بارداری : حق یا تکلیف
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق خانواده
ندا اکبر زاده
1
(کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.)
کلید واژه: فرزند آوری, حق, قاعده لاضرر, سوء معاشرت,
چکیده مقاله :
ازدواج امر مقدسی است و آثار و پیامد های متفاوتی از آن نا شی می شود. یکی از اهداف افراد از ازدواج و تشکیل خانواده٬ داشتن فرزند است. فرزندی که پدر و مادر او را آینه تمام نمای خود می دانند. اما گاهی زوج با باردار شدن زوجه مخالفت می کند و دلیل قانع کننده ای هم برای این امر ندارد. از طرفی مسئله این است که آیا فرزند آوری حق است و اگر اینگونه باشد حق هر دو طرف است یا صرفا حق یکی از زوجین؟ از فحوای کلام فقها استنباط می شود که فرزند آوری جزء حقوق هر دو طرف است نه صرفا حق مرد. به همان اندازه که مرد حق باردار کردن زن را دارد ٬ زن نیز حق بارور شدن دارد. اگر حق زن نادیده گرفته شود و زوج حاضر نباشد که فرزند دار شوند با توجه به قاعده لاضرر و اینکه مرد در روابط زناشویی دچار سوء معاشرت شده است می توان قائل بود که زوجه حق طلاق دارد.
Matrimony is a sacred event and different affects and consequences arise from it. One of the purposes of people in marriage is having baby, a baby who is the plenipotentiary representative of his/her parents. However, sometimes husband is opposed to her wife pregnancy without any compelling reason. The question is whether childbearing is a right? And if the answer is positive, it is the right of both wife and husband or just one of them? We can understand from the context of jurists and Islamic scholars that childbearing is a right of both parents (not merely a right for man). As husband has the right of getting pregnant, the wife also has the right to become pregnant.According to La Zarar (no prejudice) rule and the assumption of husband’s misconduct, the wife would have the right to divorce if the right of wife (become pregnant) be ignored and man refuse to have a baby.
1. The Holy Quran
2. Asadi Nejad, S M. (2012). A New Look at Rights and Obligations from the Perspective of Nahj al-Balagha. Islamic Human Rights Studies Quarterly, 1(2). [In Persian]
3. Esfahani, M . (2021). A Complete Course in Persian Jurisprudence, First Edition, Tehran: Farahani Institute and Publishing. [In Persian]
4. Imamieh, S H. (1993). Civil Law, Volume 4, 12th Edition, Islamic Bookstore, Tehran. [In Persian]
5. Ansari, M M. (2003). Faraid al-Usul, Volume 2, 9th Edition, Qom: Islamic Thought Assembly. [In Persian]
6. ——————————-. (1996). Kitab al-Nikah, First Edition, Qom: World Congress in Commemoration of Sheikh Azam Ansari. [In Persian]
7. Izadi Ferd, A. (2007). Principles of Jurisprudence, First Edition, Mob'asat Publications, Golha-ye Besharat, Babol. [In Persian]
8. Bahrololoom, A. (1996). Jurisprudential Research (Lectures by Ayatollah Sheikh Hussein Helli), Qom: Al-Manar. [In Persian]
9. Tabrizi, J. (n.d.). New Inquiries, Volume 1, First Edition, Qom. [In Persian]
10. Jab'ei Ameli, Z . (1995). Masalik al-Afham ila Tanqih Sharia al-Islam, Volume 3, First Edition, Qom: Ma'arif-e-Islami Institute. [In Persian]
11. ————————————–. (1994). Masalik al-Afham fi Sharh Qawa'id al-Ahkam, Volume 7, Qom: Ma'arif-e-Islami Institute. [In Persian]
12. Ja'fari Langroudi, M. (1976). Family Law, Tehran, Sadri Printing House. [In Persian]
13. Hosseini Maraghi, S A. (1998). Al-Enawin al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 2, Qom: Publications Office affiliated with the Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom. [In Persian]
14. Hosseini Sistani, S A. (n.d.). Minhaj al-Salehin, Volume 1. [In Persian]
15. Helli, Y. (1986). Al-Jami al-Shara'ih (Research by a group of researchers under the supervision of Ja'far Sobhani), Tehran, Sayyid al-Shuhada Islamic Foundation. [In Persian]
16. Rasakh, M. (2009). The Theory of Rights, Fertility and Infertility, Quarterly Journal of Fertility and Infertility, 10(4). [In Persian]
17. Shahidi, M. (2007). Civil Law: Conditions Attached to Marriage Contract, Volume 4, First Edition, Tehran: Moj Legal and Cultural Institute. [In Persian]
18. Sheikh al-Shariah Isfahani, F. (1991). The Principle of No Harm, Qom: Ray-e Pardaz Research Institute. [In Persian]
19. Safi Golpayegani, L. (1998). Jame' al-Ahkam, Volume 2, Fourth Edition, Qom: Hazrat Masoumeh Publications. [In Persian]
20. Safaei, S H and Imami, A. (2009). Brief Family Law, Twelfth Edition, Third Edition, Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation. [In Persian]
21. Ameli, M. (1991). Al-Luma' al-Dimashqiyyah fi Fiqh al-Imamiyyah, First Edition, Edited by Mohammad Taqi Marvared and Ali Asghar Marvared, Beirut: Dar al-Thaqafah, Dar al-Islamiyah. [In Persian]
22. Abbasi, M. (2012). The Legal Status of Conditions for Sexual Relations Between Spouses, Family Studies Quarterly, 8(30). [In Persian]
23. Ghazali Tusi, M. (2004). Kimiya-ye Sa'adat (The Alchemy of Happiness), Edited by Hassan Khodai Jam, Volume 1, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications. [In Persian]
24. Foroughi, A. (2012). The Characteristics and Features of Rights from the Perspective of Imamia Jurisprudence and Civil Law, Journal of Civil Law Science and Research, 1. [In Persian]
25. Ghorbani Kermanshahi, A and Mortazavi, A and Amiri Pour, H. (2009). The Legitimacy of Obligatory Procreation in Imamia Jurisprudence, Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Foundations of Law, 1. [In Persian]
26. Katouzian, N. (2011).Non-Contractual Obligations, Vol. 1, University of Tehran Press. [In Persian]
27. Karaki, Sheikh ,A . (1987). Jama' al-Maqasid fi Sharh al-Qawa'id, Volume 4, First Edition, Qom: Al al-Bayt Institute for the Preservation of Heritage. . [In Persian]
28. Damad, S M. (2010). An Inquiry into Fertility or Infertility, Medical Journal, Volume 3, Issue 2. . [In Persian]
29. Damad, S M . (2005). A Jurisprudential Study of Family Law (Marriage and Divorce), Volume 1, Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center. . [In Persian]
30. Damad, S M . (2004 ). Principles of Jurisprudence, Civil Section, Ownership and Liability, Four Volumes, Volume 1, Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center. [In Persian]
31. Mo'in, M. (2007 ). Mo'in Persian Dictionary, Volume 1, Amir Kabir Publications. [In Persian]
32. Musavi Khomeini, S R. (2003). Istifta'at, Volume 3, Fifth Edition, Islamic Publications Office affiliated with the Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom. [In Persian]
33. Musavi Khomeini, S R.. (2000 ). Tahrir al-Wasilah, First Edition, Tehran: Institute for the Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works. [In Persian]
34. Musavi Khomeini, S R. (1995 ). Bada'i al-Durar, Qom: Institute for the Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works. [In Persian]
35. Musavi Khomeini, S R (2000 ). Kitab al-Buyu', Tehran: Institute for the Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works. [In Persian]
36. Montazeri Najafabadi, H. (2006 ). Ma'arif va Ahkam-e Banovan (Women's Knowledge and Rulings), Compiled by Naser Makarian, Second Edition, Qom: Mobarak Publications. [In Persian]
37. Mohaddi Lankarani, M. (no date). Jame' al-Masail, Volume 1, Eleventh Edition, Qom. [In Persian]
38. Najafi, S. (1404 ). Jawahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara'i al-Islam, Volume 29, Seventh Edition, Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi. [In Persian]
39. Naraghi, M. (1408). Awaid al-Ayyam fi Bayan Qawa'id al-Ahkam wa Mahamat Masail al-Halal wa al-Haram, Volume 50, Third Edition, Qom: Maktab-e Basirati. [In Persian]
40. Nabavian, S. (2010). An Inquiry into Types of Rights, Philosophical Knowledge Journal, Volume 5, Issue 4. [In Persian]
