اثر بارِ شناختی و بازة زمانی بر ادراک زمان
محورهای موضوعی :علی شهابی فر 1 , سید مهدی حسینی فرد 2 , عطاالله موحدی نیا 3
1 - دانشگلاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد زرند
2 - دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان
3 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی زرند
کلید واژه: ادراک زمان بازتولید زمان بارِ شناختیبازة زمانی ,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر بارِ شناختی و بازة زمانی و تعامل این دو متغیر بر ادراک زمان به روش شبه آزمایشی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، دانش آموزان، دانشجویان، و کارکنان سازمان های شهر کرمان در سال 1397 بودند که از میان آنها 300 نفر (150 مرد و 150 زن) به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند و همه آنها تکلیف بازتولید زمان (TP) را انجام دادند. نتایج نشان دادند که هم اثر اصلی بارِ شناختی و بازة زمانی و هم اثر تعاملی این دو بر ادراک زمان معنا دار است (01/0>p). بارِ شناختی و افزایش بازة زمانی بر ادراک زمان به صورت افزایش میزان خطای بازتولید زمان اثر دارند. لازم به ذکر است که بیشترین تفاوت در خطای بازتولید زمان بین بازه های 2 و 8 ثانیه به دست آمد (001/0=p).
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive load and task duration and interaction of these variables on time perception. The research method was quasi-experimental. The population of this research was school students, university students, and personnel of organizations of Kerman city in 2018 and among them, 300 persons (150 males and 150 females) were selected by available sampling method. The time reproduction task was used for obtaining data. The results showed that the main effect of cognitive load and task duration and interactive effect of these variables on time perception were significant (p<0.01). Cognitive load and increase of the task duration affect time perception in the form of increasing the amount of time reproduction error.
اختياري، حامد؛ جنتي، علی؛ پرهيزگار، سید احسان؛ بهزادي، آرین و مكري، آذرخش (1382). ادراك زمان و روش¬هاي ارزيابي آن: يك مطالعه مقدماتي براي آزمودني فارسي زبان. فصلنامه تازه¬هاي علوم شناختي، 5، 49-36.
جوادی، حسین و جوادی، افسانه (1387). فیزیک از آغاز تا امروز. تهران: اندرز.
دلاور، علی (1391). مبانی نظری و عملی پژوهش در علوم انسانی و اجتماعی. تهران: رشد.
شهابی¬فر، علی (1393). مقایسه ادراک زمان در معتادین به مواد مخدر و افراد عادی. پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زرند.
نظري، محمدعلی؛ راستکارهاشمی، نسرین؛ دمپا، سمیرا؛ سعیدي¬دهاقانی، سمیه؛ سلطان¬لو، مجتبی و میرلو، محمدمهدي (1392). نقش جنسیت، والانس و برانگیختگی لغات فارسی داراي بار هیجانی بر ادراك زمان. دوفصلنامه علمی پژوهشی شناخت اجتماعی، 4، 62-73.
نوروزی، سمیه؛ نظری، محمدعلی؛ جهان، علی؛ و اسماعیل¬پور، خلیل. تفاوت¬های جنسیتی در ادراک زمان در رابطه با تعامل عدد و زمان. روانشناسی و روان¬پزشکی شناخت، ۱(۱)، ۲۲-10. Ahn, H. K., Liu, M. W., & Soman, D. (2006). Memory for time: A cognitive model of retrospective duration and sequence judgments. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 64(3), 319–328.
Allman, M. J., Yin, B., & Meck, W. H. (2014). Time in the psycho-pathological mind. In D. Lloyd & V. Arstila (Eds.), Subjective Time: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Temporality (pp. 637-654), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Block, F., & Gellersen, H. (2010). The impact of cognitive load on the perception of time, Proceedings: NordiCHI,10, 16-20.
Block, R. A., & Zakay, D. (2008). Timing and remembering the past, the present, and the future. In S. Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of Time (pp. 367-394),. Bingley, England: Emerald.
Block, R. A., & Gruber, R. P. (2014). Time perception, attention, and memory: A selective review. Acta Psychologica, 149, 129-133.
Block, R. A., & Zakay, D. (1997). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4(2), 184-197.
Block, R. A., & Zakay, D. (2006). Prospective remembering involves time estimation and memory processes. In J. Glicksohn & M. S. Myslobodsky (Eds.), Timing the future: The case for a time-based prospective memory (pp. 25-49). London: World Scientific.
Block, R. A., George, E. J., & Reed, M. A. (1980). A watched pot sometimes boils: A study of duration experience. Acta Psychologica, 46, 81-94.
Block, R. A., Hancock, P. A., & Zakay, D. (2010). How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Acta Psychologica, 134, 330-343.
Block, R. A., & Reed, M. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Evidence for a contextual-change hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 656-665.
Brown, S. W. (2008). Time and attention: Review of the literature. In S. Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of time (pp. 111-138), Bingley, England: Emerald.
Brown, S. W. (1985). Time perception and attention: The effects of prospective versus retrospective paradigms and task demands on perceived duration. Perception & Psychophysics, 38, 115-124.
Brown, S. W. (1997). Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 1118-1140.
Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2005). What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(10), 755-765.
Callender, C. (2010). Is time an illusion? The concepts of time and change may emerge from a universe that, at root, is utterly static. Scientific American, 302(6), 58-65.
Conson, M., Cinque, F., Barbarulo, A. M., & Trojano, L. (2008). A common processing system for duration, order and spatial information: Evidence from a time estimation task. Experimental Brain Research, 187, 267-274.
Desai, V. R. (2007). The effects of aging and brain damage on time perception. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, http://repository.upenn.edu/curej/60.
Dormal, V., Seron, X., & Pesenti, M. (2006). Numerosity-duration interference: A stroop experiment. Acta Psychologica, 121, 109-124.
Duzcu, H., & Hohenberger, A. (2014). Prospective duration judgments: The role of temporality and executive demands of the concurrent task. Acta Psychologica, 147, 34-41.
Ferreira, V. F. M., Paiva, G. P., Prando, N., Graça, C. R., & Kouyoumdjian, J. A. (2016). Time perception and age. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 74(4), 299-302.
Ginns, P., & Leppink, J. (2019). Special issue on cognitive load theory: Editorial. Psychological Review, 31, 255-259.
Glicksohn, J. (2001). Temporal cognition and the phenomenology of time: A multiplicative function for apparent duration. Consciousness and Cognition, 10, 1-25.
Goldstone, S., Lhamon, W. T., & Sechzer, J. (1978). Light intensity and judged duration. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 12, 83-84.
Grondin, S. (2001). From physical time to the first and second moments of psychological time. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 22-44.
Grondin, S. (2010). Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 75, 561-582.
Hamamouche, K., Keefe, M., Jordan, K. E., & Cordes, S. (2018). Cognitive load affects numerical and temporal judgments in distinct ways. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1783.
Hancock, P. A., & Szalma, J. L. (Eds.) (2008). Performance under stress. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Hurewitz, F., Gelman, R., & Schnitzer, B. (2006). Sometimes area counts more than number. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 19599-19604.
Kalyuga, S. (2009). Cognitive load factors in instructional design for advanced learners. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Khan, A., Sharma, N. K., & Dixit, S. (2006). Effect of cognitive load and paradigm on time perception. Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 32(1), 37-42.
Lloyd, D., & Arstila, V. (2014). Subjective time: Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Macar, F., & Vidal, F. (2009). Timing processes: An outline of behavioural and neural indices not systematically considered in timing models. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 227-239.
McClain, L. (1983). Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports. Perception & Psychophysics, 34, 185-189.
Pinel, P., Piazza, M., Le Bihan, D., & Dehaene, S. (2004). Distributed and overlapping cerebral representations of number, size, and luminance during comparative judgments. Neuron, 41, 983-993.
Podvigina, D. N., & Lyakhovetskii, V. A. (2011). Characteristics of the perception of short time intervals. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 41, 9, 936-941.
Quartier, V., Zimmermann, G., & Nashat, S. (2010). sense of time in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Swiss Journal of Psychology, 69, 7-14.
Rovee-Collier, C. (1995). Time window in cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 31, 147-169.
Sari, F. B. (2015). Effects of kind and amount of cognitive load and duration on prospective time estimation. Master’s Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Shahabifar A., & Movahedinia, A. (2016). Comparing time perception among morphine- derived drugs addicts and controls. Addict Health, 8(1), 32-40.
Sucala, M., Scheckner, B., & David, D. (2010). Psychological time: Interval length judgments and subjective passage of time judgments. Current Psychology Letters [Online], 26(2).
Sweller, J. (2010). Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 123–138.
Usal, K. A., & Hohenberger, A. (2017). The effects of social task setting on time perception. In G. Gunzelmann, A. Howes, T. Tenbrink, & E. J. Davelaar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 3423-3428). London: United Kingdom.
Van Rijn, H., & Taatgen, N. A. (2008). Timing of multiple overlapping time intervals: How many clocks do we have? Acta Psychologica, 129(3), 365-375.
Wittmann, M. (2013). The inner sense of time: How the brain creates a representation of duration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 217-223.
Xuan, B., Zhang, D., He, S., & Chen, X. (2007). Larger stimuli are judged to last longer. Journal of Vision, 7, 1-5.
Zakay, D. (1993). Time estimation methods, do they influence prospective duration estimates? Perception, 22, 91-101.
Zakay, D., & Block, R. A. (1995). An attentional-gate model of prospective time estimation. In M. Richelle, V. De Keyser, G. d'Ydewalle, & A. Ndierendonck (Eds.), Time and the dynamic control of behavior (pp. 167-178). Liège, Belgium: Universite de Liege.
Zakay, D., & Block, R. A. (1996). The role of attention in time estimation processes. In M. A. Pastor (Ed.), Time, internal clocks, and movement (pp. 143-164). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Zakay, D. & Block, R. A. (2004). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: An executive-control process. Acta Neurobiologiae Experi-mentalis, 64, 319-328.
Zélanti P. S., & Droit-Volet S. (2011). Cognitive abilities explaining age related changes in time perception of short and long durations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109(2), 143-157.
