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Open Access Article

1 - A Comparative Study of Witnesses Hearing in Virtual Arbitration in Arbitration Systems of the US, European and Iranian
masoud akhavan Reza Shahidi Sadeghi

In the present era, due to advances in new technologies, including cyber-space, we face quantitative and qualitative opportunities, including the issue of hearing the testimony of witnesses in cyber-Space arbitration. Hearing the testimony of witnesses in the cyber-spac More

In the present era, due to advances in new technologies, including cyber-space, we face quantitative and qualitative opportunities, including the issue of hearing the testimony of witnesses in cyber-Space arbitration. Hearing the testimony of witnesses in the cyber-space in accordance with the specification or implication of valid international laws and conventions such as the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law and the Arbitration Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce and also by the meaning of some provisions of Internal arbitration laws and the International Commercial Arbitration Law and explicitly stipulated in the Electronic Commerce Law, has been supported by the Iranian legislator and has been granted judicial validity. In this descriptive-analytical article, the authors intend to discuss the hearing of witness testimony in cyber-space arbitration in a comparative manner in the arbitration systems of the united states, europe and Iran. witnesses hearing as well as opportunities and challenges in the process of hearing to witnesses in cyber-space arbitration should be explored. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Identifying and Modeling of Industrial e-readiness critical factors For Establishment of E-Manufacturing
kamran feizy Mohamad Taghi Taghavi fard Jahaniar Bamdad Soufi Hosein Vahidy

In today’s competitive world, the ability of acceptance and utilization of ICT in industries is one of the critical success factors in productive industries. The target of this paper is presentation of a model for evaluation of e-manufacturing e-readiness in manufacturi More

In today’s competitive world, the ability of acceptance and utilization of ICT in industries is one of the critical success factors in productive industries. The target of this paper is presentation of a model for evaluation of e-manufacturing e-readiness in manufacturing industries. This research was conducted in three phases utilizing mixed research method. In the first phase, Barroso and Sandelowski Meta-Synthesis method containing seven steps was invoked and the primary conceptual model was created. In the second phase, by arranging semi-structured interviews with the experts, a supplementary model was completed. In the third phase in order to quantitatively validate the developed model, various statistical tests and confirmatory factor analysis were employed. Structural equation modeling and path analysis were made use of for checking accuracy of the assumptions as well as testing the proposed model in SmartPLS 3 software. After confirmation of path coefficients and coefficients meaningfulness (t-values), we checked model in terms of various indexes, all of which point to the eminence of the model. The results of applying the above steps were corroboration of the scientific standing of the latter model. Incorporating there major components i.e. , ICT infrastructure in manufacturing , ICT application capacities in manufacturing, ICT value augmenting opportunities in manufacturing along with 28 indexes, the model set forth in this study was ultimately received full confirmation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Designing a Land of Opportunities pattern to form Small and Medium Enterprises: With emphasis on Causal conditions and central phenomenon
محمدرضا رخیده esmaeil Malekakhlagh

purpose: The aim of this study is to understand the nature and factors that shape the land of opportunities in small and medium enterprises. Methodology: The method used in the research is a mixed-method and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The qua More

purpose: The aim of this study is to understand the nature and factors that shape the land of opportunities in small and medium enterprises. Methodology: The method used in the research is a mixed-method and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative part is done using "Grounded theory" and the quantitative part is done using "structural equation modeling". Necessary data were collected through interviews with academic experts, managers, and consultants of small and medium industries in city rasht. The tool for collecting information in the qualitative section is semi-structured interviews. The text analysis of the interviews was performed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. And In a quantitative part, Using a researcher-made questionnaire, Its validity and reliability were examined. Finding: Using the codes extracted from the text of the interviews and extracting the codes using the software maxqda 18; Number 353 open coding 28 axial coding, and finally 9 selective coding were extracted. Among these, the dimensions of the land of talent, the land of the market, the land of professional management, the land of finance and investment (central phenomenon), the land of innovation, the land of professional policymaking, the land of democracy, the land of social development and the land of expectations were identified as causal conditions. Conclusion: According to the research findings in the qualitative section (extracted codes), by confirming the relationship between dimensions and the variables "land of opportunities" and "structural equation model" which was Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Identifying the Entrepreneurial Business Opportunities in Masjed Soleiman Township
Mohammad Hossein Mohmedi Kartalaei Hossein Mahdizadeh Nematollah Shiri

The main purpose of this study was to identifying the entrepreneurial business opportunities in Masjed Soleiman Township. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and the Delphi method were used. Delphi panel members included 20 successful entrepreneurs, experts a More

The main purpose of this study was to identifying the entrepreneurial business opportunities in Masjed Soleiman Township. To achieve this goal, the qualitative paradigm and the Delphi method were used. Delphi panel members included 20 successful entrepreneurs, experts and people with experience in the fields of agriculture, industry and services in Masjed Soleiman that by using snowball sampling method were chosen. After three rounds, a consensus was reached on the opportunities of starting entrepreneurial businesses in Masjed Soleiman Township. The main research tool in the first round of the Delphi study was a questionnaire with open-ended questions and in the second and third rounds, a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions. According to the results, the most important opportunities for starting entrepreneurial agricultural businesses are, respectively, priority: "Cultivation of medicinal plants", "Fish farming in the margins of Masjed Soleiman dams" and "Modern and industrial greenhouses for greenhouse production". According to the results of the research, the top priorities in the field of opportunities for starting entrepreneurial service businesses in Masjed Soleiman Township include: "Packaging of livestock products such as curd and other similar products", "Packaging of various medicinal plants" and They were "cold storages of agricultural and food products". According to the results of the research, the top priorities in the field of opportunities for starting industrial entrepreneurial businesses in Masjed Soleiman Township were: "Development of downstream petrochemical industries", "Development of downstream industries of aluminum plant" and "Processing of medicinal plants". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Constructive interaction of the World Trade Organization with developing countries
Mahdi Sadeghi Shahdani Amir Kargar Ali Javanjafari

The consequences of the accession and non-accession of the developing countries to the World Trade Organization have been stated in many articles, which point to the inefficiency of this organization and the political and economic power of developed countries and their More

The consequences of the accession and non-accession of the developing countries to the World Trade Organization have been stated in many articles, which point to the inefficiency of this organization and the political and economic power of developed countries and their influence on the decisions of this organization. Research Assuming that the process of globalization and increasing membership of countries in the World Trade Organization is upward, we consider the membership of many of them in this organization to be inevitable; However, since some of the goals of this organization are the same as the economic goals of developing countries, it is possible to use effective and timely policies to interact effectively and achieve goals such as the efficient and equitable exploitation of nature. New benefits and opportunities for all were eradicated, eradicating poverty, corruption and discrimination in the country, and maintaining economic independence. For this reason, there is a need to review and adapt this organization to the economic foundations of these countries. The research question is what are the benefits and costs of membership in this organization for developing countries? what steps should they take to maximize opportunities and minimize membership costs? According to the descriptive-analytical approach and based on some theoretical assumptions of international economics and understanding the atmosphere of this organization, we will reach the hypothesis that this organization, considering the influence of developed countries in establishing fair and effective trade relations, It is inefficient, but with some flexible policies and regulations, costs can be minimized. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges Facing “Development and Civil of Counties Cooperatives” in Iran
Behrouz Roustakhiz Soamye Kazemi

Cooperatives are the old institutions reliant on social capital to solve social problems. Also, in modern times, they are considered helpers of governments in solving social issues. In Iranian law, initiatives such as the establishment of “Development and Civil of Count More

Cooperatives are the old institutions reliant on social capital to solve social problems. Also, in modern times, they are considered helpers of governments in solving social issues. In Iranian law, initiatives such as the establishment of “Development and Civil of Counties Cooperatives” have been proposed to utilize the capacity of these institutions. Nevertheless, in practice, these cooperatives have faced challenges that have led to their failure. Therefore, the present study, which is based on a qualitative approach, aims to achieve the proposed strategies to use these cooperatives’ existing capacities and opportunities to meet the challenges facing them. In this regard, in the present descriptive-analytical research, in addition to written and online sources and documents, the text of the conservations with 30 of this field’s experts, beneficiaries, and involved people has also been analyzed through “content analysis.” According to the results of this study, the mentioned cooperatives have the capacities and opportunities, such as “facilitative legal capacities and opportunities,” the possibility of “achieving public benefit within the framework of economic capacities and opportunities,” and the potential of “flourishing local and indigenous capacities of cities.” On the other hand, they face challenges such as “cumbersome legal procedures and their non-implementation,” “undesirable interaction and improper support of government structures for cooperatives,” “difficulty in financing activities,” and “Institutionalizing distrust of cooperatives.” Finally, based on the research findings, the following strategies have been proposed for the success of “Development and Civil of Counties Cooperatives”: “clarification of laws,” “using resilient management,” “networking,” and “social entrepreneurship based on the comprehending and use of local capacities,” “structural trust,” and “effective advertising and education” strategies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - To Identify Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Tourism Development in District 4 of Tehran
Farangis Torabi Zahra Nadalipour

Today, along with the expansion of urbanization, changes in people's lifestyles and work- leisure patterns, the phenomenon of urban tourism is increasingly important. From this point of view, cities act as tourist destinations with a wide range of attractions and entert More

Today, along with the expansion of urbanization, changes in people's lifestyles and work- leisure patterns, the phenomenon of urban tourism is increasingly important. From this point of view, cities act as tourist destinations with a wide range of attractions and entertainment for citizens and residents, as well as for tourists and visitors from other places. The purpose of the present study is to identify the challenges and opportunities of urban tourism development in the district 4 of Tehran. The present study was a qualitative study that applied thematic analysis method to analyze the relevant data. The tool for data gathering was interview and 10experts were interviewed. MAXQDA software version 2020 was applied to analyse collected data, through which the main and secondary codes were extracted in three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding. The results indicated that in the challenges section, the main factors of infrastructural challenge, socio- cultural challenge, managerial challenge, environmental challenge and economic challenge were identified. Sub- codes were also identified for each main code. Moreover, for tourism development opportunities, the main components of amenities, tourist attractions, motivational factors, cultural and social factors and human resources were identified. On the other hand, the components of educational and advertising measures, infrastructure and policy measures, cultural and social measures, regulatory and health measures, public transport fleet infrastructure and environmental issues were identified as solutions for tourism development. Findings showed that in addition to the facilities, potential and actual opportunities for the development of urban tourism, there are several challenges and obstacles, including economic, infrastructural, socio- cultural, managerial and environmental challenges and obstacles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges Facing “Development and Civil of Counties Cooperatives” in Iran
Behrouz Roustakhiz Soamye Kazemi

Cooperatives are the old institutions reliant on social capital to solve social problems. Also, in modern times, they are considered helpers of governments in solving social issues. In Iranian law, initiatives such as the establishment of “Development and Civil of Count More

Cooperatives are the old institutions reliant on social capital to solve social problems. Also, in modern times, they are considered helpers of governments in solving social issues. In Iranian law, initiatives such as the establishment of “Development and Civil of Counties Cooperatives” have been proposed to utilize the capacity of these institutions. Nevertheless, in practice, these cooperatives have faced challenges that have led to their failure. Therefore, the present study, which is based on a qualitative approach, aims to achieve the proposed strategies to use these cooperatives’ existing capacities and opportunities to meet the challenges facing them. In this regard, in the present descriptive-analytical research, in addition to written and online sources and documents, the text of the conservations with 30 of this field’s experts, beneficiaries, and involved people has also been analyzed through “content analysis.” According to the results of this study, the mentioned cooperatives have the capacities and opportunities, such as “facilitative legal capacities and opportunities,” the possibility of “achieving public benefit within the framework of economic capacities and opportunities,” and the potential of “flourishing local and indigenous capacities of cities.” On the other hand, they face challenges such as “cumbersome legal procedures and their non-implementation,” “undesirable interaction and improper support of government structures for cooperatives,” “difficulty in financing activities,” and “Institutionalizing distrust of cooperatives.” Finally, based on the research findings, the following strategies have been proposed for the success of “Development and Civil of Counties Cooperatives”: “clarification of laws,” “using resilient management,” “networking,” and “social entrepreneurship based on the comprehending and use of local capacities,” “structural trust,” and “effective advertising and education” strategies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Achievements and Challenges of Women Empowerment in knowledge-based Companies
Leila Falahati

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the achievements and challenges of women's empowerment in knowledge-based companies. In this research, the opportunities and challenges of graduates women in knowledge-based companies were discussed based More

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the achievements and challenges of women's empowerment in knowledge-based companies. In this research, the opportunities and challenges of graduates women in knowledge-based companies were discussed based on the analysis of twenty interviews with women’s board members or directors in this field. Concerning to obtain relative superiority in order to design questions and categorize the content of documents and interviews, empirical literature related to the research was reviewed. Result revealed that three major factors have motivated them to start their own business including: the desire to balance work and life, the desire to earn more money, and the desire to develop business skills. In the field of agency and factors affecting women's entrepreneurship in the knowledge-based environment, entrepreneurial characteristics and behaviors such as results achievement, risk-taking, and self-confidence have been measured. From organizational and environmental aspects, organizational capacities including trust, access to resources and information, networking skills, ability to generate resources, financial knowledge, technology skills and having role models were influential. In terms of challenges, there are Individual factors (lack of courage, high emotions, low level of specialized and technical knowledge related to work and slowness of women), Socio-cultural factors (discrimination, common gender stereotypes, religious norms and beliefs and lack of knowledge and proper socialization) and Economic factors (discrimination in hiring and payment of wages, negative attitude of customers and financial institutions and prejudices) were addressed as obstacles to the effective participation of women in knowledge-based companies Manuscript profile

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