3D and 4D printed polymers in solid phase extraction and pollutant removal
Subject Areas :Seyedeh Bentolhoda Hosseinian 1 , Mosayeb Vahed Navan 2 , Milad Ghani 3
1 - university of Mazandaran
2 - University of Mazandaran
3 -
Keywords: 3D printed polymers, 4D printed polymers, solid phase extraction, sample preparation,
Abstract :
Addressing global environmental challenges requires the use of advanced materials that have a high ability to effectively remove pollutants through solid-phase extraction methods. This review article reviews the latest developments in polymers produced by three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D; stimuli-responsive polymers) printing technologies which is used for the extraction methods. It is shown how three dimentional-printed structures can improve pollutant adsorption performance by providing tunable geometries, increased porosity, and higher specific surface area. Furthermore, the use of smart, responsive polymers in 4D printing technology allows for controlled deformation or release in response to external stimuli, such as temperature or pH, a capability that provides researchers with a new level of functional control. In this study, various printing technologies, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and direct ink writing (DIW), are evaluated. Also, different polymer functionalization strategies, composite formulations, and their performance in removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and pharmaceutical residues from complex samples are compared. This comprehensive review, while highlighting recent scientific achievements, also addresses existing challenges and can pave the way for future research and innovation in the development of sustainable and high-performance three-dimensional and four dimensional printing polymer materials.
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