شناسایی عوامل موثر بر بهره برداری از فرصتهای کارآفرینانه بین المللی برای کسب و کارهای تامین انرژی (مورد مطالعه: شرکت ملی گاز ایران)
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت استراتژیکامیرهوشنگ کرمی 1 , سید مجتبی سجادی 2 , سیدرضا حجازی 3 , عسگر خادم وطنی 4
1 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی قزوین
2 - دانشگاه تهران
3 - دانشگاه تهران
4 - دانشگاه صنعت نفت
کلید واژه: فرصتهای کارآفرینانه بین المللی کسب و کارهای تامین انرژی بازاربین المللی گاز عملکرد صادراتی,
چکیده مقاله :
با توجه به موقعیت و قابلیت بین المللی ایران در تامین انرژی به ویژه گازیرای سایر کشورهای جهان ولزوم ارتقاء عملکرد صادراتی کسب وکارهای تامین انرژی، شناسایی عوامل موثر برکشف و بهره برداری از فرصتهای بین المللی اینگونه شرکتها با رویکردکارآفرینانه بسیار حائز اهمیت می باشد. درﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺳﻌﻰ ﺑﺮآن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ بهره گیری از تجارب و دانش خبرگان بازاربین المللی گاز مایع، این نوع ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ شناسایی و ارائه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، از نوع ﻛﻴﻔﻰ بوده وبا بهره گیری ازتکنیک ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ محتوا شکل گرفته اﺳﺖ. دادهﻫﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪﻫﺎى باز و ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ 15 ﻧﻔﺮ از صاحبان کسب وکار،ﻣﺪﻳﺮان عالی وﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎى مرتبط با صادرات گاز مایع ایران، منتخب به روش ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪﺑﺮﻓﻰ،ﮔﺮدآورى گردیده وﺑﺎاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ازﻛﺪﮔﺬارى ﺑﺎز و ﻣﺤﻮرى ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻰ و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺖ.ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ موثربربهره برداری از فرصتهای بین المللی ازدﻳﺪﮔﺎه خبرگان بازار بین المللی گاز ایران را ﻣﻰﺗﻮان در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ چهارﻣﺤﻮرکلی ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪى ﻧﻤﻮدﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪاز: نگرش کارآفرینانه بین المللی، نوآوری و خلاقیت کارآفرینانه بین المللی، تمایزرقابتی کارآفرینانه بین المللی، و شبکه سازی کارآفرینانه بین المللی. ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ چهار دسته عوامل ﺧﻮد ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﻮﻻت و زﻳﺮﻣﻘﻮﻻﺗﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
International situation of Iran for providing energy sources to other countries, particularly Gas, it requires to pay serious attention for promoting the export supply efficiency of Gas products, and identifying factors which are affecting to exploit the international opportunities for such companies regarding entrepreneurial approach. In this research, we try to find out these factors thru experiences and knowledge of the experts in the international Gas market. This research is qualitative and has been developed by using content analysis technique. The data was collected through open and semi-structured interviews by 15 business owners, top managers and experts of Iranian Liquefied Petroleum (LPG) export companies, which were selected by Snowball sampling method, and analyzed by content analysis encoding. According to results, the effective factors of international entrepreneurial opportunities can be categorized in four main directions: international entrepreneurial attitude, international entrepreneurial innovation and creativity, international entrepreneurial competitive distinction, and international entrepreneurial networking. Each of these four classified factors includes their own categories and subcategories which are addressed in this study.
1. ﭘﻮراﺷﺮف، ﻳﺎﺳﺎن اﷲ (١٣٩٣). ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت و ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻓـﺮاروى ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﺔ ﺻـﺎدرات اﺳـﺘﺎن اﻳـﻼم. ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﻲ، ٦(١)، ٢٠-١.
2. ﺣﺴﻨﻘﻠﻲ ﭘﻮر، ﻃﻬﻤﻮرث؛ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم، رﺣﻴﻢ؛ ﻧﻈﺮى، ﻣﺤﺴﻦ؛ روﺳﺘﺎ، اﺣﻤﺪ (١٣٩٤). ﺗـﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣـﺪﻟﻲ ﺑـﻮﻣﻲ ﺑـﺮاى ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎى اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ در ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻋـﺮاق. ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎزرﮔـﺎﻧﻲ،٧(٣)، ٧٣٦-٧٢١.
3. ﺣﻴﺪرى، ﻋﻠﻲ؛ آﻗﺎزاده، ﻫﺎﺷﻢ؛ واﻟﻲ ﭘﻮر، ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ (١٣٩٣). اراﺋﺔ ﻣـﺪﻟﻲ ﺑـﺮاى ﺗﺒﻴـﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺸـﺎﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ و ﭘﻴﺎﻣـﺪﻫﺎى ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪى رﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺻﺎدرﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﺔ اﻳﺮان. ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﻲ، ٦(٣)، ٤٧٤-٤٥٥.
4. رضوانی ،م موسوی نژاد س. م. (1393).کارآفرینی بین المللی، تهران،انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
5. ﺷﺠﺎﻋﻲ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ؛ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم، رﺣﻴﻢ؛ آﻃﺎﻫﺮﻳﺎن، ﺳﻤﺎﻧﻪ (١٣٩٣). ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ داﺧﻠـﻲ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮد ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ (ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻣﻮردى: ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎى ﺻـﺎدرﻛﻨﻨﺪة ﭘﺴـﺘﻪ در ﺗﻬـﺮان). ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎزرﮔـﺎﻧﻲ، ٦(٤)، ٨٠٧-٧٩١.
6. شریعتمداری،س. م. ح. (1391) شناسایی جهت گیری پژوهش های فرصت های کارآفرینی بین المللی در متون کارآفرینی، دانشکده کارآفرینی ، دانشگاه تهران.
7. قمری ،ی.(1390) شناسایی استراتژی کارآفرینانه کسب و کارهای نوپا در ورود به بازارهای بین المللی (مورد مطالعه ؛شرکتهای مستقر در شهرکهای صنعتی استان مرکزی)،دانشکده کارآفرینی ، دانشگاه تهران.
8. ﻣﺤﻤﻮدى ﻣﻴﻤﻨﺪ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ؛ ﺧﺒﺎز ﺑﺎوﻳـﻞ، ﺻـﻤﺪ؛ ﻓﺮوﻏـﻲ ﻧﻴـﺎ، ﺧﻮرﺷـﻴﺪ (١٣٩٣). ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﺔ ﺻـﺎدرات؛ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻨﺪى ﻣﺤﺮك ﻫﺎى ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ (ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻣﻮردى: ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻗﻄﻌـﺎت ﺧـﻮدرو).ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﻲ، ٦(٤)، ٩١٠-٨٨٩.
9. موسوی نژاد،س.م.(1390).شناسایی روش های ورود به بازارهای بین المللی نوظهوردرشرکتهای صنایع غذایی (مورد مطالعه ؛عراق)،دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران.
10. Ahokangas, P. (1998). Internationalization and resources. An analysis of processes In Nordic SMEs. Vaasa, University of Vaasa.
11. Albaum, G., & Duerr, E. (٢٠١١). International Marketing and Export Management. (٧th Edition, Ed.), USA, Pearson.
12. Barkema, H. G., & Drogendijk, R. (٢٠٠٧). Internationalizing in small, incremental or larger steps? Journal of International Business Studies, (٧), ١١٣٢-١١٤٨.
13. Benito, G. R. G., & Welch, L. S. (١٩٩٧). De-internationalization. Management International Review, (٢), ٧-٢٥.
14. Benus, J. & Michaelides, M. (2012). Are self-employment training programs effective? Evidence from Project GATE, Labour Economics, Volume 19, Issue 5, October 2012, Pages 695-705.
15. Bortoluzzi, G., Chiarvesio, M., Di Maria, E., & Tabacco, R. (٢٠١٤). Exporters moving toward emerging markets: a resource-based approach. International Marketing Review, (٥), ٥٠٦-٥٢٥.
16. BP energy annual report 2016, For a Secure, Affordable and Sustainable Energy Future, www.bp.com.
17. BP energy outlook 2016, www.bp.com.
18. BP Energy Outlook 2030, www.bp.com.
19. BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017, www.bp.com.
20. Callaway, S.K. (2008).Global Corporate Ventures: A New Trend of International Corporate Entrepreneurship. Multinational Business Review, 16(3), pp.1-22.
21. Carneiro, J., da Silva, J. F., & da Rocha, A. (٢٠١١). Strategic profiles of Brazilian exporters and performance implications. Journal of Business Research, (٣), ٢٥٠-٢٥٧.
22. Chandra, Y., Styles, C., & Wilkinson, I. (٢٠٠٩). The recognition of first time international entrepreneurial opportunities: Evidence from firms in knowledge-based industries. International Marketing Review (Vol. ٢٦). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
23. Chang, S. J., & Rosenzweig, P. M. (٢٠٠١). The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment. Strategic Management Journal, (٨), ٧٤٧-٧٧٦.
24. Freeman, S., & Cavusgil, S. T. (٢٠٠٧). Toward a Typology of Commitment States among Managers of Born- Global Firms: A Study of Accelerated Internationalization. Journal of International Marketing, (٤), ١-٤٠.
25. Global gas report 2018, World Gas Conference 2018, IGU.
26. Harris, S. & Wheeler, C. (٢٠٠٥). Entrepreneurs’ relationships for internationalization: Functions, origins and strategies. International Business Review, (٢), ١٨٧-٢٠٧.
27. Hessels, S.J.A. (٢٠٠٨). International Entrepreneurship: Value Creation across National Borders (No. Eps-٢٠٠٨-١٤٤-Org). Erim Ph.D. Series Research in
28. Hilmersson, M. (٢٠١٤). Experiential knowledge types and profiles of internationalizing small and medium-sized enterprises. International Small Business Journal, (٧), ٨٠٢-٨١٧.
29. Hisrich, R.D. (2010).Importance of international Entrepreneurship. In International Entrepreneurship, (pp.3-22).London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi, SAGE Publications.
30. IEA (2017) World Energy Outlook 2017 [online] http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ publications/weo-2017.
31. Kamakura, W. A., Ramon-Jeronimo, M. A., & Gravel, J. D. V. (٢٠١٢). A dynamic perspective to the internationalization of small-medium enterprises. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, (٢), ٢٣٦-٢٥١.
32. Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60–85.
33. Kontinen, T., &Ojala, A. (2011 a).Network ties in international opportunity recognition of family SMEs. International Business Review, 20, pp.440-453.
34. Kyvik, O., Saris, W., Bonet, E., & Felicio, J. A. (٢٠١٣). The internationalization of small firms: The relationship between the global mindset and firms’ internationalization behavior. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, (٢), ١٧٢-١٩٥.
35. Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S., & Boyacigiller, N. A. (٢٠٠٧). What we talk about when we talk about “global mindset”: Managerial cognition in multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, (٢), ٢٣١-٢٥٨.
36. Leonidou, L. C., Katsikeas, C. S., & Coudounaris, D. N. (٢٠١٠). Five decades of business research into exporting: A bibliographic analysis. Journal of International Management, (١), ٧٨-٩١.
37. Ling-Yee, L. (٢٠٠٤). An examination of the foreign market knowledge of exporting firms based in the People’s Republic of China: Its determinants and effect on export intensity. Industrial Marketing Management, (٧), ٥٦١-٥٧٢.
38. Muzychenko, O. (٢٠٠٨). Cross-cultural entrepreneurial competence in identifying international business opportunities. European Management Journal, ٢٦ (٦), ٣٦٦-٣٧٧.
39. Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S., & Puumalainen, K. (٢٠٠٤). A global mindset - A prerequisite for successful internationalization? Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, (١), ٥١-٦٤.
40. Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R. (2011) Creating Shared Value – How to Reinvent Capitalism and Unleash a Wave of Innovation and Growth, Harvard Business School.
41. Prahalad, C.K. (2004) the Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits, Pearson Education, and Upper Saddle River, NJ.
42. Prange, C., & Verdier, S. (٢٠١١). Dynamic capabilities, internationalization processes and performance. Journal of World Business, ٤٦(١), ١٢٦-١٣٣.
43. Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., & Camp, S. M. (1999). Global entrepreneurship monitor. Kansas City, Mo.: Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
44. Ruiz-Fuensanta, M. J. (٢٠١٠). Rethinking trust as a critic factor in the organizational behavior. Cuadernos de Gestion, (٢), ٨٩-١١٠.
45. Ruzzier, M., Hisrich, R. D., & Antoncic, B. (٢٠٠٦). SME internationalization research: past, present, and future. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, (٤), ٤٧٦-٤٩٧.
46. Samiee, S., & Walters, P. G. P. (١٩٩١). Segmenting corporate exporting activities: Sporadic versus regular exporters. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, (٢), ٩٣-١٠٤.
47. Santos-Alvarez, V., & Garcia-Merino, T. (٢٠١٠). The role of the entrepreneur in identifying international expansion as a strategic opportunity. International Journal of Information Management, (٦), ٥١٢-٥٢٠.
48. Schumpeter, J.A., 1934 (2008), The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, translated from the German by Redvers Opie, New Brunswick (U.S.A) and London (U.K.): Transaction Publishers.
49. Senik, Z. C., Scott-Ladd, B., Entrekin, L., & Adham, K. A. (٢٠١١). Networking and internationalization of SMEs in emerging economies. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, (٤), ٢٥٩-٢٨١.
50. Shane, S.) 2004). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus." International Small Business Journal, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 206+.
51. Shirokova, G., & McDougall-Covin, P. (٢٠١٢). The role of social networks and institutions in the internationalization of Russian entrepreneurial firms: Do they matter? Journal of International Entrepreneurship, (٣), ١٧٧-١٩٩.
52. Tang, Y. K. (٢٠١١). The Influence of networking on the internationalization of SMEs: Evidence from internationalized Chinese firms. International Small Business Journal, (٤), ٣٧٤-٣٩٨.
53. Timmor, Y., & Zif, J. (٢٠٠٥). A Typology of Marketing Strategies for Export. Journal of Global Marketing, 78-37, (4/3).
54. Urbina-Criado, M., Romero-Martinez, A., &Montoro-Sanchez, A. (2011).Domestic and International Corporate Entrepreneurship through Alliances. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 28(3), pp.317-327.
55. Weerawardena, J., Mort, G. S., Liesch, P. W., & Knight, G. (٢٠٠٧). Conceptualizing accelerated internationalization in the born global firm: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Journal of World Business, (٣), ٢٩٤-٣٠٦.
56. Westhead, P. (٢٠٠٨). International opportunity exploitation behavior reported by “types” of firms relating to exporting experience. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, (٣), ٤٣١-٤٥٦.
57. World LPG Market Outlook, www.purvingertz.com.
58. Www.nigc.ir.
59. Www.nioc.ir.
60. Zahra, S. A., Korri, J. S., & Yu, J. F. (٢٠٠٥). Cognition and international entrepreneurship: Implications for research on international opportunity recognition and exploitation. International Business Review, (٢), ١٢٩-١٤٦.
61. Zahra, S.A., & Garvis, D.M. (2000).International Corporate Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance: The Moderating Effect of International Environmental Hostility. Journal of Business Venturing, 15,469-492.
62. Zhou, L., Wu, A., & Barnes, B. R. (٢٠١٢). The Effects of Early Internationalization on Performance Outcomes in Young International Ventures: The Mediating Role of Marketing Capabilities. Journal of International Marketing, (٤), ٢٥-٤٥.
