تأثیر حمایت‌های کارآفرینانه نظام آموزش عالی علمی ـ کاربردی کشاورزی بر رفتار کارآفرینانه: رویکرد مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری
محورهای موضوعی :شهرزاد بارانی 1 , کیومرث زرافشانی 2 , نرگس حسن مرادی 3
1 - دانشگاه رازی
2 - دانشگاه رازی
3 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال
کلید واژه: کارآفريني, رفتار کارآفرینانه, حمایت کارآفرینانه, آموزش کارآفريني,
چکیده مقاله :
: بسياري از کشورهاي در حال توسعه، کارآفريني را به منظور پيشبرد اهداف اقتصادي کشور تجويز می‌کنند. يکي از مکانيزم‌هاي توسعه‌ي کارآفريني، آموزش مبتني بر عمل است. چنين آموزش‌هايي در مراکز آموزشي يافت می‌شود که تمرکز بر اصول آموزش کاربردي است. در کشور ايران، مراکز علمي کاربردي با اين هدف پا به عرصه‌ي وجود گذاشتند. لذا، هدف اصلي مقاله حاضر، بررسی تأثیر حمایت‌های کارآفرینانه مراکز علمی کاربردی استان کرمانشاه بر رفتار کارآفرینانه دانشجویان علميـ كاربردي کشاورزی بود. بر اساس يافته‌ها، مهمترين حمايت‌ها از ديدگاه دانشجويان، بازاريابي، جلب مشتري و تأمين حمايت مالي مورد نياز فراگيرن در راه‌اندازي يک کسب و کار جديد و حفظ و گسترش آن بود. در حالي که، موارد اخير کمترين ميزان توجه را در مراکز علمي کاربردي به خود اختصاص دادند. بين وضعيت موجود و مطلوب حمايت‌هاي کارآفريني مراکز علمي کاربردي اختلاف معني‌داري بود. حمایت‌های کارآفرینانه از طریق نگرش، هنجارهای ذهنی و باور به خودکارآمدی بر نیت کارآفرینانه دانشجویان اثر مثبت و معنی‌داری داشت. بر اساس يافته‌ها، معرفي ايده‌اي خلاق به مراکز رشد، دعوت از کارآفرينان برتر به کلاس، دعوت از سرمايه‌داران محلي، بازديد از فعاليت‌هاي موفق و آموزش‌هاي پس از راه‌اندازي کسب‌و‌کار، پيشنهاد شد.
The purpose of this study was to determine to what extends entrepreneurial support is provided by University of Applied Science among a stratified random sample of agricultural students (n = 150) in Kermanshah Province. Results indicated that students preferred university support in the area of marketing, customer retention, and financial support in starting a small venture. Results also revealed that these supports are not provided by university officials. In addition, there was a significant difference between current level of support and optimum level of support provided by university officials. Finally, the proposed model fitted the data with acceptable fit indices. In other words, entrepreneurial support predicted entrepreneurial intention through attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and self-efficacy. The result of this study has implication for university entrepreneurship centers. For example, developing creative ideas to university incubators, inviting successful entrepreneurs to the classroom, encouraging local investors, inviting successful entrepreneurs and local investors to classrooms, visiting successful entrepreneurship ventures, and training post-launch phase of entrepreneurship is recommended.
1. تاج آبادی، رضا و همکاران، آموزش و توسعه کارآفرینی و روش‌های بکارگیری آن در نظام آموزش عالی کشاورزی، همایش ملی کارآفرینی، فرهنگ و جامعه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد رودهن، تهران، اردیبهشت، 1387.
2. جلالی، خ، ساماندهی اشتغال دانش‌آموختگان رشته‌های کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، فصلنامه نظام مهندسی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، شماره 2، صص 23 ـ 19، سال 1382.
3. شریعتی، محمد تقی و مهاجر، علی رضا، بررسی برنامه‌های درسی و مهارت‌های برنامه‌ریزی در آموزش‌های علمی ـ کاربردی، جهاد، شماره274، صص 481 ـ 471، آذر و دی، سال1385.
4. قاسمی، وحید، راهنمای اولیه مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری، انتشارات جامعه شناسان، تهران، سال 1389.
5. Ajzen, I. , The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, pp. 179 ـ 211, 1991.
6. Alexei, T. , & Kolvereid, L. , Self employment intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship and Region Development, 11 (3) , pp. 269 ـ 271, 1999.
7. Audet, J. , A longitudinal stidy of the entrepreneurial intentions of university students. Paper presented at the frontiers of entrepreneurship research, Babson Collee, Wellesley, 2002.
8. Autio, E. , Keeley, R. H. , Klofsten, M. , Parker, G. G. C. , & Hay, M. , Entrepreneurial Intent among Students in Scandinavia and the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2 (2) , pp. 145 ـ 160, 2001.
9. Barbosa, S. D. , Fayolle, A. , & Lassas ـ Clerc, N. , Assessing risk perception, self ـ efficacy, and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. IntEnt 2006 conference, 2006.
10. Bartlett, J. E. ; Kotrlik, J. W. , & Higgins, C. C. , Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19 (1) , pp. 43 ـ 50, 2001.
11. Baron, R. A. , OB and entrepreneurship: The reciprocal benefits of closer conceptual links. In B. M. Staw & R. M. Kramer (Eds. ) , Research in Organizational Behavior Anannual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (Vol. 24, pp. 225 ـ 270). Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2002.
12. Carton, R. B. & Hofer, C. W. & Meeks, M. D. , The Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship: Operational Definitions of Their Role in Society. Paper presented at the frontiers of entrepreneurship research, Babson College, Wellesley, 1998.
13. Coduras, A. & Urbana, D. & Rojas, A. & Martnez, S. , The relationship between university support to entrepreneurship with entrepreneurial activity in Spain: A gem based analysis. Int. Adv. Ecun. Res. , 14, pp. 395 ـ 406, 2008.
14. Degeorge, J. m. , & Fayolle, A. , IS entrepreneurial intention stable through time? First insights from a sample of French students. Intent 2005, School of Management, University of Surrey, 2005.
15. De Noble, A. , Jung, D. , & Ehrlich, S. , Entrepreneurial self ـ efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial actions. Paper presented at the Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Waltham, 1999.
16. Drnovsek, M. , & Erikson, T. , Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. NTNU: Norway, 2005.
17. Fayolle, A. , & Gailly, B. , Using the Theory of Planned behavior to ssess entrepreneurship Teaching programs: A first experimentation. 14 th Annual IntEnt conference. University of Napoli Federico II: 4 ـ 7 July 2004, Italy, 2004.
18. Fayolle, A. , Gailly, B. , & Lassas ـ Clerc, N. , Effect and counter ـ effedt of entrepreneurship education and social context on student's intentions. IntEnt conference, 2005: School of Management, University of Surrey, France, 2005.
19. Fayolle, A. , Gailly, B. , & Lassas ـ Clerc, N. , Effect and counter ـ effedt of entrepreneurship education and social context on student's intentions. Estudios De Economia Aplicada, 24 (2) , pp. 509 ـ 523, 2006.
20. Franke, N. & Luthje, C. , Entrepreneurial intentions of business students: A benchmarking study. International Journal of Innovation & Technology Management, 1 (3) , pp. 269 ـ 288, 2004.
21. Fueglistaller, u. & Klandt, H. & Halter, F. & Müller, CH. , An international comparison of entrepreneurship among students, International report of the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey project (GUESSS 2008). Swiss Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship at the University of St. Gallen, 2008.
22. Jerusalem, M. , & Schwarzer, R. , Self ـ efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. In: R. Schwarzer (ed. ). Self ـ efficacy. Thought control of action (pp. 195 ـ 213). Washington: Hemisphere Publishing Corp, 1992.
23. Kraaijenbrink, J. & Bos, G. & Groen, A. , What do students think of the entrepreneurial support given by their universities? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 9 (1) , pp. 110 ـ 125, 2010.
24. Krueger, N. F. , JR. , Reilly, M. D. , & Carsrud, A. L. , Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, pp. 411 ـ 432, 2000.
25. Lent, R. W. , Brown, S. D. , & Hackett, G. , Social cognitive career theory. In D. Brown and Associates, Career choice and development (4 th Ed. ) , (pp. 255 ـ 311). San Francisco: Jossey ـ Bass, 2002.
26. Linan, F. , Development and validation of an Entreprenerial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). IntEnt 2005 conference, School of Management, University of Surrey, France, 2005.
27. Linan, F. , Intention ـ based models of entrepreneurship education. 14 th Annual IntEnt conference. University of Napoli Federico II: 4 ـ 7 July 2004, Italy, 2004.
28. Linan, F. , Rodrigues ـ cohard, J. , & Rueda ـ Cantuche, J. M. , Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels. 45 th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, 23 ـ 25 august, Amsterdam, 2005.
29. Luthje, CH. , Franke, N. , Fostering entrepreneurship through university education and training: Lessons from Massachusetts institute of technology, 2nd Annual Conference on Innovative Research in Management, May 9 ـ 11, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden, 2002.
30. Maas, G. & Herrington, M. , Global entrepreneurship monitor South Africa report. Available:http://www. gemconsortium. org/document. aspx?id756 (June6,2008) , 2006.
31. Mahmood Abbad, M. , Morris, D. , & Nahlik, K. , Looking under the bonnet: Factors affecting student adoption of e ـ learning systems in Jordan. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10 (2) , pp. 1 ـ 19, 2009.
32. Moriano, J. A. L. , & Gorgievski, M. , Psychology of entrepreneurship: Research and reduction. UNED, Inc. , Spain, 2007.
33. Moriano, J. A. , Gomez, A. , & Palaci, F. J. , A psychosocial model of entrepreneurial intentions. Xth European congress of Psychology, Prague: Czech Republic, 2007a.
34. Moriano, J. A. , Gomez, A. , Palaci, F. J. , & Morales, J. F. , Are entrepreneurs individualistic or collectivistic? 26 th International Congress of Applied Psychology. Athens. Greece, 2006a.
35. Moriano, J. A. , Palaci, F. J. , & Morales, J. F. , The entrepreneurial intention of university student in Spain. UNED, Inc. , Spain, 2006b.
36. Moriano, J. A. , Palaci, F. J. , & Morales, J. F. , The psychological profile of university entrepreneur. Psychology in Spain, 11 (1) , pp. 72 ـ 84, 2007c.
37. Muzychenko, O. , Competence based Approach to Teaching International opportunity Identification: Cross ـ cultural Aspects. Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training Conference (IntEnt). Brazil, 2006.
38. Noel, T. W. , Effects of Entrepreneurial education on intent to open in business. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson conference, Available at: http//www. babson. edu/entrep/fer, 2001.
39. Otman aneizi, I. , Bakar, H. , & Yeng Keat, O. , Impact of entrepreneurship education on the intention toward entrepreneurship: A comparison study among Libyan students in Malaysia and Libya. Retrieved 10 2010 July from: http://cob. uum. edu. my/ ... /028%20F ـ %20Ooi%20Yee%20Keat%20Full%20Paper. pdf, 2010.
40. Peterman, n. , & Kennedy, J. , Enterprise education: Influencing students' perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28 (2) , pp. 129 ـ 144, 2003.
41. Saeidi mehrabadi, M. & Mohtadi, M. M. , Effectiveness of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial behaviors. Development of Entrepreneurship, 1 (2) , pp. 57 ـ 73, 2008.
42. Scheepers, MJ. & Solomon, G. & de Vries, A. , Entrepreneurial Intentions and Behaviour of South African University Students, Global University EntrepreneurialSpirit Students’ Survey: South African Report 2008 ـ 2009, (GUESSS 2009). Department of Business Management, University of Stellenbosch, July 2009.
43. Shane, S. Locke, E. A. , & Collins, C. J. , Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13, pp. 257 ـ 279, 2003.
44. Stajkovic, A. D. , & Luthans, F. , Social cognitive theory and self ـ efficacy: going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26, pp. 62 ـ 74, 1998.
45. Souitaris, V. , Zerbinati, S. , & Al ـ Laham, A. , Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, pp. 566 ـ 591, 2007.
46. Tkachev, A. , & Kolvereid, L. , Self ـ employment intentions among russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11 (3) , pp. 269 ـ 271, 1999.
47. Van Gelderen, M. , Brand, M. , Van Praag, M. , Bodewes, W. , Poutsma, E. , & Gils, A. , Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behavior, Research Working Papers Series, 2, pp. 1 ـ 33, 2006.
48. Venesaar, U. & Kolbre, E. & Piliste, T. , Students’ Attitudes and Intentions toward Entrepreneurship at Tallinn University of Technology. TUTWPE No 154, pp. 97 ـ 114, 2006.
49. Voigt, K. I. , Brem, A. , & Scheiner, Ch., Entrepreneurship education and the study cooperation ـ approach ـ research from Quantitative empirical analysis. IntEnt conference, Monday 10 July 2006, São Paulo, Brazil, 2006.
