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  1 - Execution methods of full-section stone tunnel of Pune twins by explosive method and various types of excavations, case example: Khorram Abad tunnel
  Mohammad  Dehghan ali aram
  In recent years, following the increase in the need to create underground spaces with larger dimensions and at greater depths or to dig them in unsuitable fields, the necessity of identifying the ground conditions as fully as possible and choosing the appropriate method More

  In recent years, following the increase in the need to create underground spaces with larger dimensions and at greater depths or to dig them in unsuitable fields, the necessity of identifying the ground conditions as fully as possible and choosing the appropriate method for digging these spaces has been revealed. In many cases, these spaces are created in places where the ground is of stone type, and in order to dig these spaces in rocky lands, there are various methods, including the use of drilling machines such as TBM, ball drill, etc., which use the cost Laying is one of the most common excavation methods in rocky ground, after this operation, lattice is placed and its distance is determined according to the type of soil. To investigate and provide a suitable solution for tunnel stabilization, various experimental, analytical and There is a number available. In addition to the geological conditions, in presenting the design of the initial reinforcements of the tunnels, the important implementation issues of the loading of the lattice girders are considered until the time before the shotcrete is set. Since the shotcrete has not reached enough resistance in the early hours, it is necessary for the lattice girders to withstand the loads caused by the weight of the initial coating so as not to suffer structural damage. The implementation methods of construction include shielding and NATM, and the load estimation method includes experimental and stability analysis. In the implementation method of shielding, the diameter of the tunnel is constant from the beginning to the end, but in certain areas it is necessary to increase the diameter, and the NATM method (Austria) is of high safety. and being economical and also used in all kinds of soils and depths. Stability analysis method that can predict and analyze that different parts of the tunnel are low, medium and high in terms of stability. In the excavation of a stone tunnel, the operation of drilling, blasting, installation of lattices, reinforcements and implementation of shotcrete is repeated many times. Manuscript profile