نگرشی به سیر دگردیسی معماری در مسجد الغدیر تهران
محورهای موضوعی : شهرسازی اسلامیمینا دهواری 1 , کاوه بذرافکن 2 , مهرداد متین 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد امارات، دبی
2 - استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه:
چکیده مقاله :
معماري به هر مقصودي كه انجام شود، در بسـتر اثر معماري پديد مي‌آيد. این بستر در طول تاریخ به دلیل تغییر اصول و شاخصه‌های خود دچار دگردیسی می‌گردد. مسجد الغدیر تهران نوع خاصی از مساجد نوگرای ایران است که می‌تواند تصویری از دگردیسی معماری را به نمایش بگذارد. لذا پژوهش حاضر با طرح این سؤال که «دگردیسی فرمی در مسجد الغدیر تهران چگونه ایجاد شده است؟» به بررسی عوامل و ابعاد دگردیسی‌های رخ‌داده در این مسجد می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش که با رویکردی تحلیلی- توصیفی انجام پذیرفته، نویسندگان برای ابزار تحقیق خود از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته‌ای استفاده نموده‌اند که در میان 10 نفر از صاحب‌نظران و اساتید معماری و شهرسازی توزیع شده است. تجزیه وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و آزمون رگرسیون چند متغیره انجام پذیرفته است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که دگردیسی رخ‌داده در مسجد الغدیر تهران به لحاظ فرمی سبب خلق فضایی شده که علاوه بر کاربری مسجد، دارای انعطاف‌پذیری فضایی نیز است و به واسطۀ آن می‌تواند کاربری‌های گوناگونی داشته باشد. در این میان الگوبرداری از اصول معماری گذشته بدون توجه به نیاز زمان احداث بنا نقطه ضعف مدل طراحی این مسجد است که نادیده گرفته شده است. در یک جمع‌بندی کلی، اصول طراحی بکار رفته در این مسجد تا حدودی میان مدرن بودن و سنتی بودن مانده است و هیچ‌کدام از اصول دگردیسی مطرح شده در این مسجد رعایت نشده است.
The Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran represents a unique type of modern mosque in Iran that showcases a transformation in architectural styles. This study aims to explore the factors and dimensions of this transformation in the Al-Ghadir Mosque. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method, the analysis was conducted using SPSS software and multivariate regression testing. The findings reveal that the form transformation of this mosque has created a flexible space usable for purposes beyond just a mosque. Additionally, the adherence to principles of past architecture, without considering contemporary needs, is a design weakness that has been overlooked. The results indicate that the design principles of the Al-Ghadir Mosque represent an intermediary model between traditional and modern architecture.
Keywords: Al-Ghadir Mosque, Architecture of Mosques, Design Principles, Form, Transformation.
Introdoction
In the era (the period of confrontation between tradition modernity), modern architectural perspectives, along with the new generation of academic architects, have significantly influenced the design of new buildings, including mosques. Contemporary mosques undergone significant changes in and space, leading their reinterpretation within society. This diversity can be observed in structures such as the Sepahsalar Mosque, Shahid Motahari Mosque, Jundi Shapur Mosque in Ahvaz, and Al-Jawad Mosque, which are among the first mosques affected by various approaches and trends. Additionally, modern mosques such as Tehran University Mosque, which adopts a new style; Amir Mosque, which incorporates and modifies traditional models; Bushehr Cement Factory Mosque, featuring modern materials and traditional climatic architectural patterns; and the Jameh Mosque of Shahrak Gharb, which utilizes past architectural characteristics in a novel manner, illustrate this transformation.
In contrast, mosques like the Hazrat Rasoul (SAW) Mosque by Naghrekar, which retains a completely traditional model of Iranian architecture, clearly expressing Islamic-Iranian architectural identity, highlight a significant difference that displays the metamorphosis of mosque architecture. The Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran, with its primary 12-faceted prism shape reaching 20m in height and situated without significant setback from the main southern street, represents a transformation in mosque architecture due to its distinct design and shape in the dome. The spatial quality of the dome hall in this mosque differs from that of traditional mosque dome halls, as this space evokes imagery of funerary and roadside architecture in traditional Iran.
Considering the changes and developments in mosque design and proposed innovations in the architectural plan, the elements and symbols of this Islamic structure, this research aims to uncover the course of architectural metamorphosis in contemporary mosques. Due to the extensive volume of studies and the breadth of analyses, the Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran has been selected as the case study. Thus, the current research aims to investigate how the form transformation in the Al-Ghadir Mosque has occurred, leading to two main questions: 1- How has the form transformation occurred in the Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran? 2- What is the primary factor influencing this transformation in the Al-Ghadir Mosque?
Metodology
This research is of a qualitative nature, with an interpretivist epistemological paradigm. After collecting data through descriptive and reviewing existing literature, the analysis was conducted using logical and deductive reasoning based on a whole-to-part approach. Considering the present research's objective, which is to investigate the evolution of metamorphosis in the architecture of the Al-Ghadir Mosque, the independent variable is the "design model of the Al-Ghadir Mosque." The authors aim to discover the reasons for choosing this model and how various factors influence its design idea. The principles and criteria related to architectural design examined in this research are presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - Principles and Criteria Extracted from the Theoretical Foundations of the Research (Soozhee, 2008; Andjelkovic, 2016; Lazovic, 1988; Bazarafkan, 2012; Mir Sajadi and Farkhish, 2016; Hojjat & Maleki, 2012).
The measurement tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire with closed-ended responses, created based on the statistical community's familiarity with the concepts related to the present research. This questionnaire includes 15 questions about the Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran, distributed to the sample population. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using content validity, while reliability was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha method, yielding an alpha coefficient of 0.86. After collecting the information, the data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software and regression testing.
Results
Figure 2. The Symbolic System and Metamorphosis of the Al-Ghadir Mosque Tehran
Table 1. Summary of the Principles of Metamorphosis in the
Design of the Al-Ghadir Mosque
|
Principles of Metamorphosis in Architecture |
|||||
|
Expansion and Flexibility of Space |
■ |
Possibility of assigning other uses to spaces due to spatial extensiveness and flexibility |
Movement Circulation |
- |
A collection of diverse and extensive spaces without spatial connectivity |
|
Integration with Nature |
- |
Despite the existing harmony with the natural environment, integration with nature is not evident |
Proportions of Structure & Building |
■ |
Use of modern materials and absence of traditional elements in mosques |
|
Design |
- |
Balancing modernity and tradition |
Design Model Concept |
|
Spatial organization, rhythm, movement and dynamism, unconventional form and volume |
Discussion and Conclusion
The results of this research indicate that the Al-Ghadir Mosque is a fusion of traditional mosques with a structure. The Al-Ghadir Mosque represents a unique amalgamation of traditional and modern architectural elements. Utilizing materials such as brick, and featuring design components like Kufic inscriptions, colored glass, pointed arch windows, and water elements, the mosque captures the essence of traditional mosque architecture. The conceptual tradition behind its design also reflects the aesthetics found in the dome structures typical of the Seljuk period, presenting a distinctive architectural form. While the mosque's primary function is as a place of worship, it also aspires to create a sense of spiritual elevation and peace for its visitors, facilitated through innovative lighting and shading techniques.
However, the mosque's design raises concern from a sociological perspective. It aims to reflect community values and cultural concepts while interacting with local and climatic contexts. Despite these intentions, the overall form of the Al-Ghadir Mosque fails to evoke the traditional sense of peace commonly found in historic mosques, as it may even produce feelings of unease among visitors. This contradiction is significant, as the symbolic representation of sacred space becomes clouded by architectural choices that deviate from traditional practices.
The mosque's design is characterized by a tiered dome, a departure from conventional dome formations, and a total absence of minarets, as noted in Figure 5. The architect's approach emphasizes innovation over tradition, which results in a failure to achieve spatial circulation, a key principle in mosque architecture.
According to Table 6, the Al-Ghadir Mosque showcases a diverse range of spaces, yet lacks effective circulation. It embodies principles of harmony with the natural environment, spatial organization, rhythm, movement, and dynamism. The use of modern materials and unconventional forms is contrasted with the disregarding of traditional elements, creating a disconnection between indoor and outdoor spaces.
Ultimately, the design overlooks the crucial principle of integrating with nature. This lack of cohesion with the environment suggests that while the mosque attempts to innovate, it may inadvertently neglect the cultural and architectural values that could enhance its identity and functionality. This research highlights both the strengths and deficiencies in the Al-Ghadir Mosque's design philosophy, prompting a reconsideration of how contemporary mosque architecture can better reflect communal and spiritual values.
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