Ethical Assessment of Internal Armed Conflicts with a focus on the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the procedure of the former Yugoslav Court
Subject Areas : Ethics and Islamic Educationmohsen amari 1 , Mahdi Hatami 2
1 -
2 -
Keywords: Moral assessment, Internal armed conflicts, International Criminal Court, International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia, Criminalization. ,
Abstract :
War crimes are one of the most important examples of international crimes and, as a moral anomaly, are within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. As long as it has been criminalized in Article 8 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, it has undergone a long process. In general, the Statute of the Court exceeded the limits of the customary international law on war conflicts in significant and perceptible cases and imposes new obligations on States Parties. In addition to the criminalization of certain acts related to the war in international armed conflicts, the crimes committed in conflicts within the countries have also been sanctioned. By 1949, International humanitarian law has not considered to internal armed conflicts, and up to 1977, no independent treaties were drawn up in this regard. It can also be found in the absence of a comprehensive definition of non-international armed conflicts. However, in the 1990s, The International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia defined a definition, while reflecting the custom of its time, influenced the development of the future custom. In this paper, The formation of resources and bases governing internal armed conflicts and its gradual and moral development will be assessed on the basis of humanitarian criteria by the library method and using fishing tools, and will show that the procedure of the Court The former Yugoslav penal code, followed by the drafting of the 1998 Statute of the International Criminal Court. And the inclusion of these crimes in the scope of war crimes has created and developed a great moral transformation in relation to the development of rights related to these conflicts.
شبث، أ، ویلیام، (1384)، مقدمهای بر دیوان کیفری بینالمللی، ترجمه سیدباقر میرعباسی، چاپ اول، تهران: نشر جنگل.
شریعت باقری، محمدجواد، (1386)، حقوق کیفري بین المللی، چاپ چهارم، تهران: انتشارات جنگل.
شریفی طرازکوهی، حسین، (1395)، حقوق بشردوستانه بینالمللی (مجموعه مقالات)، تهران: انتشارات بنیاد حقوقی میزان.
شفیعی بافتی، نگین و هنجنی، سید علی، (1392)، ابعاد حقوقی بینالمللی مخاصمه مسلحانه غیر بینالمللی. تهران: نشر میزان.
کسسه، آنتونیو، (1387)، حقوق کیفری بینالمللی، ترجمه حسین پیران، اردشیر امیرارجمند و زهرا موسوی، تهران: انتشارات جنگل.
ممتاز، جمشید، (1378)، جنایات جنگی در منازعات مسلحانه غیر بین المللی مطابق اساسنامه دیوان بینالمللی کیفری، در کتاب حقوق بشردوستانه بین المللی حسین شریفی طرازکوهی، (1995)، تهران: نشر بنیاد حقوقی میزان.
ممتاز، جمشيد و اميرحسين رنجبريان، (1384)، حقوق بين الملل بشردوستانه، مخاصمات مسلحانه داخلي، چاپ اول، تهران: نشر ميزان.
ممتاز، جمشید و شایگان، فریده، (1393)، حقوق بین الملل بشردوستانه در برابر چالش های مخاصمات مسلحانه عصر حاضر، تهران: موسسه مطالعات و پژوهش های حقوقی.
آقایی جنت مکان، حسین و قریشی، سید محمد جعفر، (1392)، «سازوکارهای حقوقی کیفری برای محاکمه تروریستهای تکفیری در سوریه»، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، سال بیست و هفتم، شماره 4.
اسلامی، رضا و کاظمی ابدی، علیرضا، (1395)، «مفهوم عرفی مخاصمه مسلحانه غیر بینالمللی در رویه قضایی مخاکم بینالمللی کیفری با تأکید بر آرای دادگاه بینالمللی کیفری یوگسلاوی سابق»، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 79.
بیگ زاده، ابراهیم، (1375)، «سازمان ملل متحد، محاکم کیفری بینالمللی، تئوری و عمل»، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 18.
سیدزاده ثانی، سیدمهدی و فرهادی آلاشتی، زهرا، (1393)، «جنایات جنگی در منازعه های داخلی و بین المللی؛ مبانی و مصادیق تمایز»، پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل، سال سوم، شماره 1.
عزیزی، ستار، (1390)، «بررسی مشروعیت دعوت از مداخله خارجی در مخاصمات داخلی: با تأکید بر رأی دیوان بینالمللی دادگستری در قضیه «فعالیتهای نظامی در سرزمین کنگو»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق و سیاست، سال سیزدهم، شماره 33.
کدخدایی، عباسعلی و زرنشان، شهرام، (1392)، «تحول رویکرد رویه قضایی بینالمللی در فرآیند شناسایی قواعد حقوق بین الملل عرفی»، فصلنامه حقوق، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره 43، شماره 1.
موسوی، سید فضل الله و تفرشی خامنه، سید مجید، (1395)، «جایگاه آستانه مخاصمات مسلحانه غیر بین المللی ذیل پروتکل الحاقی دوم»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 4.
نوری، حسن. (1383)، «تأملی بر چند منبع قراردادی در حقوق مخاصمات غیر بینالمللی»، فصلنامه الهیات و حقوق.
بذار، وحید، (1396)، جایگاه اخلاق در حقوق بین الملل، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی معاهده، شماره 2
چاوشی، فریدهالسادات، (1379)، جنایات و صلاحیت در اساسنامه دیوان کیفری بینالمللی مصوب رم، دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، پایاننامه مقطع کارشناسی ارشد.
شغفی، پوپک، (1388)، بررسی نقش دیوان کیفری بین المللی در تداوم و توسعه حقوق بشر، پایان نامه مقطع کارشناسی ارشد با راهنمایی استاد ابراهیم بیگ زاده و جمال سیفی، دانشگاه شیهد بهشتی.
Abi-Saab, Rosmary, (1991) “Humanitarian Law and Internal Conflicts: The Evolution of Legal Concern”, in A. Delissen and G. Tanja (eds) Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict: Challenges Ahead. Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
Abi Saab, Rosmary. (1997), “Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in International Conflicts”, in D. Warner (ed), Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, The Hague, Kluwer Law International.
Akande, Dapo, (2012) “Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts”, in Wilmhurst E. (ed), International Law and the Classification of Cconflicts (Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arsanjani, M. “Defending the Blue Helmets: Protection of the U.N Personnel in the U.N and International Humanitarian Law”, in The United Nations and International Humanitarian Law, loc.cit. n. 24.
Boustany, K. (1998), “Brocklebank: A Questionable Decision of the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada, 1 YIHL.
Cassese, Anthonio. (1996) “The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law”, in L. Condorelli, A.-M. La Rosa and S. Scherrer (eds.) The United Nations and International Humanitarian Law, Paris, Editions Pedone.
Cassese, Antonio, Gaeta Paola and Jones, R.W.D John, (2002) “The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary”, vol 2 .Oxford University Press.
Condorelli, Lugi, (2002) “War Crimes and Internal Conflicts in the Statute of the International Criminal Court”, in M. Politi, G. Nesi (eds.) The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Challenge to Impunity, Alder shot: Ash gate.
Crawford, J. (1995), “The ILC Adopts a Statute for an International Criminal Court”, 89 AJIL.
Cullen, Anthony, (2008) “The Definition of Non-international Armed Conflict in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: An Analysis of the Threshold of Application Contained in Article 8(2)(f)”, 12(3) Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 419.
Cullen, Anthony, (2010), “The Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dietrich Schindler, (2008) “Different Types of Armed Conflicts according to the Geneva conventions and protocols”, Leiden ; Boston: Brill, cop.
Dormann, & Doswald-Beck, & Kolb, (2003). “Element of war crimes under the Rome statute of the international criminal court: sources and commentary”, Cambridge university press, first published.
Doswald- Beck, (1985) " The Legal Validity of Military Intervention by Invitation of the Government”,56 BYIL.
Forsythe, David, (1978) “Legal Management of Internal War: The 1977 Protocol on Non-international Armed Conflicts”, 72 American Journal of International Law, 272.
Greenwood, Christopher, (2008) “Scope of Application of Humanitarian Law”, in Deiter Flick (ed.) Handbook of International Humanitarian Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, (2005) "Customary International Humanitarian Law”, Vol I: Rules and Vol Ii: Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jinks, Derek. (2003), “The Temporal Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law in Contemporary Conflicts”. HPCR Policy Brief.
Kretzmer, David, (2009) “Rethinking the Application of International Humanitarian Law in Non international Armed Conflicts”. 42 Israel Law Review.
Kirsch and Holms, (1999), “The Rome Conference on an International Criminal Court: the Negotiation Process”, 93 AJIL 4.
Marco Sassòli, Antoine A. Bouvier, (1999) “How dose Law protect in war? International Committee of the Red Cross”, Combatants and non-combatants (International law).
Meindersma, C. (1995), “Violations of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions as Violations of the Laws or Customs of War under Article 3 of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia” NILR XL II 32.
Meron, Theodor, (1996), “The Continuing Role of Customs in the Formation of International Humanitarian Law”, 90 AJIL 243.
Meron, Theodor, (2000) “Classification of Armed Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia,
Nicaragua’s Fallout”, 92(2) American Journal of International Law, 236.
Meron, Theodor, (2000) “The Humanization of Humanitarian Law”, 94 (2) American Journal of International Law, 239.
Mitchell, D. (2005) “The Prohibition of Rape in International Humanitarian Law as a Norm of Jus Cogens”, 15 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law.
Moir, Linsay, (2002) “The Law of Internal Armed Conflict”, Cambridge: CUP.
Momtaz, jamshid (1999), “War Crimes in Non-International Armed Conflicts under The Statute of International Criminal Court”, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol 2.
Nier, Lewis Charles, (1992) “The Yugoslavian Civil War: An Analysis of the Applicability of the Laws Governing Non-International Armed Conflicts in the Modern World”.
Nieto-Navia, Rafael, (2003) “International Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) and International Humanitarian Law”, in L. C. Vohrah (eds.) Man's Inhumanity to Man Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio Cassese, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Pictet, Jean, (1952) (ed.) “Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field”, Vol. I, Geneva: ICRC.
Quénivet, Noelle, (2014) “Applicability Test of Additional Protocol and Common Article 3 for Crimes in Internal Armed Conflict”, in D. Jinks et al. (eds.), Applying International Humanitarian Law in Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies, The Hague: Asser Press.
Robinson, Darryl and von Hebel, Herman, (1999) “War Crimes in Internal Conflicts: Article 8 of the ICC Statute”, 2 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 193.
Roger S. Clark, (2007), “Possible Amendments for the First ICC Review Conference in 2009”, 4 New Zealand Yearbook Int`l L 103.
Sandoz, Yeve, et.al. (eds.) (1987) “Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949”, Geneva: Martinus Nijhoff.
Schabas, W. (2009). “An introduction to the international criminal court”, Cambridge university press, third edition.
Schachter Oscar, (1984) "International Law: The right of states to use Armed Forces" Michigan Law Review, vol:82.
Spieker, (2000), The International Criminal Court and Non-International Armed Conflicts, LJIL, Vol. 13, No. 2.
Terracino, Julio Bacio (2007) “National Implementation of ICC Crimes Impact on National Jurisdictoins and the ICC”, JICJ, No. 5.
Thomas Graditzky, (1999) “War Crimes Issues before The Rome Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court”, 5 University of California Davis Journal of International Law and Policy.
Triffterer, O. (2008). “Commentary on the Rome statute of the international criminal court: Observers' Notes, Article by Article”, C.H. Beck. Hart. Nomos, second edition.
William A. Schabas oc Mria, “The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute”, scanned by ATU`s Moot Court Academy, Oxford university press.
Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict, Available in: http://www.icj-cij.org/en/decisions/advisory-opinion/1996/1996/desc.
Commentary on Additional Protocols by ICRC, First Volume, June 1977; available in: http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/com/475-760004? OpenDocument, No.4451 , 4476.
“Commentaires aux Conventions de Genève de 1949”, (1958), Vol. 3, Genève, C.I.C.R.
Final Act of the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court done at Rome on 17 July 1998, (U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/10) available at: http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/finalfra.htm.
Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts – Manual – Federal Ministry of Defense of the Federal Republic of Germany, August 1992.
ICRC`s working paper for the preparatory Commission for the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 14 February 1997.
ICTY Tadic Appeals Interlocutory Decision, Case No. IT-94-1-AR (02 October 1995) (Tadic Appeals Decision).
ICTY Celebici Trial Judgement, Case No. IT-96-21-T (16 November 1996) (Celebici Trial Judgement).
ICTY Furundzija Trial Judgement, Case No. IT-95-17/1-T (10 December 1998).
ICTR Akayesu Trial Chamber Judgement, Case No. ICTR-96-4 (02 September 1998) (Akayesu Trial Judgement).
ICTY Aleksovski Trial Judgement, Case No. IT-95-14/1-T (25 June 1999).
ICTY Kvocka, et al. Trial Judgement, Case No. IT-98- 30/1 (2 November 2001).
ICTY Kunaraü, et al., Appeals Chamber Judgement, Case No. IT-96-23 (12 June 2002) (Kunaraü Appeal Judgment).
ICTY Krnojelaü Trial Judgement, Case No. IT-97-25 (15 March 2002).
Inter–American Commission of Human Rights, Report No. 55/97, Case No. 11.137, Argentina, OEA/Ser/L/V/II.97, Doc. 38, (30 October 1997) (The Tablada case).
Judgment of 27 June 1986, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America). Available in: http://www.icj-cij.org/en/decisions/all/1986/1986/desc.
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. U.S) Merits (1986), ICJ reports, Judgment of June 2007.
Official Records, of the Diplomatic Conference, Eighth Volume, CDDH/1/SR.23& 24.
Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court Working Group on Elements of Crimes New York 16-26 February 1999 26 July-13 August 1999. 29 November-17 December 1999, (PCNICC/1999/WGEC/INF/2/Ad~L3 ), Available at: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/dc889c/pdf/.
Protocol (II) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.
Regina v. Brocklebank, Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada, 2 April 1996 (Court File No. CMAC-83). 106 Canadian Criminal Cases (3d).
Report of the Commission of International Law on the Work of its 48th Session. AG Doc. Off.51th session, Supplement n. 10. Doc. A/51/10.
Report of the Commission of International Law on the Work of its 43th session. AG Doc. Off 46th session, Supplement n. 10. Doc. A/46/10 (1991).
Report of the Commission of International Law on the Work of its 46th session. General Assembly Official Records, Supplement, n. 10. Doc. A/46/10 (1991).
Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993) (Presented 3 May 1993), S/25704, para. 10. Reprinted in Basic Documents of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, United Nations (1995).
Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 46th session. UN GAOR 45th session. Supplement n: 10. Doc. A/46/10 (1994).
Report of the Inter-Sessional Meeting from 19 to 30 January 1998 in Zutphen, the Netherlands A/AC.249/L.13, 4 February 1998.
Security Council Res. 794 (1992).
Switzerland – New Zealand Proposal. A/AC249/1997/WG.1/DP.2 (1997).
The Draft Report of the 10th Commission, Institute de droit international, session de Santiago (2007)." Present Problems of the Use of Force in International Law", D.Sub-Group on Intervention by Invitation Rapporteur: Gerhard Hafner.
The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadoc, Case No. IT-94-1-AR 72. Decision on the Defense Motion for Interlocutory Apeal on Jurisdiction (2 October 1995) Hereinafter Tadic Jurisdiction Decision.
TPIY, Prosecutor c. Dusko Tadic, (1995), Decision on the Defense Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, case No. IT-94-1, 2 October 1995.
A/CONF.183/INF/11.
A/CONF.183/INF/10.
A/RES 2444 (X XIII) 19 Dec. 1968.
A/RES 2675 (XXV) 9 Dec. 1970.
A/49/355, 1 September 1994.
SC RES. 771 (1992); SC RES. 1012 (1995).
UN Doc. E/CN.4/1998/87 (1998).
UN Doc A/CONF.183/C.1/L.62.
UN Doc. S/25704 (3 May 1003).
UN Security Council Presidential Statement 1994/12.
www.cicr.org
