Investigating the Effect of Leisure Time's Perceived Risks on Sports Tourists’ Social Happiness During COVID_ 19 Pandemic
Subject Areas :sahar pirjamadi 1 , Ahmad Mahmoudi 2 , Vahid Saatchian 3 , Kamran Romiani 4
1 - , Allameh Tabataba’I University
2 - University of Tehran
3 -
4 - Allameh Tabataba’I University
Keywords: COVID_ 19, Crisis Management, Pandemy, Social Happiness, Sports Tourism Loss ,
Abstract :
This descriptive study sought to investigate the effect of leisure time's perceived risks on the sports tourists’ social happiness during the COVID_ 19 Pandemic using the structural equation model. The study’s statistical population comprised all tourists who used sports tourism complexes in Mashhad, out of whom 381 people were selected via purposive sampling. The required data were collected via Ishraqi et al’ (2017) perceived risks questionnaire and the oxford social happiness scale. The questionnaires’ face and content validities were confirmed by experts, and their construct validity was confirmed via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, the questionnaires’ reliability, obtained through Cronbach's alpha, was found to be over 0.7. As for analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics such as one-sample T-test and structural equation modeling were used. The study’s results indicated a significant difference between the mean perceived risk components, the tourists’ happiness, and the theoretical mean. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between perceived risk components and the tourist's happiness during the COVID_ 19 Pandemic. Therefore, it is emphasized that factors such as supervision, planning, hardware, security, information provision, organizational matters, and internationally recognized methods be considered in setting sports tourism policies to prevent the psychological consequences of COVID_ 19 and achieve perfect social happiness.
اکبری، مجید؛ انصاری، معصومه. (1399). «بازشناسی محرک‌های موثر بر رقابت‌پذیری سفر وگردشگری برای دوران پساکرونا (مطالعه موردی: ایران)». فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری ویژه‌نامه همه¬گیری کووید19، 15، 284-253.
علوی، سلمان؛ کروبی، مهدی؛ ذبیحی، اسماعیل؛ علوی، سید حسین. (1399). «کوید 19 و گردشگری ورزشی: شناسایی پیامدها و ارائه راه‌کار». فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری ویژه نامه همه گیری کووید19، 15، 32-1.
غلامی، یونس؛ خاکی، مریم؛ صادقیان، سمانه؛ قاسمپور، سیده فاطمه. (1398). «ارزیابی ادراک شهروندان از توسعه گردشگری شهری و اثر آن بر شادمانی ذهنی نمونه موردی کلانشهر مشهد». نشریه گردشگری شهری، 6 (1)، 120-107.
گلابی، فاطمه؛ آخشی، نازیلا. (1394). «مشاركت اجتماعي و نشاط اجتماعي». جامعه¬شناسی کاربردی، 59 (3)، 160-139.
محمودی، احمد؛ قربانی، محمد حسین؛ دبیر، علیرضا؛ شریفی، زهرا. (1399). «نقش امنیت و مخاطرات ادراک شده در ارتقاء پیوند اجتماعی گردشگران ورزش‌های زمستانی». فصلنامه انتظام اجتماعی، 12 (2)، 26-1.
مطلبی، سیدمحمدموسی. (1399). «تأثیر پاندمی کرونا-کووید 19 بر پیش‌بینی رشد تولید ملی سال 1399». فصلنامه علمی_تخصصی ارزیابی تأثیرات اجتماعی، 206-183.
منتی، حسین. (1399). «بررسی اثرات ویروس کرونا کووید 19 بر اقتصاد جهانی». فصلنامه علمی_تخصصی ارزیابی تأثیرات اجتماعی، 179-163.
منصوری مرادیان، سمیه؛ شمس، مجید؛ ملک حسینی، عباس. (1397). «تبیین شاخص‌های سرمایه اجتماعی در راستای ارتقاء نشاط اجتماعی و سلامت روان شهروندان (مطالعه موردی: شهر همدان)». فصلنامه علمی¬وپژوهشی نگرش‌های نو در جغرافیای انسانی، 11(1)، 299-284.
میرزایی، خلیل. (1399). «علت‌ها و پیامدهای همه‌گیری و عالم‌گیری ویروس کرونا-کووید 19». فصلنامه علمی_تخصصی ارزیابی تأثیرات اجتماعی، 41-13.
Evans, A. B., Blackwell, J., Dolan, P., Fahlén, J., Hoekman, R., Lenneis, V. & Wilcock, L. (2020). Sport in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: towards an agenda for research in the sociology of sport. European Journal for Sport and Society, 17(2), 85-95.
Hammami, A., Harrabi, B., Mohr, M., & Krustrup, P. (2020). Physical activity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): specific recommendations for home-based physical training. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-6.
Hemmonsbey, J., Tichaawa, T. M., & Knott, B. (2021). Strategic conceptualisation of the South African sport tourism sector’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1), 54-68.
Idrovo Peñaherrera, D. F., & Labastida Gasol, V. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on tourists’ perceived risk of Barcelona as an international destination. School of Tourism& Hospitality Management.
Ito, E. (2021). Constraints to everyday cycle sport tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Wakayama Tourism Review, (1), 15-17.
Kafashpor, A., Ghasempour Ganji, S. F., Sadeghian, S., & Johnson, L. W. (2018). Perception of tourism development and subjective happiness of residents in Mashhad, Iran. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(6), 521-531.
Kanupriya. (2020). COVID-19: A Socio-Economic Perspective. FIIB Business Review, 9(3), 161-166.
Kim, J. J., Han, H., & Ariza-Montes, A. (2021). The impact of hotel attributes, well-being perception, and attitudes on brand loyalty: Examining the moderating role of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 1-10.
Kreiner, N. C., & Ram, Y. (2020). National tourism strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. Annals of tourism research, 1-6.
Liu, Y., Shi, H., Li, Y., & Amin, A. (2021). Factors influencing Chinese residents' post-pandemic outbound travel intentions: an extended theory of planned behavior model based on the perception of COVID-19. Tourism Review, 76(4).
Lock, S. (2020). Global change in travel and tourism revenue due to COVID-19 2019-2020. Our research and content philosophy.
Loureiro, S. M. C., & Jesus, S. (2019). How perceived risk and animosity towards a destination may influence destination image and intention to revisit: The case of Rio de Janeiro. Anatolia, 30(4), 497-512.
Matiza, T., & Kruger, M. (2021). Ceding to their fears: a taxonomic analysis of the heterogeneity in COVID-19 associated perceived risk and intended travel behaviour. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-17.
Matiza, T., & Slabbert, E. (2021). Tourism is too dangerous! Perceived risk and the subjective safety of tourism activity in the era of covid-19. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 36, 580-588.
Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. 1-8.
Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., & Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-7.
Seraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V. G., & Platania, M. (2019). Examining the relationship between residents’ level of happiness and supportiveness to tourism events: Winchester (UK) as a case study. Journal of Tourismology, 5(2), 93-112.
Zheng, Y., Goh, E., & Wen, J. (2020). The effects of misleading media reports about COVID-19 on Chinese tourists’ mental health: a perspective article. Anatolia, 31(2), 337-340.
Zhong, L., Sun, S., Law, R., & Li, X. (2021). Tourism crisis management: evidence from COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-12.
