Comparison of body image, rumination, and social anxiety in people with sexual boredom and normal people
Subject Areas :seyyede mahsa mousavi 1 , seyfollah Aghajani 2 , Sahar Asgari ghale bin 3
1 - Ph.D studentin Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 - Proffessor Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 - . Ph.D studentin Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Keywords: body image, rumination, social anxiety, sexual boredom,
Abstract :
Introduction: People suffering from gender boredom obviously suffer from constant discomfort due to the inadequacy of the gender role and current feelings, abundant and continuous interest in identifying with the opposite sex without taking advantage of the specific cultural and social benefits of that sex. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparingto compare body image, rumination, and social anxiety in people suffering from sexual boredom and normal people. Method: The current research was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population included all people with gender dysphoria and trans-sexual members of the support association for sexual dysphoria patients in Tehran province. All normal people living in Tehran province were the normal people of in this study. The number of 50 affected people and 50 normal people were selected according to the available methods. the body image concern questionnaires of Littleton et al. (2005), rumination by Nolen Hoeksma and Maro (1991), and social anxiety by Connor (2000) were used tTo collect data, the body image concern questionnaires of Littleton et al. (2005), rumination by Nolen Hoeksma and Maro (1991) and social anxiety by Connor (2000) were used. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance inand SPSS24 software. Findings: The results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in body image concern (F=90.46 and P<0.01), rumination (F=115.01 and P<0.01), and social anxiety. (F=87.95 and P>0.01). Conclusion: based on the results,The results showed that people with gender boredom have lower body image and higher rumination and social anxiety than non-sufferers. Changing cultural beliefs and increasing social acceptance can play an important role in improving body image, rumination, and social anxiety.
1- دلاور، ع.، هاشمی، ن.، و قدیری، ا. (1391). رابطه میزان استفاده از راهبردهای شناختی و فراشناختی با پیشرفت تحصیلی دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه علوم انتظامی. توسعه مدیریت و منابع انسانی و پشتیبانی، 7(25)، 7-40
2- رحیمی احمدآبادی، س.، حجازی، آ.، عطاران، ح.، رحیمی، ا.، کوهستانی، ل.، کارشکی، ح.، و آقامحمدیان شعرباف، ح. (1395). مقایسه استرس، اضطراب، افسردگی و نقش جنسی افراد مبتلا به نارضایتی جنسیتی (دیسفوریای جنسیتی) با افراد عادی. مجله پزشکی قانونی ایران، 22(1)، 76-75.
3- عالیزاده، ش.، هارون رشدی، ه.، و کاظمیان مقدم، ک. (1400). اثربخشی زوج¬درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر نشخوار ذهنی و تحریف¬های شناختی زوجین درگیر در پیمان¬شکنی زناشویی. فصلنامه مددکاری اجتماعی، 10(36)، 35-43.
4- عبدی، ر.، بیرشک، ب.، محمودعلیلو، م.، و اصغرنژادفرید، ع. ا. (1385). سوگیری تعبیر در اختلال هراس اجتماعی. پژوهش-های نوین روانشناختی، 1(4)، 43-159.
5- فرخی، ح.، سیدزاده، ا.، و مصطفی¬پور، و. (1396). بررسی ساختار عاملی، اعتبار و پایایی فرم فارسی مقیاس باورهای مثبت و منفی نشخوار فکری (FBRS-NBRS) و مقیاس پاسخ نشخوار فکری (RRS). پیشرفت¬های نوین در علوم رفتاری، 2(14)، 21-37.
6- محمدباقری، ف.، محمودی، ه.، و صوفی، ص. (1398). مقایسه اضطراب اجتماعی، افکار خودکشی و حمایت اجتماعی افراد تراجنسی تغییر جنسیت داده و تغییر جنسیت نداده. نشریه دانشگاه علوم¬پزشکی سبزوار، 26(6)، 771-778.
7- محمدی، ن.، و سجادی¬نژاد، م. (1386). ارزیابی شاخص¬های روان¬سنجی پرسشنامه نگرانی درباره تصویر بدنی و آزمون مدل ارتباطی شاخص توده بدنی، نارضایتی از تصویربدنی و عزت نفس در دختران نوجوان. مطالعات روانشناختی، 3(1)، 83-99.
8- منتشلو، س.، شعیری، م.، حیدری¬نسب، ل.، و ایزدی دهنوی، س. (1394). بررسی مقایسه¬ای نشانه¬های خلقی، اضطرابی و تصویربدنی در افراد مبتلا به اختلال ملال جنسیتی و افراد غیرمبتلا. فصلنامه نسیم تندرستی، 4(3)، 42-50.
9- منصوری، ا.، بخشی¬پور رودسری، ع.، محمودعلیلو، م.، فرنام، ع.، و فخاری، ع. (1390). مقایسه نگرانی، وسواس فکری و نشخوار فکری در افراد مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر، اختلال وسواس-اجبار، اختلال افسردگی عمده و افراد بهنجار. مطالعات روانشناختی، 7(4)، 55-74.
10- نریمانی، م.، پورعبدل، س.، و بشرپور، س. (1395). اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر پذیرش/تعهد بر کاهش اضطراب اجتماعی دانش¬آموزان دارای اختلال یادگیری خاص. مجله ناتوانی¬های یادگیری، 6(1)، 121-140.
11- Agana, M.G., Greydanus, D.E., Indyk, J.A., Calles, J.L., Kushner, J., Leibowitz, S., Chelvakumar, G., Cabral, M.D. (2019). Caring for the Transgender Adolescent and Young Adult: Current Concepts of an Evolving Process in the 21st Century. Dis. Mon, 65, 303–356.
12- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
13- American Psychiatry Association. (2021). What is gender dysphoria?; Available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria. Accessed May 14, 2021.
14- Arcelus, J., Claes, L., Witcomb, G. L., Marshall, E., & Bouman, W. P. (2016). Risk factors for non suicidal self injury among trans youth. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(3), 402–412.
15- Arwert, T. G., & Sizoo, B. B. (2020). Self-reported suicidality in male and female adults with autism spectrum disorders: rumination and self-esteem. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 50(10), 3598-3605.
16- Becker, I., Auer, M., Barkmann, C., Fuss, J., Möller, B., Nieder, T. O., ... & Richter-Appelt, H. (2018). A cross-sectional multicenter study of multidimensional body image in adolescents and adults with gender dysphoria before and after transition-related medical interventions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(8), 2335-2347.
17- Bergero-Miguel T, García-Encinas M. A, Villena-Jimena A, Pérez-Costillas L, Sánchez-Álvarez N, de Diego-Otero Y, Guzman-Parra J. Gender dysphoria and social anxiety: an exploratory study in Spain. The journal of sexual medicine 2016; 13(8): 1270-1278.
18- Brandon-Friedman, R. A., Snedecor, R. D., & Winter, V. R. (2021). Intersections between Body Image, Sexual Identity, and Sexual Well-Being among Gender-Diverse Youth. The Routledge International Handbook of Social Work and Sexualities, 151-164.
19- Butler, R. M., Horenstein, A., Gitlin, M., Testa, R. J., Kaplan, S. C., Swee, M. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019). Social anxiety among transgender and gender nonconforming individuals: The role of gender-affirming medical interventions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(1), 25–31.
20- Colizzi, M., Costa, R., & Todarello, O. (2015). Dissociative symptoms in individuals with gender dysphoria: Is the elevated prevalence real? Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 173–180.
21- Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 379-386.
22- Cooper, K., Butler, C., Russell, A., & Mandy, W. (2022). The lived experience of gender dysphoria in autistic young people: a phenomenological study with young people and their parents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1-12.
23- de Graaf, N. M., Carmichael, P., Steensma, T. D., & Zucker, K. J. (2018). Evidence for a change in the sex ratio of children referred for gender dysphoria: Data from the Gender Identity Development Service in London (2000–2017). The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15(10), 1381-1383.
24- Enrique, A., Eilert, N., Wogan, R., Earley, C., Duffy, D., Palacios, J., ... & Richards, D. (2021). Are changes in beliefs about rumination and in emotion regulation skills mediators of the effects of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45, 805-816.
25- Fathi, S., Ahmadi, M., Birashk, B., & Dehnad, A. (2020). Development and use of a clinical decision support system for the diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 190, 105354.
26- Flores, A. R., Herman, J., Gates, G. J., & Brown, T. N. (2016). How many adults identify as transgender in the United States? (Vol. 13). Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute.
27- Griffin, L., Clyde, K., Byng, R., & Bewley, S. (2021). Sex, gender and gender identity: a re-evaluation of the evidence. BJPsych Bulletin, 45(5), 291-299.
28- Griffiths,C., Williamson, H., Zucchelli, F., Paraskeva, N., & Moss, T. (2018). A systematic review of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for body image dissatisfaction and weight self-stigma in adults. Contemporary Psychotherapy, 1(48),189-204.
29- Grogan, S. (2021). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. Routledge.
30- Guzman-Parra, J., Paulino-Matos, P., de Diego-Otero, Y., Perez-Costillas, L., Villena-Jimena, A., Garcia-Encinas, M. A., & Bergero-Miguel, T. (2014). Substance use and social anxiety in transsexual individuals. Journal of dual diagnosis, 10(3), 162-167.
31- Hilton, M. N., Boulton, K. A., Kozlowska, K., McClure, G., & Guastella, A. J. (2022). The co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders in gender dysphoria: Characteristics within a paediatric treatment-seeking cohort and factors that predict distress pertaining to gender. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 149, 281-286.
32- Jobes, D. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). Reflections on suicidal ideation [Editorial]. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 40(4), 227–230
33- Koçan, S., & Gürsoy, A. (2016). Body image of women with breast cancer after mastectomy: a qualitative research. The journal of breast health, 12(4), 145.
34- Kraemer, B., Delsignore, A., Schnyder, U., & Hepp, U. (2007). Body image and transsexualism. Psychopathology, 41(2), 96-100.
35- Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Pury, C. L. (2005). Development of the body image concern inventory. Behaviour Research and therapy, 43(2), 229-241.
36- McGuire, J. K., Doty, J. L., Catalpa, J. M., & Ola, C. (2016). Body image in transgender young people: Findings from a qualitative, community based study. Body Image, 18, 96–107.
37- Millet, N., Longworth, J., & Arcelus, J. (2017). Prevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders in the transgender population: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 27-38.
38- Mofradidoost, R., & Abolghasemi, A. (2020). Body image concern and gender identities between transgender and cisgender persons from Iran. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(3), 260-268.
39- Mueller, A., Quadros, C., Schwarz, K., Brandelli Costa, A., Vaitses Fontanari, A. M., Machado Borba Soll, B., ... &
40- Murray, H. B., Juarascio, A. S., & Thomas, J. J. (2020). Augmenting diaphragmatic breathing with behavioral exposure: single-case experimental design for rumination disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 27(3), 347-356.
41- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 loma prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115–121.
42- Reed, G. M. (2016). Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: Revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations. World Psychiatry, 15, 205–221.
43- Ricciardelli, L. A., & Yager, Z. (2015). Adolescence and body image: From development to preventing dissatisfaction. Routledge.
44- Ristori, J., & Steensma, T. D. (2016). Gender dysphoria in childhood. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 13–20.
45- Sharaf, A.Y., Lachine, O. A., & Thompson, E. A. (2018). Rumination, social problem solving and suicide intent among Egyptians with a recent suicide attempt. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 32(1), 86-92.
46- Shen, B., Zhang, A., Liu, J., Da, Z., Xu, X., Liu, H., …Gu, Z. (2014). Body image disturbance and quality of life in Chinese patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 87(3), 324–337.
47- Silva, D. C., Salati, L. R., Villas-Bôas, A. P., Schwarz, K., Fontanari, A. M., Soll, B., ... & Lobato, M. I. R. (2021). Factors associated with ruminative thinking in individuals with gender dysphoria. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 602293.
48- Simbar, M., Nazarpour, S., Mirzababaie, M., Emam Hadi, M. A., Ramezani Tehrani, F., & Alavi Majd, H. (2018). Quality of life and body image of individuals with gender dysphoria. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 44(6), 523-532.
49- Timmins, L., Rimes, K. A., & Rahman, Q. (2020). Minority stressors, rumination, and psychological distress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Archives of sexual behavior, 49(2), 661-680.
50- van den Brink, F., Vollmann, M., & van Weelie, S. (2020). Relationships between transgender congruence, gender identity rumination, and self-esteem in transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(2), 230–235.
51- Verveen, A., Kreukels, B. P., de Graaf, N. M., & Steensma, T. D. (2021). Body image in children with gender incongruence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(3), 839-854.
52- von Glischinski, M., Willutzki, U., Stangier, U., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., Leibing, E., ... & Hirschfeld, G. (2018). Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS): Optimal cut points for remission and response in a German sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(3), 465-473.
53- Witcomb, G. L., Bouman, W. P., Brewin, N., Richards, C., Fernandez‐Aranda, F., & Arcelus, J. (2015). Body image dissatisfaction and eating‐related psychopathology in trans individuals: A matched control study. European Eating Disorders Review, 23(4), 287-293.
54- World Health Organization. (2018). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision). Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en.
55- Wu, Q., Ji, Y., Lin, X., Yang, H., & Chi, P. (2022). Gender congruence and mental health problems among Chinese transgender and gender non‐conforming individuals: A process model involving rumination and stigma consciousness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 622-636.
56- Zaliznyak, M., Yuan, N., Bresee, C., Freedman, A., & Garcia, M. M. (2021). How early in life do transgender adults begin to experience gender dysphoria? Why this matters for patients, providers, and for our healthcare system. Sexual Medicine, 9(6), 100448.
57- Zucker, K. J. (2019). Adolescents with gender dysphoria: Reflections on some contemporary clinical and research issues. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7), 1983-1992.
58- Zucker, K. J. (2017). Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. Sexual health, 14(5), 404-411.