List of Articles policy-making

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  1 - Creating value for higher education by overcoming the crises of the populist era
  Somayeh Fereidouni
  The massification of higher education is a phenomenon that quickly swept the world after World War II. Iranian higher education has also faced this phenomenon in the last two decades and its statistical evidence can be cited in various dimensions of higher education. Re More

  The massification of higher education is a phenomenon that quickly swept the world after World War II. Iranian higher education has also faced this phenomenon in the last two decades and its statistical evidence can be cited in various dimensions of higher education. Research shows that various crises such as the crisis of quality of higher education, reduction of financial resources, little expansion without regard to the necessary infrastructure, unemployed graduates, social change and such factors are among the consequences of low expansion policies in Iran with concerns about improving access to education. It had a great start. A review of global studies also shows that the current crisis of higher education in Iran is not different from what happened after the massification in many countries. But it is important to note that different countries, while experiencing similar crises, have used different strategies to overcome the challenges of mass higher education, and these differences in strategies are rooted in the differences in the context of higher education in each country and its characteristics and requirements. Therefore, in the present study, the researcher, using the combined Swat-TOPSIS model, first obtained strategies appropriate to the Iranian context, to overcome the crises resulting from the quantitative expansion of higher education, and in the next step, using the TOPSIS technique, the strategies obtained Has been prioritized. Findings show that the mission-orientation of universities, the dominance of systems thinking in the higher education policy-making system and financial independence are the three main strategies among the eight strategies obtained in the present study to overcome the crises of higher education in Iran Manuscript profile
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  2 - A look at the structure of research management in Germany
  Gevork grptian
  This paper examines the structure of German research management. In this regard, segregation of duties in the policy-making layers, sponsors and implementers of research is proposed and then the institutionalization approach in research is presented. Finally, how to fin More

  This paper examines the structure of German research management. In this regard, segregation of duties in the policy-making layers, sponsors and implementers of research is proposed and then the institutionalization approach in research is presented. Finally, how to finance and discuss how to plan international activities is discussed. Conclusion The article provided highlights and suggestions on national perspectives. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Investigating the Scenarios of non-Muslim non-Iranian Tourists of Mashhad Within 2025 Perspective
  Arash   Ghahreman Ahmad roumiani Sareh   Nematian zahra bostan
  10.61186/journalitor.35761.11.23.105
  The uncertainty caused by environmental complexities has made it difficult to forecast the future of Tourism in Mashhad in terms of non-Muslim tourists visiting the city, about whom no sufficient information exists. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the trend More

  The uncertainty caused by environmental complexities has made it difficult to forecast the future of Tourism in Mashhad in terms of non-Muslim tourists visiting the city, about whom no sufficient information exists. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the trend of variations in the visits made to Mashhad by non-Muslim tourists using the scenario writing method. To this end, this applied study used the analytical-qualitative approach, collecting the required data through detailed in-person interviews. In this regard, twenty-seven interviews were made in three phases with tourism experts in such fields as sociology, economics, planning, and specialized tourism services. In the first phase, the factors involved in attracting non-Muslim tourists to Mashhad were identified according to the views offered by the experts in interviews using the Delphi technique. In the second phase, the critical driving forces were identified based on two criteria of effectiveness and uncertainty. Finally, the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios concerning the future of non-Muslim tourism in Mashhad were described. The study’s findings revealed that smartizing tourism, making connections between tourism in Mashhad and its neighboring cities, increasing the number of media advertisements, improving the hospitality culture, and promoting a sense of security in the visiting tourists were the most important driving forces at the local level. Therefore, the number of Mashhad’s non-muslim tourists could be increased within the study period by improving IT infrastructure (including electronic trading, and electronic banking), introducing neighboring cities and villages of Mashhad and their tourist attractions, offering instructions regarding hospitality (especially for taxi drivers, business and shop owners), creating tourism police, and providing security in high-trafficking urban places. Manuscript profile