prose

Open Access Article

1 - A Corpus-based Approach toward Modal Verbs of Six Texts from 6th Century
اشرف شیبانی اقدم راحله غلامی

The usage of modal verbs are reviewed in corpus of six texts from 6th Hegira (Atbat-al Katba, Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkerat-al Ulia, Maqamat-e Hamidi, Kelileh and Demneh and Rahat-al Sudur). The results show that the usage amount of these verbs is considerable among other k More

The usage of modal verbs are reviewed in corpus of six texts from 6th Hegira (Atbat-al Katba, Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkerat-al Ulia, Maqamat-e Hamidi, Kelileh and Demneh and Rahat-al Sudur). The results show that the usage amount of these verbs is considerable among other kinds of verbs. In modal constructs, modal adjectives and adverbs help enrich the meaning of necessity, possibility, capability and wanting in addition to modal verbs. Regarding the contextual and functional meaning, the concepts of commitment, necessity and … are more considerable in a work like Atbat-al Katba. Political, narrative and mystical insights, character, social power and status are among the factors the affect their amount of application and degree of modal elements. The study shows that the difference of genres brings about even little differences. The depiction of general features of a period style and personal experiences of every author are related to a subject which is dealt with in this study. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Reason of Composing Persian Prose Works from Their Authors' View Hussein
hossain hasanpouralashty Ahmad خلیلی

There were lots of great author along the history of Persian Language who inherited different kinds of works. From 4th Hegira up to nowadays that lots of prose texts has been composed there are few, if any, subjects in philosophical, theological, mystical, literary and More

There were lots of great author along the history of Persian Language who inherited different kinds of works. From 4th Hegira up to nowadays that lots of prose texts has been composed there are few, if any, subjects in philosophical, theological, mystical, literary and scientific that we cannot find some book(s) about. There are some information in the introduction section of these books about author and its contemporaries, general information about the work itself and so on; moreover, there would be some information about the necessity of the work composition that would explain and justify its goals and composition reason in a brief and comprehensive manner. The main question in the current study is that what is the real reason of composition of these works in their authors' view? Authors have gained some piece of data after reviewing 150 works from the most famous Persian prose works in different subjects and genres and divided them into different categories. The general result is that most of these works were written due to the order or request of someone and few, if any, works have been written due to the author's own decision and motive. This issue has often been rooted in personal, social, economic and even political reasons that this article tries to deal with and shed light on its causes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Picture and Character of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) the Greatest in Persian Mystical Prose
عفت نادری‌نژاد mostafa gorji

One of the main themes in the literary works of the world, particularly mystical and ethical texts, is to put the prophet’s states in writing, as the results of his experience and mystical intuition. In fact, mysticism as an artistic approach towards religion leads to e More

One of the main themes in the literary works of the world, particularly mystical and ethical texts, is to put the prophet’s states in writing, as the results of his experience and mystical intuition. In fact, mysticism as an artistic approach towards religion leads to esthetic and artistic discussions about religious issues such as prophecy. Meanwhile, mystic Persian prose texts, which are more profound than the related poetry and more focused on the prophecy of Mohammad (Pbuh) as well as his states and statements, have the possibility to may proceed on the matter of the prophecy, specifically the last prophet’s message from different views and aspects due to the cultural and linguistic reasons. The Gnostics tried to match, on the one hand, a range of themes with holy book and prophetic tradition in a subtle way. Through referring to them, on the other hand, they aimed to achieve some credits for their speech and accounts. This paper is intending to investigate about the position, situation and state of the last prophet in the fifteen most important gnostic prose texts from the early days up to the 8th century as well as studying on the similarities and differences of Mohammad’s tradition, his speech and behavior comparatively and historically due to lack of enough comprehensive related sources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - “Journey” in Gnostic Prose Texts
هوشنگ محمدي افشار

Islamic Gnostics/ Sufism mainly originates from the Quran and the apostolic custom; and is based on piety and pure devotion, with the flavor of love. “Journeying” is one of the issues and traditions which in two levels of external and internal (spiritual) has been of g More

Islamic Gnostics/ Sufism mainly originates from the Quran and the apostolic custom; and is based on piety and pure devotion, with the flavor of love. “Journeying” is one of the issues and traditions which in two levels of external and internal (spiritual) has been of great importance and controversy for the Sufi elders and researchers. The present article studies the external journey during a long period of time, from the early stages of the development of Gnostics and Sufism up to the end of the 8th (Islamic) century. Types of journey, its motivations, advantages, goals and objectives, and requirements are studied according to the different views of the Sufis and other great figures of each period. The research was done by a descriptive-analytic method. In addition to reliance on the holy Quran and sacred sayings, we have also made references to the theoretical works on Sufism, and the biographies of the Sufi elders from the 5th to the 8th centuries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Shift from the Oral Culture to the Written Culture in Women’s Writings (From Naseri period to the Constitutional period)
مریم عاملی رضایی

In the literary history of Iran, there can be found samples of women’s writings, most of which are in prose. Until the Naseri period, the very few writings were limited to jurisprudence, litanies and prayers. Two travelogues and one critical-social writing are available More

In the literary history of Iran, there can be found samples of women’s writings, most of which are in prose. Until the Naseri period, the very few writings were limited to jurisprudence, litanies and prayers. Two travelogues and one critical-social writing are available relating to the Naseri period. The writing mode of these texts reveals that the women at that time were not familiar with the common frames of formal writing. They wrote in a female intimate environment and employed a spoken language. At the Constitutional period, as women made their presence felt in society, they did so in the field of prose writing. Publishing their letters, particularly in women’s journals of the time, gave them an opportunity to experience formal written language. Women’s language entered a public zone. Their highly frank and open language which had been formed during centuries at an intimate female atmosphere, and under the influence of oral literature, was refined and distanced itself from the words that were supposed to be offensive for the public usage. In this way a civilized language of women was formed that followed the norms of the dominant culture of the time. So, one could claim that women’s presence at the society coincided with their transition from the field of oral literature to the field of written literature. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A Study on the Poetry-Oriented Prose Style in Abhar-ul Asheghein
سعید بزرگ بیگدلی

Roozbahan Baghli Shirazi is one of the most prominent mystics of 6th century. Abhar-ul Asheghein is one of his highly valued persian works, which is notable not only for its significance in the realm of mysticism, but also due to its rich prose. The present paper is aim More

Roozbahan Baghli Shirazi is one of the most prominent mystics of 6th century. Abhar-ul Asheghein is one of his highly valued persian works, which is notable not only for its significance in the realm of mysticism, but also due to its rich prose. The present paper is aimed at dealing with the style of prose used in Abhar-ul Asheghein from the view point of music and order, as well as language of expression, and imagination, which are the three most significant elements of the poetic expression. The paper also introduces its readership to some forms of artistic expression created by the poets. Based on the findings of the present paper, various manifestations of imagination, rhymes, deep affection, are all reflected by the mystic experiences of the autho; moreover, the magnificent language employed by the author, as well as ambiguities deriving from this kind of language, are among the elements of defamiliarization which turn Abhar-ul Asheghin into a poetic prose; and this feature distinguishes it from all other mystic types of prose ever existed. Employing these elements, Roozbehan enhances the usual norms of the standard language, so as to express certain aspects of his spiritual experiences, which are not compatible with the logical norms, nor can they be expressed. Moreover, Roozbehan appears to have always been in search of beauty of the Persian prose, in his mind and soul. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A Critical Introduction to Tazkareh Khairol Bayan
طاهره خوشحال سيد مرتضي هاشمي عبدالعلي اويسي

The works regarded as Tazkareh Alshuara in the Persian literature, abbreviated to Tazkareh, are among the most paramount resources of learning about the poets and their works in the Persian literature as well as their social and cultural status. To prove this, poems fro More

The works regarded as Tazkareh Alshuara in the Persian literature, abbreviated to Tazkareh, are among the most paramount resources of learning about the poets and their works in the Persian literature as well as their social and cultural status. To prove this, poems from such writers have been selected and studied; the authors of the present paper have alos probed into the life these writers, shouldering a great responsibility in protecting the works of the different times. Tazkare Khayrolbayan of Malek Shah Hossein ibn Ghisoddin Mohammad Bahari Sistani is one of such works. It has not yet been published although it bears a great importance in the Persian literature. Khayrolbayan is a general Tazkare containing preface, introduction, two chapters, an ending chapter and a final one. The present paper is an attempt to present different dimensions of such books. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A Reflection on the Grotesque Instances In Jami' Al-Tawarikh
Mahsa Masaei zohre allahdadi dastjerdi

Grotesque is a concept and attitude in art and literature to which some features are assigned such as contradiction, horrifying, marvelous, abnormal, ridiculous and some how tasteless, grudge, disgust, and so on. A theme or subject that due to being unfamiliar, and stra More

Grotesque is a concept and attitude in art and literature to which some features are assigned such as contradiction, horrifying, marvelous, abnormal, ridiculous and some how tasteless, grudge, disgust, and so on. A theme or subject that due to being unfamiliar, and strange, or because of excessive exaggeration and amazement evokes an obscure or confusing feeling in the audience or transfer controversial concepts and feelings to the audience. The Genghis attack, the Mongol dynasty, and its consequences paved the way for the genesis of grotesque concepts and images of this era. In this research, in addition to introducing grotesque, some of its instances and evidences are studied in one of the most important historical- literary works of the Mongol era. The results show that the section on the history of Mongols and Ilkhanate in Jami' al-tawarikh includes such unreasonable, uneven narratives, and superstitious affairs about Mongols that accepting them as the history is so difficult. It seems that the author was obliged to hypocrisy, flattery and recording some extreme and unacceptable issues - which can be called grotesque. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Contents battle of passion in poems of mystical prose works from 5th to 8th Century of Hegira
Nahid mosaffa reza Haidari Nori

One of the aims of Sufism is educate and instruct and the first of the educate of sufismis is disapproval of the univers and passions.repetition of this discussion In prose and pomes works shows this discussion is important . The purpose of these research is conucupis More

One of the aims of Sufism is educate and instruct and the first of the educate of sufismis is disapproval of the univers and passions.repetition of this discussion In prose and pomes works shows this discussion is important . The purpose of these research is conucupiscence congnition and introduce how to smite conucupiscenc in the research purported that conucupiscence is the most enemy for human thus with the meth of the analytical and descriptive investigate Contents battle of passion in poems of mystical prose works from 5th to 8th Century of Hegira.Rsesult : the mystics have insisted Conucupiscence more than another of the passions with introducing characteristic of Conucupiscence like selfabsorption ,indolence,greed, … they have introduced the passion . they have showed ascesis is the best way to smite the conucupiscence and also ethic like humility , thruth, deliverance is the best way to edification of conucupiscence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Stylistic Multiplicity in the Ancient Text of the Letter of Tensar
zhila dehbozorgi

Persian prose comes from the ideas and style of Iranian writers. Some writings contain more than one thought and style in its writing. Tensar's letter is a work in Pahlavi language by Ibn al-Maqqaf in Arabic and Ibn Esfandiar translated into Persian and added to the let More

Persian prose comes from the ideas and style of Iranian writers. Some writings contain more than one thought and style in its writing. Tensar's letter is a work in Pahlavi language by Ibn al-Maqqaf in Arabic and Ibn Esfandiar translated into Persian and added to the letter. This letter illustrates an example of light multiplicity in a Persian work. The question that arises is that what features of the text appear lightly despite the writings of the three authors? Tensar's letter is somewhat uniform in content, but structurally different. The purpose of this article is to identify the stylistic multiple in Tensar's letter. This query is documented. According to the research, the authors of the letter have been involved in the writing structure of the text, such as the introduction, content, and old terms and vocabulary of the first author's style, such as to approach the letter to Islamic texts, In particular, the stylistic features of the third author are a mix of anecdotes and allegories from the second author's initiative, and an updated language of literary beauty, elaborate sentences and quotations from the like. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Etiquette Guides in the Qajar Era
MOHAMMAD REZA HAJI AGHA BABAEI Faezeh Saadati Masroor

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In this study, research data was purposefully gathered through documentary research. While comprehensive statistics on Qajar-era etiquette guides are unavailable, library research and manuscript catalogs yielded forty etiquette guides within the study's scope, analyzed descriptively and analytically.     Introduction  The Qajar period (1797-1925 AD) is considered one of the most turbulent eras in Iranian history. Despite political instability and the inefficacy of rulers and many government officials, from the mid-Qajar era onwards, this period witnessed remarkable cultural and social transformations. Iranians' exposure to the West and their efforts to learn new sciences and modern elements gradually transformed Iran from a backward nation, mired in ignorance and superstition, into a country on the path to development and progress. Nevertheless, various internal and external factors posed numerous challenges, hindering significant progress in this developmental trajectory. From the mid-Qajar era, a spirit of innovation became apparent in various fields. The Naser al-Din Shah era and subsequent periods saw a clash between traditionalists and modernists, with different segments of Iranian society striving to expand new sciences and introduce fresh perspectives.   The mid-Qajar period also marked a growing interest in instructional literature, especially in the writing of etiquette guides. These texts provided educational content on subjects such as individual and social lifestyle, vocational training, various games and entertainment, and more. An etiquette guide is a broad term for instructional texts that offer practical teachings in various aspects of personal and social life, aiming to equip individuals with the necessary skills for social participation.   Research Background  due to the importance of the issue of Etiquette Guides in the Qajar era, so far there has been little research in this field, only some of the species have been studied in research with a historical approach.  Qayyoomi (2007) in this study, at the beginning of the study, the exact definition of literature and language has been studied. Torabi Farsani and Qandi (2015) in this study, the impact of Etiquette Guides in the Qajar Era on social narrative has been studied and the Persian language with its diversity of themes and traditions that address the life and social customs of each era are important historical sources. Iranpour (2019) Training funds have examined the etiquette and motivation of writing them. Torkamani azar (2020) in this study, the author has examined the historical texts of the sixth century in iran up to the sixth century and the result of this research is that kings and kings need knowledge and soldiers to collect and arrange and arrange. ~ ~ ~ with the passage of time and the advancement of knowledge and technology, the physical tools of war have become more modern and the battlefield has changed.       Problem definition  The primary audience for these etiquette guides was generally men, kings, princes, and notable social figures.However, from the mid-Qajar period onwards, especially after the Constitutional Revolution, there was a noticeable shift in the intended audience of these texts.Many authors recognized the importance of focusing on the education of women and children to bring about cultural and social changes.Consequently, the number of etiquette guides written for adolescents and women increased significantly after the Constitutional Revolution, with various works emerging in different fields.       Conclusion  The language and prose of Qajar-era etiquette guides initially exhibited a moderately difficult style, occasionally displaying ostentation through the use of Arabic phrases or complex poetry and vocabulary.Nevertheless, compared to other texts of the period, the prose of these guides was relatively simpler.With the expansion of translated texts and the rise of journalism, the prose of etiquette guides also moved towards simplicity, making them more accessible to the audience.  The structure of etiquette guides also evolved with social transformations.Traditionally, these guides began with a preface praising God, the Prophet Muhammad, and often included encomiums for the king or governmental officials, dedicating the work to them before delving into the main subject.Gradually, especially after the Constitutional Revolution, changes in political and social dynamics led to structural transformations in some etiquette guides.Authors began to abandon traditional structures, directly presenting their teachings in simple language, reflecting a shift in societal attitudes.  Qajar-era etiquette guides were named in three primary ways.Many were titled based on their content and themes.Some authors named their works in honor of a king or another individual to whom the book was dedicated or based on its content.Others chose literary or metaphorical titles, with some even opting for humorous names.  The motivations behind authoring etiquette guides varied.Some writers aimed to address the general needs of the audience, while others wrote at the request of a specific individual.Some authors intended to pass on their knowledge and lived experiences to their children and grandchildren, thus creating these guides.Others wrote to impart specific skills, believing their audience lacked awareness in these areas.Some authors aimed to enlighten people and eradicate ignorance, while others wrote to critique and protest certain societal behaviors, reflecting a critical  stance towards social issues and prevalent superstitions.   Keywords: Literary Genre; Etiquette Guides; Qajar Prose.    References   Ajudani, Mashallah (2006) Or death or modernity, third ed, Tehran, Akhtaran.   Amir Aslan (1886) A Man and a Man's Manners, manuscript, National Library, retrieval number: 5-12301.   Anonymous (1889) General rules: for the exercises and movements of the government's infantry against Iran, lithography, National Library.Recovery number: 12657-6.   ------------- (1925) Ta’dib al-Naswan, lithograph, National Library, retrieval number: 6-6161.   ------------- (1969) Jame al-Sana'ye: Cookbook from the Qajar era, corrected and revised by Iraj Afshar, Tehran, written heritage.    ------------- (n.d) The Game of Chess, manuscript, National Library, retrieval number: 5-18655.   ------------- (18th century) Baker's treatise, manuscript, National Library, retrieval number: 13866/2.    ------------- (2016) Cooking science 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