تأثیر اندیشه سیاسی علامه اقبال بر جریانهای سیاسی افغانستان (احزاب جمعیت اسلامی و حرکت اسلامی افغانستان)
محورهای موضوعی : پژوهش سیاست نظری
عبدالرسول حسنی‌فر
1
,
حسین آقا موفق
2
1 - دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، ایران
2 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، ایران
کلید واژه: اندیشه سیاسی, علامه اقبال, افغانستان, جمعیت اسلامی و حرکت اسلامی. ,
چکیده مقاله :
اقبال از جمله متفکرانی است که چه در روزگار خویش و چه پس از مرگ، بر بسیاری از اندیشمندان و جریانهای فکری و سیاسی کشورهای مختلف بهویژه کشورهای اسلامی تأثیر گذاشته است؛ آنسان که میتوان تأثیر مستقیم و غیر مستقیم اندیشه سیاسی او را در شکل گیری و مبارزات سیاسی بسیاری از جریانهای اخیر مسلمان جستوجو کرد. این مقاله با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی تأثیر اندیشه سیاسی علامه اقبال بر جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان و حرکت اسلامی افغانستان به عنوان دو حزب بزرگ اسلامگرای این کشور پرداخته است. از جمله محورهای اندیشه سیاسی اقبال میتوان به وحدت و بیداری اسلامی، استعمارستیزی، استقلالطلبی، بازگشت به خویشتن، اصلاح اندیشه دینی و اجتماع و آرمانشهر او اشاره کرد که بر جریانهای جمعیت اسلامی و حرکت اسلامی افغانستان تأثیرگذار بوده است. با واکاوی متون مرتبط و نیز مصاحبههایی که با آگاهان واقف بر موضوع صورت گرفت، تبیین گردید که این تأثیر بیشتر از رهگذر اشعار حماسی اقبال بر احزاب یادشده صورت گرفته است. همچنین تبیین شد که ایدئولوگهای این دو جریان (برهانالدین ربانی و آیتا... محسنی) بیشتر از دیگران از اندیشه سیاسی علامه اقبال متأثر بوده‌اند. روی هم رفته احزاب یادشده از رهگذر ایدئولوگهای خود نیز از اندیشه سیاسی علامه اقبال تأثیر پذیرفته‌اند.
Allama Iqbal is among the intellectuals whose political thought has influenced many thinkers and political movements in various countries, both during his lifetime and posthumously, particularly in Islamic countries. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the impact of Allama Iqbal's political thought on the Jamiat-e-Islami (Islamic Society) and Harakat-e-Islami(Islamic Movement) of Afghanistan, two prominent Islamic-oriented parties in the country. The key aspects of Iqbal's political thought, including Islamic unity and awakening, anti-colonialism, independence, self-renewal, reform of religious and social thinking, and his utopia, have significantly influenced the recent political struggles of Muslim movements. By examining relevant texts and interviews with experts on the subject, it was explained that this influence was mostly through Iqbal's patriotic poems on the mentioned parties. Furthermore, it is revealed that the ideologues of these movements, namely Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ayatollah Mohseni, have been more influenced by Allama Iqbal's political thought compared to others. Overall, the aforementioned parties were also influenced by Iqbal's political thought through their own ideologues.
Allama Iqbal, a prominent poet and thinker of the East, is one of the leaders of the religious reform movement whose thoughts and poetry have significantly influenced the intellectual and political currents in various countries, particularly among Muslim nations. An examination of Iqbal's works reveals several focal points that collectively shape his political thought, analyzing both the crises and their causes, as well as the ideal society and the pathways to achieve it.
Iqbal held a particular affection for Afghanistan, a sentiment notably linked to the country's independence, which was achieved during his time through the resistance of its people against British forces. He regarded Afghanistan's independence as auspicious for the future of Muslims in India, thus placing his hopes on this land. He had a special admiration for Amanullah Khan and Nadir Shah (the kings of Afghanistan during Iqbal's era), which appears to stem from their roles in securing the country's independence during Amanullah Khan’s reign and Nadir Shah’s subsequent protection of it.
Given Iqbal's connection with Afghanistan, his portrayal of this country, and his respect for its kings (Amanullah Khan and Nadir Shah), along with his status as a leading figure in the religious reform movement whose ideas—especially his political thought—have influenced many Islamist movements, it is essential to explore the impact of Iqbal's thoughts on the political landscape of Afghanistan in a standalone article. Therefore, the primary question of this paper is: What is the influence of Allama Iqbal's political thought on political movements in Afghanistan (particularly Jamiat-e Islami and Harakat-e Islami)?
This article employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. Initially, it describes, interprets, and analyzes existing data, followed by conclusions drawn from research questions. To conduct a thorough investigation of the topic, we first provide an overview of Allama Iqbal's political thought and subsequently examine its impact on Jamiat-e Islami and Harakat-e Islami in Afghanistan.
In gathering information, we first consulted Iqbal’s texts and poetry as well as other writings related to his political thought. Following this, we conducted an in-depth analysis of written works from Jamiat-e Islami and Harakat-e Islami that pertain to this article’s subject matter, especially focusing on the works of ideologues from these movements, articles, and other published materials in newspapers and other publications associated with these parties. Additionally, interviews were conducted with several experts familiar with the political movements to understand better Iqbal's influence on them.
Although most of Iqbal’s remaining works are poetic in nature, they all possess a political hue. Iqbal endeavored to address crises while proposing solutions within these works. In some instances, he describes the conditions of his time and society; in others, he articulates visions of an ideal society and pathways to achieve it. The foundation for this political thought lies within a pervasive crisis that has afflicted Muslim countries and deepened over time according to Iqbal’s perspective. Observing the plight of modern humanity and its challenges, particularly among Easterners—especially Muslims—and recognizing the multifaceted impacts of Western influence across various dimensions within Islamic lands underscored the urgent need for revitalization among people in both East and West. Factors such as atheism and secularism in the West and their impact on Eastern cultures, along with Muslims' lagging behind fundamental belief principles, inspired Iqbal’s formulation of his political ideas.
To comprehend this description and Iqbal's proposed solutions to issues, some key themes in his political thought include:
- Unity and Islamic Awakening
- Iqbal's Perspective on the West
- Return to Self
- Revitalization of Religious Thought and Social Reform
- Iqbal's Ideal Society
Considering these themes, Allama Iqbal's political thought has influenced various political movements in Afghanistan, particularly Jamiat-e Islami and Harakat-e Islami.
The impact of Iqbal's ideas on Jamiat-e Islami is most evident in the thoughts of Burhanuddin Rabbani, who led this movement for at least four decades. Rabbani was familiar with Iqbal and frequently referenced him in his speeches. For instance, during a speech regarding Kashmir's situation, he repeatedly addressed Iqbal directly and cited his poetry. Other prominent leaders within Jamiat-e Islami were also influenced by Allama Iqbal; for example, Ahmad Shah Massoud—national hero—had an affinity for poetry and occasionally recited Iqbal’s verses; similarly, Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim expressed particular admiration for Iqbal’s poetry and ideas.
Furthermore, manifestations of Allama Iqbal's political thought can be observed in publications associated with Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan, especially during periods of jihad and resistance. The publication of Iqbal’s heroic poetry in this party's journals undoubtedly served to bolster the morale of Mujahideen fighters while fostering unity among Afghan people as well as instilling an anti-colonial spirit among readers. The political ideas expressed by Allama Iqbal have also influenced poets within this movement; for instance, Mustamand—a poet associated with this group—prefers Iqbal above all others, noting that he was a poet for Islam whose verses were dedicated to awakening Muslims worldwide. Writers, scholars, and senior members of Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan consider the influence of Allama Iqbal’s political thought on their movement both natural and commendable. They believe that Jamiat-e Islami has benefited more than any other group from Iqbal’s thoughts and poetry—especially during periods of jihad and resistance—drawing upon themes such as unity and awakening among Muslims as well as anti-colonialism.
Similarly, Harakat-e Islami Afghanistan—the first Shia Islamist party that played a significant role during the Afghan people's jihad against communist rule—has also been influenced by Allama Iqbal's political thought. This movement was led by Ayatollah Mohseni—a distinguished Islamic scholar known for advocating unity among different sects within Islam—who was respected by Afghan people for his calls for unity and reconciliation among various Islamic sects. Although traces of Allama Iqbal’s political thought are evident within sections of Harakat-e Islami's manifesto—such as establishing an Islamic justice system based on Quranic laws combined with reason; rejecting colonial dependency; striving for Muslim unity; creating a powerful Islamic presence globally—this influence can also be observed through publications affiliated with this party during periods of jihad where various articles referenced Iqbal’s thoughts and poetry.
Ayatollah Mohseni frequently cited Allama Iqbal’s ideas within his speeches and writings that conveyed messages about awakening, unity against foreign oppression, independence-seeking efforts alongside self-improvement initiatives aimed at societal reform. He acknowledged Western civilization as materially advanced while permitting its utilization but regarded Muslims as superior concerning philosophical foundations and ethical principles—a view shared by Allama Iqbal himself. The ideologue behind Harakat-e Islami (Ayatollah Mohseni) similarly identified excessive mysticism as one factor contributing to Muslim backwardness while emphasizing self-returning efforts towards societal reform akin to those advocated by Allama Iqbal—including equal rights for women. Overall, Allama Iqbal's political thought has profoundly impacted both Jamiat-e Islami and Harakat-e Islami Afghanistan—particularly during periods marked by jihad and resistance—primarily through his heroic poetry that continues to resonate deeply within these movements.
Keywords: Political Thought, Allama Iqbal, Afghanistan, Jamiat-e-Islami (Islamic Society), Harakat-e-Islami(Islamic Movement).
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ظهیر، م.
ن.
(۱۳۷۱) به یاد بود صدوشانزدهمین سالروز پیدایش حکیم امت علامه اقبال، پشاور فتح (ارگان نشراتی جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان)، شماره سوم.
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گفت¬وگو با شاعر جوان و بادرک برادر مستمند (۱۳۶۷) پشاور، مجاهد (بیانگر اهداف انقلابی جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان)، کمیته¬ فرهنگی آمریت نشرات، شماره ۱۵.
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--------------- (۱۳۶۱) دیوان اقبال لاهوری، تهران، پگاه.
--------------- (۱۳۷۰) کلیات اشعار فارسی مولانا اقبال لاهوری، با مقدمه احمد سروش، تهران، کتابخانه سنایی.
ماکان (بقایی)، محمد (۱۳۹۵) فردوسی بیرون مرز (نگاهی دیگر به اندیشه¬های بنیادی اقبال لاهوری)، تهران، ترفند.
مجدالدین، اکبر (۱۳۸۴) «مسائل عمده کشورهای شرقی در اشعار اقبال لاهوری (رویکرد جامعه‌شناختی)»، پژوهشنامه علوم انسانی، شماره 45- ۴۶، صص 211-۲۳۰.
محسنی، محمدآصف (۱۳۷۲) نظریات سیاسی، علمی، دینی، اخلاقی و اجتماعی، ولایت.
---------------- (۱۳۷۴) مسائل کابل: جواب یکصد و چند سوال دینی، مذهبی، اجتماعی و سیاسی، کابل، واقفی.
---------------- (۱۳۸۵) دین و زندگانی، کابل، مطبعه بلخ.
---------------- (۱۳۸۷الف) تقریب مذاهب؛ از نظر تا عمل، تهران، ادیان.
---------------- (۱۳۸۷ب) نقش اسلام در عصر حاضر، کابل، مطبعه بلخ.
---------------- (۱۳۹۱) تحقق اتحاد امت اسلامی، کابل، رسالت.
---------------- (۱۳۹۴) گوشه¬ای از تاریخ جهاد مردم افغانستان از نگاه حضرت آیت¬الله العظمی محسنی، گردآورنده محمدرضا قیام، کابل، بخش تحقیقات مدرسه ام¬المؤمنین خدیجه کبری علیها السلام.
----------------- (۱۳۹۶) برگی دیگر، از فعالیت¬های احزاب جهادی، کابل، مرکز حفظ و نشر آثار حضرت آیت الله محسنی.
مدرسی، فاطمه (۱۳۷۹) «اقبال لاهوری، نغمه¬سرای بیداری»، مجله دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تهران، شماره پیاپی 998، صص 252-۲۶۴.
مصاحبه با دکتر خلیل هدف، عضو ارشد جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان، 26/11/1399.
مصاحبه با سید جعفر عادلی، نویسنده و رئیس کمیسیون سیاسی حزب حرکت اسلامی افغانستان، 23/01/1400.
مصاحبه با سید عنایت¬الله شاداب، استاد دانشگاه و عضو ارشد جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان، 26/01/1400.
مصاحبه با محمداکرام اندیشمند، نویسنده و پژوهشگر و عضو ارشد جمعیت اسلامی افغانستان، 16/11/1399.
مطهری، مرتضی (۱۳۸۲) بررسی اجمالی نهضت¬های اسلامی در صد سالۀ اخیر، تهران، صدرا.
وجودی، حیدری (1393) چهل روز در نبود مارشال محمدقسیم فهیم، روزنامه¬ای ماندگار، ۳۰ حمل/ فروردین ۱۳۹۳).
هاشمی، محمد (۱۳۹۷) سیری در اندیشه¬های اسلامی- اجتماعی علامه دکتر محمد اقبال لاهوری، تهران، روزنه.
یاسین (۱۳۶۵) اقبال و افغانستان، استقامت (نشریه حرکت اسلامی افغانستان)، شماره ۵۸-۵۹، قم، خیابان انقلاب، دفتر مرکزی حرکت اسلامی افغانستان.
AbdulRazak, Mohd Abbas (2011) Iqbal: An Analysis on his Life, Works and Mission, Journal of Islam in Asia, Sp1, No. 4, pp 365-381.
Afzal Dar, Mohsin (2013) Social Philosophy of Allama Muhammad Iqbal: view on Ummah and Islamic Society, Islamic and Muslim Siocieties: A Social Science Journal, vol. 6, No. 1.
Ahmad, Javeed (2018) Allama Iqbal and His Concept of Self, International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, vol. 6, issue 2, pp 309-326.
Fakhr-ul-Islam (2018) Allama Iqbal and the Afghans, Pakistan- Annuall Research, Journal, vol. No 54, pp. 83-97.
Khurram, Sara (2019) Allama Iqbal-mufakir e Pakistan, 10. 13140/RG. 2. 2. 12024. 90 882.
Paray, mohd Rafi; Fulware, Hiralal (2021) Philosophy of Allama Iqbal with special reference to the Islamic society and Culture, international Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope (IRJMS), volume 2, issue1, pp9-13.
Qazi, Uzma (2013) Iqbal’s Urdu Political Poems: The Writer Against Colonialism, Edmonton, Alberta.
Sultana, Kishwar (2002) Iqbal’s Political Philosophy and Concept of State, Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, vol. 2, pp 43-56.
