وجوه تمايز مؤلفه‌هاي محرميت معماري متأثر از تفاوت سبك زندگي در فرهنگ شرق و غرب
محورهای موضوعی : مفاهیم بنیادین در شهرسازی و معماری اسلامی
حسن ناصري ازغندي
1
,
محسن طبسی
2
,
حسن رضایی
3
1 - استاديار، گروه معماري، واحد تربت حيدريه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، تربت حيدريه
2 - دانشیار، گروه معماری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، مشهد
3 - استاديار، گروه معماری، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد
کلید واژه:
چکیده مقاله :
از آنجا كه معماري كالبدي است بر پايه روابط دروني و بيروني، محرميت به عنوان يك مفهوم فرهنگي- اجتماعي در معماري همواره به صور گوناگون نمود داشته است. مطالعات نشان مي‌دهد كه فاصله ايجاد شده مابين لزوم شكل‌گيري محرميت و چگونگي تجلي كالبدي آن وابسته به شرايط دوره تاريخي و يا موقعيت جغرافيايي، سبب شده است كه علاوه بر كالبد محرميت، چگونگي ادراك آن نيز به شدت متأثر از محيط فرهنگي باشد كه در آن واقع شده است. بنابراين محرميت مفهومي است كه وجه ادراكي آن وابسته به فرهنگ و سبك زندگي و وجه كالبدي آن نمود يك مفهوم در معماري است. هدف اصلي تحقيق حاضر آن است که با شناسايي مؤلفه‌هاي محرميت معماري و وجه تمايز آن متأثر از سبك‌زندگي در فرهنگ شرق و غرب، مبنايي براي آسيب‌شناسي مفهوم محرميت در معماري معاصر تبيين نمايد. بنابراين، پژوهشگران در پي پاسخگويي به اين پرسش هستند كه: سبك زندگي متفاوت در دو فرهنگ شرق و غرب چه تمايزي را در مؤلفه‌هاي محرميت معماري سبب شده است؟ پژوهش مبتني بر روش توصيفي با رويكرد تحليل محتوا، جهت دستيابي به نتيجه از استدلال منطقي بهره گرفته است. جمع‌آوري داده‌ها مطابق با مطالعات اسنادي و كتابخانه‌اي است. نتايج مؤيد آن است كه تفاوت در سبك‌زندگي و به تبع آن نوع نگاه به محرميت سبب شده است كه در فرهنگ شرق با تأكيد بيشتر بر شخص با هدف ايجاد حرمت و ارزش، محرميت به عنوان يك پديده حقيقي ديده شود؛ اما در فرهنگ غربي، با ديدي اجتماعي و با هدف حفظ روابط انساني به عنوان پديده‌اي حقوقي مدنظر بوده است كه همسو با خلوت و قلمروپايي است.
Common features and differences in the architecture of different regions are the result of sharing and differences in tradition, religion, culture, lifestyle, and other factors in which architecture has grown. One of the most important factors is the cultural factor and the way of life that has caused different forms of architecture. Among these formal distinctions, we can mention how privacy is manifested in architecture, which is manifested in different ways according to culture and beliefs, lifestyle, as well as climatic and natural conditions. Examining the sources shows that there is not much affinity between the concept of privacy in Western culture and the concept of privacy in Eastern culture.
Keywords: Privacy, Lifestyle, Architecture, East Culture, West Culture.
Objectives
In this approach, the eastern region includes societies whose cultural pattern is based on religious and traditional patterns with an emphasis on the Islamic point of view, and geographical boundaries are not established. In this regard, Shahrivar and his colleagues believe that the Islamic city is based on the knowledge of Islamic commands derived from the Qur'an, and environmental, social, and cultural conditions. Therefore, orientalists compare the Islamic city with the Western city (Shahrivar et al., 1400). Therefore, the main research question is what different cultural conditions and lifestyles have caused the architectural privacy components. It will cover the difference between two semantic and physical fields. Based on this, the hypothesis that the researchers are seeking to validate is that changing conditions both in the cultural field and in the way of life lead to different priorities and as a result, the goals and results are different in how to achieve architectural privacy.
Research Methodology
The current research, with the content analysis approach, has used logical reasoning in order to reach the result. Data collection is in accordance with documentary and library studies that describe a phenomenon in two different cultural contexts in order to extract existing distinctions. The research method will be descriptive and analytical. Based on this, in the current research, the culture and lifestyle in the West and the East are the independent variables of the research, and the dependent variable of the research is the perceptual and physical components of privacy.
Results
Privacy in Architecture
Both physical and cognitive components play a role in the formation of privacy. In this connection, in their article, Bemanian and Rastjoo propose two components for privacy as a cultural concept, which are: the perceptual component and the physical component (Bemanian and Rastjoo, 2016). Bemanian and Rastjo believe that having privacy in the physical domain with the aim of shaping spatial security emphasizes hierarchical order, and in the semantic domain based on the formation of types of privacy, it is the characteristics that cause respect and value in the architectural space in such a way that one feels calm.
From the results of the studies, it can be deduced that the hierarchical order guides the formation of privacy in the physical domain, and in the perceptual domain, with the aim of creating peace, emphasis has been placed on the formation of different types of privacy.
Privacy can be examined from two angles: personal privacy and social privacy. With the aim of maintaining human relations, social privacy has taken an Instrumental view on the necessity of forming privacy; However, personal privacy in the pursuit of creating respect and value based on the relationship of a group of people who have a special relationship has caused a valuable view at the issue of privacy.
Privacy in Eastern and Western culture
In the definition of privacy in Western culture, four views or terms can be seen which are: the words "Alone and Free", "Private Information", "Control" and finally a composite view that aims at privacy, loneliness, and anonymity (Shahriari, 2020). Butin the eastern culture, in harmony with Islamic culture, privacy becomes important (Noghrekar et al., 2013).
The comparison of views in Eastern and Western cultures shows that solitude is a characteristic of space that leads to loneliness, but privacy has a human characteristic that is the cause of intimacy and closeness. The set of these factors determines two types of views on privacy: The value view and the instrumental view. The value view emphasizes the perceptual and semantic field of privacy, and the instrumental view seeks its solutions in the physical field. Based on this, the current research is focused on identifying the distinctions between the two cognitive and physical domains that represent the border between East and West.
Differentiating The Perceptual And Physical Aspects Of Privacy In Eastern Culture From Solitude And Territory In Western Culture
Solitude emphasizes the private aspects of a person's life, and confidentiality implies the relationship of a group of people who have a special relationship. Based on the above definitions, the respect and value that exists in privacy and encourages a person to defend it against strangers distinguishes the word privacy from solitude.
According to the difference of views that consider hierarchy as a factor in the formation of spatial territories or as a requirement for access to other levels, hierarchy can be studied in two categories: legal hierarchy and real hierarchy.
Legal Hierarchy: Legal hierarchies are determined based on laws or customs. In this case, various factors such as walls, fences, doors, and even a line define the limits of space and territories. Although these elements are legal or customary obstacles for the human body, they are not an obstacle to the penetration of other human senses such as hearing and sight. For this reason, this type of hierarchy tends to be extroversion. This type of hierarchy is in accordance with the western concept of territoriality.
True Hierarchy: In this type, the levels and spatial volumes are separated from other territories with their own special identity. In this case, the possibility of connecting different territories at once disappears. Such hierarchies play an essential role in giving body to the idea of introversion. This type of hierarchy of secrecy is in accordance with the eastern concept.
The set of factors shows that the components of privacy, after entering the perceptual and physical domain, define the perceptual and physical elements in the architectural domain, that the physical elements define spatial boundaries, and the perceptual elements emphasize the sensory controllers and access to the architectural space.
Conclusion
Privacy as a cultural concept that first appears in the lifestyle and then in the architecture appropriate to the lifestyle, is subject to the type of view and goals that define the culture of the society in question. For this reason, the components of privacy in architecture are different from each other based on the difference in lifestyle, point of view, and goals in Eastern and Western cultures. The components of privacy can be studied in two categories: cognitive and physical components. The perceptual components of privacy are in line with responding to the subjective aspect of the lifestyle, and the physical components of privacy appear in line with the objective aspect of the lifestyle. Although in the contemporary era, due to changes in various objective and preferred aspects of lifestyle, the desire for spatial independence has been manifested in the physical system of houses, but in the Eastern culture, privacy based on customs, beliefs and opinions with the aim of creating dignity and value for human beings, the approach of separating personal privacy has considered to a certain extent by emphasizing the separation of men and women; Therefore, all the perceptual components of privacy with the aim of creating personal privacy follow a value perspective and cause psychological security; But the western culture, with the aim of preserving human relations, seeks privacy as a tool to create social privacy in a relative and variable manner. In the field of the physical components of privacy, which is aimed at creating spatial and functional hierarchies, the eastern view shows a tendency towards introversion by creating real hierarchies, which is in line with the value view of privacy; But in the western view, by creating legal hierarchies based on legal rules or customs, it tends to be extraverted in line with the instrumental view of privacy. Territoriality is the result of this kind of view of privacy; Therefore, based on the type of cultural view of privacy, the amount and manner of using physical and cognitive elements in architecture will be different.
