The flexibility of despotism and Authoritarianism after Arabic revolutions
Subject Areas :
1
()
hassan kamran
2
(University of Tehran)
Keywords: flexibility, revolution, political mobilization, tyranny. democracy,
Abstract :
In December 2011, popular uprising swept away Middle East and Africa north and wondered the world. This uprising led to Chain and unprecedented protests in the Arab region from Tunisia, Egypt Morocco to Yemen and Bahrain and took the protests to the street to call freedom, justice, democracy, human right and in one word “change”. Purpose of this research is present of comprehensive percept of Arab uprisings and explanation of popular sudden and spontaneity uprising in Middle East in year 2011 and until now. Method of research is descriptive and analytical method. This research based on credible sources is looking for to answer to this question “what causes and fields led to failure of Arabic revolutions and return of instability and continuing tyranny to Arab world. Findings of this research shows that sets of internal and external causes and varieties such as lack of essential cultural contexts (conditions) to establish of democracy, lack of political and judicial Institutionalization, weak of developments and economic and military Institutionalization and intervention of extra0regional power such as America, lack of Charismatic and empowered leader and weak of Discourse and people mobilization and…..have contributed in defeat revolution of Egypt ,Libya and Yemen and continuation of tyranny and Deficiency of democracy in Arab world. This research using theory of John Furan and Goldstone is going to explain why and how rise of different results in Arabic countries after Arab uprising year 2010 until now.
منابع فارسی -راکبیان، رشید (1392). چرایی شکست اخوان¬المسلمین در مصر. آخرین تاریخ دسترسی (12/11/1392). قابل بازیابی از http://www.farsnews.com.newstext.php.
-سلطانی¬فر، محمد حسین (1391). تحولات خاورمیانه، دگر دیسی سیاسی. ماهنامه تحلیل¬ها و رویدادها، ویژه نامه تحولات خاورمیانه،سال بیست و پنجم، شماره 605، صص25-9
-شفیعی سیف¬آبادی ، محسن، 1394،جهانی شدن، اسلام سیاسی سلفی و آینده مناسبات قدرت در عراق و سوریه،رساله دکتری،صص27-32. -فوران، جان،1385، نظریه پردازی انقلابها،ترجمه فرهنگ ارشاد،نشر نی..
-قوام، عبدالعلی، (1388)، سیاست های مقایسه ای، چاپ دهم، تهران، انتشارات سمت.
-نیاکوئی،سیدامیر،1389، تحولات اخیرخاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا: ریشه ها و پیامدهای متفاوت،فصلنامه روابط خارجی،سال سوم،شماره چهارم،زمستان 1390،ضض239-276
منابع لاتین
- Aziz, Sahar F, (2012), Egypt's Protracted Revolution, WCL Journals & Law Review, Human Right Brief, Vol 19, no 3, 2-9. - Harvey, Melody, (2012), Egypt Wrestles with Democracy: Expectations Versus Realities, Pepperdine Policy Review: Vol.5, Article 2
.
- Huntington, Samuel, (1982), Political Order in Changing Societies, Yale University Press. -
Krastev ,Ivan, 2014,“From Politics to Protest,” Journal of Democracy 25, no. 4 - Ramadan, Tariq, (2013). Egypt: Coup d'État, Act Two, International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia.(October 2014): 6, 16
. -Aarts,paul, van dijke,Pieter, and et all, 2014,From resilience to revolt, making sense of the arab spring,university of amsterdam
-Abdel-Khalek ,Gouda And K. Al Sayyid Abdel-Khalek, Mustapha 2011, Egypt: Development, Liberalization And The Persistence Of Autocracy , First Published 2011 By Routledge
-baran, Muhsin,)2014(,Multisectoral Securitizations In The Post-Revolutionary Middle East: The Case Of Egypt.pp:7-14. -Bayat.,Asef ,2016,Revolution without revolutionaries : making sense of the Arab Spring, Stanford University Press .Stanford, California
.
-Bellin,eva,)2004(, the robustness of authoritarianism in the middle east,comparative politics,36.no.
-El-Naggar , A . ( 2009 ). Economic policy: From state control to decay and corruption.
-Fraihat , Ibrahim, 2016,Unfinished Revolutions,Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring, Yale University Press
-Gelvin , J. L . ( 2012 ). The Arab uprising: What everyone needs to know . London: Oxford University Press. -Ghoneim ,Wael,2012, Revolution 2.0: The Power of the People Is Greater Than the People in Power (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012), p. 293
-Hamelink , C. J . ( 2004 ). Human rights in the global billboard society. In D. Schuler & P. Day (Eds.). The MIT Press.
-Hamid, Shadi,)2012(, Egypt: The Prize,pp:101-109 -Hassan , H . ( 2010( , December). State versus society in Egypt: Consolidating democracy or upgrading autocracy. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations , 4 (9), 319–329
.
-Ignatius,David ,)2011(,Saudi Arabia’s Burst of Confidence”, Washington Post, 20 November 2011
-Lynch,marc,)2015(,arab uprising: the unfinished revolutions of the new middle east,pp:91-94-
-marfleet,Philip,)2013(,never one hand: Egypt 2011,pp:149-170
-Muasher,Marwan, )2014(,The second arab awakening and battle for pluralism,pp:19-20
-Pollack , Kenneth M .)2013(, Democratizers? The Pursuit of Pluralism.
-Seif El-Dawla , A. S . ( 2009 ). Torture: A state policy. In R. El-Mahdy & P. Marfleet (Eds.), Egypt: The moment of change (pp. 120–135). London: Zed Books
. -Sharp, J. (2011), Egypt: The January 25 Revolution and Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy. Congressional Research Service. 11 February 2011, www.crs.gov
-Zarhani, Seyedhossein ,2015,Crisis of Governance and the Arab Spring Case Study: Bahrain,pp:1-17. .
