------------------ (2017) Social Media for Government, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Kool, Dennis de ( 2014) “The Use of Social Media in the Public Sector: Some Lessons from the Netherlands.” In Measuring E-government Efficiency, pp.157-170, Springer, New York.
Kool, Dennis de and Johan van Wamelen (2008) “Web 2.0: A New Basis for E-Government?”, Conference: Information and Communication Technologies: From Theory to Applications.
Lilleker, Darren G. & Nigel A. Jackson (2010) “Towards a More Participatory Style of Election Campaigning: The Impact of Web 2.0 on the UK 2010 General Election”, Policy & Internet, Vol. 2: Iss. 3, pp.69-98.
Linders, Dennis (2012) “From e-government to we-government: Defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media”, Government Information Quarterly 29, pp.446–454.
Macintosh, Ann (2004) “Characterizing e-participation in policy-making. In System Sciences”, 2004.Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, pp.1-10.
Mansor, Ahmad Zamri (2012) “Top five creative ideas using web 2.0”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 59, pp.429 – 437.
McNutt, John G. (2008) “Web 2.0 Tools for Policy Research and Advocacy”, Journal of Policy Practice, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.81-85.
McNutt, Kathleen (2012) “Social Media & Government 2.0”, https: //www.schoolofpublicpolicy.sk.ca/documents/research/archived_publication/government_reports/2012_Social%20Media%20and%20Government%20Final_2012.pdf.
Meijer A, Koops B, Pieterson W, Overman S and ten Tije S. (2012) «Government 2.0: Key Challenges to Its Realization", Electronic Journal of e-Government, Vol.10, Issue. 1, pp.59 – 69.
Mintz, Daniel (2008) “Government 2.0—Fact or Fiction? The Quarterly for Practitioners”, the Public Manager, pp.17-20.
Mrabet, Rim Gharbi (2016) “Web 2.0 as a New Channel For Innovation Diffusion: the Case Study of Renew Able Energy Products”, International Journal of Innovation, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.1-10.
Naik, Umesha, D Shivalingaiah (2008) “International CALIBER-2008, Comparative Study of Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0”, International CALIBER, pp.499-507.
Nam, Taewoo (2010) “The Wisdom of Crowds in Government 2.0: Information Paradigm Evolution toward Wiki-Government”, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Lima, Peru, August, pp.1-10.
------------------- (2012a) “Suggesting frameworks of citizen-sourcing via Government 2.0”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 29, pp.12–20.
------------------- (2012b) “Citizens' attitudes toward Open Government and Government 2.0”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78 (2), pp.346–368.
O’Reilly, Tim (2010) “Government as a Platform, innovations”, Inc. Vol. 6, No.1, pp.13-41.
------------------- (2005) “What Is Web 2.0”, aveilabl at http: //www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html.
O'Reilly, Tim, and John Battelle (2009) “Web squared: Web 2.0 five years on”, O'Reilly Media, Inc. availeble at: https: //conferences.oreilly.com/web2summit/web2009/public/schedule/detail/10194 Osimo, David (2008) “Web 2.0 in Government: Why and How?”, European Communities, JRC Scintific and Technical Reports, pp.1-58.
Patel, Karan (2013) “Incremental Journey for World Wide Web: Introduced with Web 1.0 to Recent Web 5.0 – A Survey Paper”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol. 3, Iss. 10, pp.410-417.
Polat, RabiaKarakaya (2005) “The Internet and Political Participation: Exploring the Explanatory Links”, European Journal of Communication, Vol. 20 (4), pp.435–459.
Power, Daniel J., and Gloria Phillips-Wren (2011) “Impact of social media and Web 2.0 on decision-making”, Journal of decision systems, vol.20, no.3, pp.249-261.
Raoof, Jihan K. and Halimah Badioze Zaman, Azlina Ahmad and Ammar Al-Qaraghuli (2013) “Using social network systems as a tool for political change”, International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 8 (21), pp.1143-1148.
Reddick, Christopher G and Donald F. Norris (2013) “Social media adoption at the American grass roots: Web 2.0 or 1.5?”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 30, pp.498–507.
Sharma, Gajendra and Purusottam Kharel (2015) “E-Participation Concept and Web 2.0 in E-government”, General Scientific Researches, Vol.3, No.1, pp.1-4.
Sivarajah, Uthayasankar, Weerakkody, Vishanth and ZahirIrani (2016) “Opportunities and Challenges of Using Web 2.0 Technologies in Government”, available at: http: //link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45234-0-53.
Sivarajah, Uthayasankar, ZahirIrani, VishanthWeerakkody (2015), “Evaluating the use and impact of Web 2.0 technologies in local government”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 32, pp.473–487.
Sobaci, M. Z. (2016) “Social media and local governments: An overview” In Social Media and Local Governments (pp.3-21), Springer, Cham.
Steinberg, Alan (2015) “Exploring Web 2.0 political engagement: Is new technology reducing the biases of political participation?”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 39, pp.102-116.
Sun, Po-Ling and Cheng-Yuan Ku, Dong-Her Shih (2015) “An implementation framework for E-Government 2.0”, Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 32, pp.504-520.
The National Information Society Agency (2008) “Concepts and Features of Government 2.0 and 3.0”, available at: http: //www.mikekujawski.ca/ftp/Government2.0and3.0.pdf.
Thomas, Christopher, AmitSheth (2011) Web Wisdom: An essay on how Web 2.0 and Semantic Web can foster a global knowledge society, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 27, pp.1285–1293.
Van Dijk, Jan A.G.M (2013) “Digital Democracy: Vision and Reality”, To be Published in I. Snellen & W. van de Donk ‘Public Administration in the Information Age: Revisited’, IOS- Press.
Veljkovic, N., Bogdanovic-Dinic, S., & Stoimenov, L. (2012) “Building e-government 2.0-A step forward in bringing government closer to citizens”.Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices, Vol. 2012, pp.1-18.
Wigand, F. Dianne Lux (2011) “Gov 2.0 and Beyond: Using Social Media for Transparency”, Participation and Collaboration, Springer, pp.307-318.
افتاده، جواد (۱۳۹۱) «تفاوت بین رسانه¬های اجتماعی با رسانه¬های جمعی»، نشریه علوم اجتماعی، شماره ۵۶، صص 67-۷۲.
معمار، ثریا و دیگران (۱۳۹۱) «شبکه¬های اجتماعی مجازی و بحران هویت، با تأکید بر بحران هویتی ایران»، فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران، شماره ۴، صص 156-۱۷۶.
یعقوبی، نورمحمد (1385) «دولت الکترونیک؛ الگوی انتقالی»، فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت، دوره سیزدهم، شماره 50، صص 97-117.
Al-Badi, Ali H (2014) “The adoption of social media in government agencies: Gulf Cooperation Council case study” Journal of Technology Research, vol.5, pp1-26.
Addison, Chris (2006) “Web 2.0: A New Chapter in Development in Practice?”, Development in Practice, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp.623-627.
Aghaei, Sareh. Mohammad Ali Nematbakhsh and HadiKhosraviFarsani (2012) “Evolution of the world wide web: from Web 1.0 to Web 4.0”, International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology. Vol.3, No.1, pp.1-10.
Agichtein, E., Castillo, C., Donato, D, Gionis, A., &Mishne, G. (2008) “Finding high quality content in social media”. In Proceedings of the 2008 internationalconference on web search and web data mining, Standford: ACM, pp.183–194.
Aladalah M, Cheung Y and Lee V (2015) “Enabling Citizen Participation in Gov. 2.0: An Empowerment Perspective”, The Electronic Journal of e Government, Vol. 13, Issue. 2, pp.77‐93.
Alshehri, Mohammed and Steve Drew (2010) “E-Government Fundamentals”, IADIS International Conference ICT, Society and Human Beings, pp.35-42.
Bertot, John Carlo and Paul T. Jaeger and Justin M. Grimes (2012) “Promoting transparency and accountability through ICTs, social media, and collaborative e-government”, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, Vol. 6 Issue: 1, pp.78-91.
Breindl, Yana and Pascal Francq (2008) Can Web 2.0 applications save e-democracy? A study of how new internet applications may enhance citizen participation in the political process online, Int. J. ElectronicDemocracy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.14-31.
Bonson, Enrique, Lourdes Torres, Sonia Royo, Francisco Flores (2012) “Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 29, pp.123–132.
Chun, Soon Ae. Stuart Shulman, Rodrigo Sandovaland Eduard Hovy (2010) “Government 2.0: Making connections between citizens, data and government”, Information Polity, Vol. 15, pp.1–9.
Citron, Danielle Keats (2010) “Fulfilling Government 2.0’s Promise with Robust Privacy Protections”, The George Washington Law Review, June, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp.822-845.
Constantinides, E., & Fountain, S. J. (2008) “Web 2.0: Conceptual foundations and marketing issues”. Journal of direct, data and digital marketing practice, 9 (3), pp.231-244.
Constantinides, E. (2009) “Social Media/Web 2.0 as marketing parameter: An introduction”, In Proceedings of 8th international congress marketing trends, pp.15-17.
Dasgupta, Diptiman. and Dasgupta, Rudranil (2009) “social networks using web.2.0”, IBM corporation, developer works, no.23, pp.1-8.
Dong, Tiance. Chenxi Liang, Xu He (2016), “Social media and internet public events”, Telematics and Informatics, pp.1-14. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.05.024.
Dougall, Chandra (2012) “GOV 2.0: Exploring the Use of Web 2.0 Tools by Local Government in Southwestern Ontario”, MPA Research Report, The University of Western Ontario.
Effing, Robin and Jos van Hillegersberg, and Theo Huibers (2011) “Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems?”, International Federation for Information Processing, pp.25-35.
Engin, Melih, FatihGurses, Fatmaİgdeli (2016) “The Use Of Web 2.0 Tools In Local Goverment: An Empirical Study In Turkish Municipalities”, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, No. 44 , pp.213-232.
Freeman, Julie and SharnaQuirke (2013) “Understanding E-Democracy”, JeDEM 5 (2), pp.141-154.
Gardini, Silvia. Marco M. Mattei and Rebecca L. Orelli (2012) “Gov 2.0 theory and practice for service delivery”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 62, pp.122 – 127.
Gibby, Aaron; Smith, Stephen; Pang, Vincent; and Toorn, Christine Van (2014), “The Impact of WEB 2.0 (GOV 2.0) and Social Media Technologies on Engagment in Local Government”, PACIS 2014 Proceedings Gruen, Nicholas (2009) “Engage: Getting on with Government 2.0”, Draft Report of the Government 2.0 Taskforce, The Taskforce, Australia.
Hall, Wendy and Thanassis Tiropanis (2012) “Web evolution and Web Science”, Computer Networks, Vol. 56, pp.3859–3865.
Harrison, Teresa and Brea Barthel (2009) “Wielding new media in Web 2.0: exploring the history of engagement with the collaborative construction of media products”, new media & society, Vol.11 (1&2), pp.155-178.
Hassan, Mohammed.K. and Amany.M.Sarhan and Ali.I.El-Dosouki (2012) “Semantic Web a gainst Classic Web (Contender or Natural Evolution)”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol.2, Issue 9, pp.54-61.
Hiremath, B. K. & Anand Y. Kenchakkanavar (2016) “An Alteration of the Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0: A Comparative Study”, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue. 4, pp.705-710.
Jackson, Nigel A. & Darren G. Lilleker (2009) “Building an Architecture of Participation? Political Parties and Web 2.0 in Britain”, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Vol. 6, pp.232–250.
Jaeger, Paul T. and John Carlo Bertot (2010) Transparency and technological change: Ensuring equal and sustained public access to government information, Government Information Quarterly 27, pp.371–376.
Kaplan, Andreas M. and Michael Haenlein (2010) “Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media”, Business Horizons, Vol. 53, pp.59-68.
Karakiza, Maria (2015) “The impact of Social Media in the Public Sector”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 175, pp.384 – 392.
Kauffman, Heather J. (2009) “Political Discourse and Participation Utilizing Web 2.0 Technologes”, A Thesis Presented to the Faculty in Communication and Leadership Studies School of Professional Studies Gonzaga University.
Khan, GoharFeroz and Ho Young Yoon, Ji Young Kim and Han Woo Park (2014) “From e-government to social government: Twitter use by Korea’s central government”, Online Information Review.
Khan, GoharFeroz (2015) “The Government 2.0 utilization model and implementation scenarios”, Information Development, Vol. 31 (2), pp.135–149.
------------------------ (2017) Social Media for Government, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Kool, Dennis de ( 2014) “The Use of Social Media in the Public Sector: Some Lessons from the Netherlands.” In Measuring E-government Efficiency, pp.157-170, Springer, New York.
Kool, Dennis de and Johan van Wamelen (2008) “Web 2.0: A New Basis for E-Government?”, Conference: Information and Communication Technologies: From Theory to Applications.
Lilleker, Darren G. & Nigel A. Jackson (2010) “Towards a More Participatory Style of Election Campaigning: The Impact of Web 2.0 on the UK 2010 General Election”, Policy & Internet, Vol. 2: Iss. 3, pp.69-98.
Linders, Dennis (2012) “From e-government to we-government: Defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media”, Government Information Quarterly 29, pp.446–454.
Macintosh, Ann (2004) “Characterizing e-participation in policy-making. In System Sciences”, 2004.Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, pp.1-10.
Mansor, Ahmad Zamri (2012) “Top five creative ideas using web 2.0”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 59, pp.429 – 437.
McNutt, John G. (2008) “Web 2.0 Tools for Policy Research and Advocacy”, Journal of Policy Practice, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.81-85.
McNutt, Kathleen (2012) “Social Media & Government 2.0”, https: //www.schoolofpublicpolicy.sk.ca/documents/research/archived_publication/government_reports/2012_Social%20Media%20and%20Government%20Final_2012.pdf.
Meijer A, Koops B, Pieterson W, Overman S and ten Tije S. (2012) «Government 2.0: Key Challenges to Its Realization", Electronic Journal of e-Government, Vol.10, Issue. 1, pp.59 – 69.
Mintz, Daniel (2008) “Government 2.0—Fact or Fiction? The Quarterly for Practitioners”, the Public Manager, pp.17-20.
Mrabet, Rim Gharbi (2016) “Web 2.0 as a New Channel For Innovation Diffusion: the Case Study of Renew Able Energy Products”, International Journal of Innovation, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.1-10.
Naik, Umesha, D Shivalingaiah (2008) “International CALIBER-2008, Comparative Study of Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0”, International CALIBER, pp.499-507.
Nam, Taewoo (2010) “The Wisdom of Crowds in Government 2.0: Information Paradigm Evolution toward Wiki-Government”, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Lima, Peru, August, pp.1-10.
------------------- (2012a) “Suggesting frameworks of citizen-sourcing via Government 2.0”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 29, pp.12–20.
------------------- (2012b) “Citizens' attitudes toward Open Government and Government 2.0”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78 (2), pp.346–368.
O’Reilly, Tim (2010) “Government as a Platform, innovations”, Inc. Vol. 6, No.1, pp.13-41.
------------------- (2005) “What Is Web 2.0”, aveilabl at http: //www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html.
O'Reilly, Tim, and John Battelle (2009) “Web squared: Web 2.0 five years on”, O'Reilly Media, Inc. availeble at: https: //conferences.oreilly.com/web2summit/web2009/public/schedule/detail/10194 Osimo, David (2008) “Web 2.0 in Government: Why and How?”, European Communities, JRC Scintific and Technical Reports, pp.1-58.
Patel, Karan (2013) “Incremental Journey for World Wide Web: Introduced with Web 1.0 to Recent Web 5.0 – A Survey Paper”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol. 3, Iss. 10, pp.410-417.
Polat, RabiaKarakaya (2005) “The Internet and Political Participation: Exploring the Explanatory Links”, European Journal of Communication, Vol. 20 (4), pp.435–459.
Power, Daniel J., and Gloria Phillips-Wren (2011) “Impact of social media and Web 2.0 on decision-making”, Journal of decision systems, vol.20, no.3, pp.249-261.
Raoof, Jihan K. and Halimah Badioze Zaman, Azlina Ahmad and Ammar Al-Qaraghuli (2013) “Using social network systems as a tool for political change”, International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 8 (21), pp.1143-1148.
Reddick, Christopher G and Donald F. Norris (2013) “Social media adoption at the American grass roots: Web 2.0 or 1.5?”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 30, pp.498–507.
Sharma, Gajendra and Purusottam Kharel (2015) “E-Participation Concept and Web 2.0 in E-government”, General Scientific Researches, Vol.3, No.1, pp.1-4.
Sivarajah, Uthayasankar, Weerakkody, Vishanth and ZahirIrani (2016) “Opportunities and Challenges of Using Web 2.0 Technologies in Government”, available at: http: //link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45234-0-53.
Sivarajah, Uthayasankar, ZahirIrani, VishanthWeerakkody (2015), “Evaluating the use and impact of Web 2.0 technologies in local government”, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 32, pp.473–487.
Sobaci, M. Z. (2016) “Social media and local governments: An overview” In Social Media and Local Governments (pp.3-21), Springer, Cham.
Steinberg, Alan (2015) “Exploring Web 2.0 political engagement: Is new technology reducing the biases of political participation?”, Electoral Studies, Vol. 39, pp.102-116.
Sun, Po-Ling and Cheng-Yuan Ku, Dong-Her Shih (2015) “An implementation framework for E-Government 2.0”, Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 32, pp.504-520.
The National Information Society Agency (2008) “Concepts and Features of Government 2.0 and 3.0”, available at: http: //www.mikekujawski.ca/ftp/Government2.0and3.0.pdf.
Thomas, Christopher, AmitSheth (2011) Web Wisdom: An essay on how Web 2.0 and Semantic Web can foster a global knowledge society, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 27, pp.1285–1293.
Van Dijk, Jan A.G.M (2013) “Digital Democracy: Vision and Reality”, To be Published in I. Snellen & W. van de Donk ‘Public Administration in the Information Age: Revisited’, IOS- Press.
Veljkovic, N., Bogdanovic-Dinic, S., & Stoimenov, L. (2012) “Building e-government 2.0-A step forward in bringing government closer to citizens”.Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices, Vol. 2012, pp.1-18.
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