استنادپذیری داده‌ها و سوابق الکترونیک در مقابل حقوق کودک در فضای مجازی
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق کودکمصطفی ماندگار 1 , رضا زارعی 2 , مسعودرضا رنجبر صحرائی 3 , مهرزاد رزمی 4
1 - استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
2 - استادیار حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
4 - دانشجوی دکتراي حقوق خصوصي دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
کلید واژه: استنادپذیری داده‌ها, ادله الکترونیک, سوابق الکترونیک, فضای مجازی, حقوق کودک,
چکیده مقاله :
پس از ورود فناوری‌های نوین اطلاعاتی و سایه‌افکندن بر زندگی مردم، کم‌کم آثار این ارمغان، بر جنبه‌های متعدد زندگی فردی و اجتماعی هویدا گردیده و قلمرو آن تا بدانجا گسترش یافت که برخی از ارکان حقوق خصوصی و عمومی افراد و ملل را تحت‌الشعاع قرار داد. مسأله حقوق کودک چنان از اهمیتی برخوردار بوده که در بسیاری از اسناد بین‌المللی به آن پرداخته شده است و حتی کنوانسیونی تحت عنوان کنوانسیون حقوق کودک بدین‌منظور تدوین گردیده است که بر اساس آن، کودکان نیازمند به حراست بیشتری خواهند بود. همچنین هر آنچه که بتواند آینده فردی و حیثیتی کودک را با منشأ فضای مجازی تهدید نماید، لازم به بازبینی است، زیرا با انتشار مطالب در فضای مجازی، به نوعی سند و دلیلی از یک واقعه در یک فضای لایتناهی تولید می‌گردد که حذف آن تقریباً غیر ممکن است، لذا حفظ شأن و دفاع از حقوق کودک در فضای مجازی، مسأله اساسی است که نیازمند بررسی ویژه‌ای است، لذا در این پژوهش که به شیوه تحلیلی ـ توصیفی به رشته تحریر درآمده، تمرکز بر موضوع حقوق کودک در فضای مجازی با تکیه بر مقررات قانون تجارت الکترونیک ایران، کنوانسیون حقوق کودک و میثاق بین‌المللی حقوق مدنی و سیاسی با محوریت استنادپذیری داده‌ها و سوابق الکترونیکی ایجاد شده می‌باشد.
After the emergence of innovative information technologies and them casting a shadow upon people’s lives, the effects of this gift on many aspects of individual and social life will become apparent and its domain will expand to an extent that some Pillars of personal and public rights of individuals and nations will be under its sphere of influence. The issue of rights of the child have such great significance that many international documents focus on them and a convention under the name of the Convention on the Rights of the Child has been assembled upon basis of which children in need will receive more protection. Also, anything that would threaten the personal future and reputation of the child needs to be reexamined, because by publishing content in cyber space a proof and document of a an event is created in an endless space in which the deletion of said data is almost impossible; therefore the preservation of dignity and protection of children’s rights in cyber space is a fundamental issue that needs special examination. Thus in this study which is conducted in an analytical-descriptive manner, the focus is on the subject of the right of the children in cyber space by relying on the laws regarding electronic trade in Iran, Convention on the Right of the Child and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights with focus on credibility of data and electronic records.
1. Yavari Vesaq M. The Role of Media in Political and Social. Qom: Islamic Research Center of Radio and Television; 1391. p.67.
2. Taheri H. Civil Law. Qom: Islamic Publications Office; 1376. Vol.1 p.124.
3. Zohravi R. Child from the perspective of the Constitution and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Available at: http://www. article.tebyan.net/111567.
4. Hasani, jafar. Criminal protection of privacy in cyber space, master thesis of criminal law and criminology, faculty of law. Tehran: shadih beheshti University, 1385. 114.
5. Ghanoon Tejarat Electronic Iran Approved. 1382.
6. Nemati SH, Noori S, Arbabi N. Investigating the impact of media and virtual tools on people's socialization. Istanbul: International Conference on Research in Behavioral and Social Sciences; 1394. Available at: http://www.civilica.com/Paper-ICRBS01-ICRBS01_ 252.html.
7. Ansari A, kiyanpoor M, Aataie P. Sociological analysis of the effect of using cyberspace on oral culture (Case study: Isfahan). Journal of Applied Sociology 1397; 29(1): 18-40.
8. Keikhaee A. Sociological analysis of virtual socio-cultural on young users in Isfahan. Isfahan: Isfahan University; 1392.
9. Sarookhani B. Comprehensiveness of communication. Tehran: ettelaat Publication; 1394. p.67.
10. Soleimani A. Human rights guarantees in the protection of children in cyberspace. Tehran: Department of International Law, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch Center; 1395. p.132.
11. Darvishvand F. Children's rights in cyberspace with emphasis on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Tehran: Payame Noor University of South Tehran; 1396. p.97.
12. Elsan M, Manoochehri M. The ritual of discovering and expressing reason in cyberspace. Journal of Criminal Law 1397; 9(2): 7-30.
13. Moazzenzadegan H, Shaigan M. Citation and study of electronic evidence in Iranian criminal law. Quarterly Journal of Legal Perspectives, Faculty of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services 1388; 48: 77-102.
14. Bastani B, Ashoori M. Computer and cybercrime are new manifestations of delinquency. 2nd ed. Tehran: Publications Behnam; 1386. p.72.
15. Bashiri A, Poorrahim M. Applied Business Secrets. 1st ed. Tehran: Javdaneh Publication; 1390. p.43.
16. Jamalzadeh Bahaabadi Kerman T. Validity and legal effects of electronic documents in international contracts. 1391. Available at: http://www.haghgostar.ir/up%20files/1391/4/asnad-haghgostar.ir.docx.
17. Available at: http://www.alephba.org/2015/08.
18. Asadi L. Child Privacy, Parents' right to education. Two Quarterly Journals of Jurisprudence and Family Law, Imam Sadegh University 1388; 13(50): 27-45.
19. Ministry of Communications, Documents of parental control tools, 1396. Available at: http://www.ict.gov.ir/ICTContent/media/image/ 2017/10/52768_orig.pdf.
20. Najafi Alami M. The Internet and the educational challenges of children. Rahavard Noor Quarterly 1388; 8(27): 12-20.
21. Mohseni F. The share of children and adolescents in criminal protection (in cyberspace and real). Journal of Criminal Law Teachings 1390; 8(1): 137-170.
22. Agha Babaee H, Abbasi M. Cyberspace privacy and the preventive challenges facing the NAJA. Quarterly Journal of Crime Prevention Studies 1389; 5(17): 29-58.
23. Akhbarieh H. Protecting children on the Internet. 1392. Available at: http://www.article.tebyan.net/257616.
24. Human rights in cyberspace. Australian Human Rights Commission. 2013. Available at: http://www.HumanRights.gov.au.
25. De Boni M, Prigmore M. Growing up in cyberspace: Children’s rights online. Available at: http://www.researchgate.net.
26. Ambasna-Jones M. Children’s rights and the Internet. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/csr/childrensrightsandinternet.htm. p.54.
27. Berger G. Children’s rights and the Internet. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/csr/childrensrightsandinternet.htm. p.42.
28. Available at: http://bambinowood.com/blog.
29. Available at https://www.atnanews.ir/?p=89442.
30. UDHR, Art.26; ICESCR, Art.13(1); CRC, Art.29; Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No.1 - Art.29(1): The Aims of Education, UN Doc CRC/GC/2001/1. 2001. para.8. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/comments.htm.
31. UDHR, Art.5; ICCPR, Art.7; CRC, Art.19.
32. Asghari Aghmashhadi F, Abouiy H. Goodwill in the implementation of the contract in British and Iranian law. Quarterly Journal of Private Law Studies 2010; 40(2): 2-20.
33. Mosavi SF, Mosavi SM, Vakili Moghaddam MH, Gholami M. A Comparative Study of the Principles of Contract Interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Private Law Research 1391; 1(1): 183-213.
34. Shahidi M. Effects of Contracts and Obligations. Tehran: Majd; 1386. p.224.
35. Sadeghi Neshat A. E-Commerce Law. Tehran: Jangal Publication; 1394. p.142.
36. Bahrami Ahmadi H. Abuse of the right. Tehran: Ettelaat Publication; 1377. p.65.
37. Mandegar M. International Trade Contracts. 1st ed. Tehran: Shahr Danesh Publication; 1393. p.168.
38. Emily MW. Good Faith and Fair Dealing in Contracts Formed and Performed by Electronic Agents. Artificial Intelligence and Law 2004; 12(1-2): 83-110.
39. Emily MW. Electronic Agents and Contract Performance: Good Faith and Fair Dealing. Italy: Norwegian Research Centre for Computers & Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bologna 2002; p.67-73.
