مهندسی هدفمند چارچوبهای فلز–آلی متخلخل برای کاهش و تبدیل فتوکاتالیزگری کربن دیاکسید
الموضوعات : پلیمرها در انرژی و کاربردهای بهداشتی و محیطی
وحید صفری فرد
1
,
مائده عطوفی کاشانی
2
,
راحیل شکوهیان
3
1 - دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
2 - دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
3 - دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: کاهش فتوکاتالیزگری CO2, چارچوبهای فلز-آلی (MOFs), کامپوزیتهای پیشرفته, مواد مشتقشده از MOF, انتقال بار.,
ملخص المقالة :
نور خورشید بهعنوان یک منبع انرژی پاک و تجدیدپذیر، میتواند نقش مؤثری در تبدیل گاز گلخانهای کربندیاکسید (CO2) به محصولات باارزش افزوده بالا از طریق فرآیند فتوکاتالیزگری ایفا کند. این رویکرد نهتنها از دیدگاه اقتصادی حائز اهمیت است و امکان تولید سوختهای شیمیایی و مواد اولیهی صنعتی را فراهم میآورد، بلکه بهعنوان یک راهکار جذاب و پایدار برای مقابله با انتشار بیرویهی CO2 که عامل اصلی گرمایش زمین و تغییرات اقلیمی محسوب میشود، نیز قابلتوجه است. در این میان، فتوکاتالیزگرهای مبتنی بر پلیمرهای کئوردیناسیونی متخلخل[1] (PCPs) یا چارچوبهای فلز-آلی[2] (MOFs) بهدلیل ویژگیهای منحصربهفردی همچون تخلخل بسیار بالا، سطح ویژهی قابلتوجه و ساختار شیمیایی قابلتنظیم، پتانسیل استثنایی در زمینهی احیای فتوکاتالیزگری CO2 از خود نشان دادهاند. در این مطالعهی مروری، پیشرفتهای اخیر حاصلشده در طراحی منطقی فتوکاتالیزگرهای مبتنی بر MOF شامل سه دستهی اصلی مواد MOF خالص، کامپوزیتهای برپایهی MOF و مشتقات حاصل از MOF، بهطور سیستماتیک خلاصهسازی و دستهبندی گردیدهاند. همچنین، راهبردهای اصلاحی نوینی که برای بهبود عملکرد فتوکاتالیزگری این ترکیبات توسعه یافتهاند، از جمله استراتژیهایی برای اصلاح پیوند و گرههای فلزی، تشکیل لایههای فلز-آلی و کامپوزیتسازی، بهطور ویژه برجسته شدهاند تا چارچوبی جامع برای طراحی نسل بعدی فتوکاتالیزگرهای کارآمد در مسیر کاهش CO2 فراهم آید.
[1] Porous Coordination Polymers
[2] Metal-Organic frameworks
المصادر:
مراجع [1] Han, B., et al., Hierarchical NiCo2O4 hollow nanocages for photoreduction of diluted CO2: Adsorption and active sites engineering. 2020. 260: p. 118208
[2] Wang, X., et al., Synthesis of Au/UiO-66-NH2/Graphene composites as efficient visible-light photocatalysts to convert CO2. 2021. 46(21): p. 11621–11635
[3] Lin, S., et al., Covalent organic frameworks comprising cobalt porphyrins for catalytic CO2 reduction in water. 2015. 349(6253): p. 1208–1213
[4] Kondratenko, E.V., et al., Status and perspectives of CO 2 conversion into fuels and chemicals by catalytic, photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes. 2013. 6(11): p. 3112–3135
[5] Chang, X., et al., CO 2 photo-reduction: insights into CO 2 activation and reaction on surfaces of photocatalysts. 2016. 9(7): p. 2177–2196
[6] Dhakshinamoorthy, A., Z. Li, and H.J.C.S.R. Garcia, Catalysis and photocatalysis by metal organic frameworks. 2018. 47(22): p. 8134–8172
[7] Wang, H., et al., Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. 2014. 43(15): p. 5234–5244
[8] Yu, S., et al., Opportunities and challenges of solar-energy-driven carbon dioxide to fuel conversion with plasmonic catalysts. 2017. 2(9): p. 2058–2070
[9] Ding, M., X. Cai, and H.-L. Jiang, Improving MOF stability: approaches and applications. Chemical Science, 2019. 10(44): p. 10209–10230.Chemical Science
[10] Sun, D., et al., Construction of a supported Ru complex on bifunctional MOF-253 for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction under visible light. 2015. 51(13): p. 2645–2648
[11] Reddy, D.A., et al., Recent advances in metal–organic framework-based photocatalysts for hydrogen production. 2021. 5(6): p. 1597–1618
[12] Luo, Y.-H., et al., From molecular metal complex to metal-organic framework: The CO2 reduction photocatalysts with clear and tunable structure. 2019. 390: p. 86–126
[13] Ding, M., et al., Carbon capture and conversion using metal–organic frameworks and MOF-based materials. 2019. 48(10): p. 2783–2828
[14] Rhimi, B., et al., Emerging trends in metal organic framework based materials for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2025. 537: p. 216706.Coordination Chemistry Reviews
[15] Shafique, A., et al., Metal-organic frameworks as heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 cycloaddition: A promising strategy for CO2 mitigation and utilization. Materials Today Chemistry, 2024. 41: p. 102296.Materials Today Chemistry
[16] Zhang, H., et al., Metal–organic frameworks and their derived materials as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for CO2 reduction: progress, challenges, and perspectives. 2018. 24(69): p. 18137–18157
[17] Dao, X.-Y. and W.-Y.J.I.C.F. Sun, Single-and mixed-metal–organic framework photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. 2021. 8(13): p. 3178–3204
[18] Han, B., et al., Nickel metal–organic framework monolayers for photoreduction of diluted CO2: metal‐node‐dependent activity and selectivity. 2018. 57(51): p. 16811–16815
[19] Alkhatib, I.I., et al., Metal-organic frameworks for photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible radiation: A review of strategies and applications. 2020. 340: p. 209–224
[20] Hisatomi, T., J. Kubota, and K.J.C.S.R. Domen, Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting. 2014. 43(22): p. 7520–7535
[21] Ikreedeegh, R.R. and M.J.J.o.C.U. Tahir, A critical review in recent developments of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) with band engineering alteration for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to solar fuels. 2021. 43: p. 101381
[22] Crake, A., et al., CO2 capture and photocatalytic reduction using bifunctional TiO2/MOF nanocomposites under UV–vis irradiation. 2017. 210: p. 131–140
[23] Li, D., et al., Photocatalytic CO2 reduction over metal-organic framework-based materials. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2020. 412: p. 213262.Coordination Chemistry Reviews
[24] Fu, Y., et al., An amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework photocatalyst with visible-light-induced activity for CO2 reduction. 2012. 51(14): p. 3364–3367
[25] Laurier, K.G., et al., Iron (III)-based metal–organic frameworks as visible light photocatalysts. 2013. 135(39): p. 14488–14491
[26] Wang, G., et al., A Bismuth‐Based Metal–Organic Framework as an Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalyst. 2015. 21(6): p. 2364–2367
[27] Zhan, W., et al., Rational design of metal–organic framework‐based materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, 2022. 3(7): p. 2200004.Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research
[28] Qian, Y., F. Zhang, and H.J.A.F.M. Pang, A review of MOFs and their composites‐based photocatalysts: synthesis and applications. 2021. 31(37): p. 2104231
[29] Li, S., et al., Strategies for improving the performance and application of MOFs photocatalysts. 2019. 11(13): p. 2978–2993
[30] Liang, Z., et al., Metal–organic frameworks: pristine metal–organic frameworks and their composites for energy storage and conversion (Adv. Mater. 37/2018). 2018. 30(37): p. 1870276
[31] Cui, Y., et al., Metal–organic frameworks as platforms for functional materials. 2016. 49(3): p. 483–493
[32] Wu, H., et al., Metal–organic framework decorated cuprous oxide nanowires for long‐lived charges applied in selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4. 2021. 60(15): p. 8455–8459
[33] Becerra, J., et al., Plasmonic Au nanoparticles incorporated in the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) for the efficient sunlight-driven photoreduction of CO2. 2020. 3(8): p. 7659–7665
[34] Hussain, M.Z., et al., Recent advances in metal–organic frameworks derived nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications in energy and environment. 2021. 8(14): p. 2100625
[35] Li, X.-X., et al., Hydrophobic polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework for efficient CO2 photoconversion. 2019. 11(29): p. 25790–25795
[36] Taddei, M., et al., Band gap modulation in zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks by defect engineering. 2019. 7(41): p. 23781–23786
[37] Fu, Y., et al., Temperature modulation of defects in NH 2-UiO-66 (Zr) for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. 2019. 9(65): p. 37733–37738
[38] Sun, D., et al., Studies on photocatalytic CO2 reduction over NH2‐Uio‐66 (Zr) and its derivatives: towards a better understanding of photocatalysis on metal–organic frameworks. 2013. 19(42): p. 14279–14285
[39] Wang, D., et al., Fe-based MOFs for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: role of coordination unsaturated sites and dual excitation pathways. 2014. 4(12): p. 4254–4260
[40] Payra, S. and S.J.T.J.o.P.C.C. Roy, From trash to treasure: probing cycloaddition and photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over cerium-based metal–organic frameworks. 2021. 125(16): p. 8497–8507
[41] Dao, X.-Y., et al., Solvent-free photoreduction of CO2 to CO catalyzed by Fe-MOFs with superior selectivity. 2019. 58(13): p. 8517–8524
[42] Luo, T., et al., Metal–organic framework-stabilized CO2/water interfacial route for photocatalytic CO2 conversion. 2017. 9(47): p. 41594–41598
[43] Taddei, M., et al., Band gap modulation in zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks by defect engineering. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019. 7(41): p. 23781–23786.Journal of Materials Chemistry A
[44] Cheng, X.-M., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity over NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) by facet regulation. 2020. 11(2): p. 650–658
[45] Cheng, X.-M., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity over NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) by facet regulation. Acs Catalysis, 2020. 11(2): p. 650–658.Acs Catalysis
[46] Gong, Y.-N., et al., Incorporation of chromophores into metal–organic frameworks for boosting CO2 conversion. 2021. 60(19): p. 14924–14931
[47] Wang, Y., et al., Hydroxide ligands cooperate with catalytic centers in metal–organic frameworks for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2018. 140(1): p. 38–41
[48] Wang, Y., et al., Hydroxide ligands cooperate with catalytic centers in metal–organic frameworks for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018. 140(1): p. 38–41.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[49] Wei, Y.-P., et al., Different functional group modified zirconium frameworks for the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. 2019. 48(23): p. 8221–8226
[50] Sk, M., et al., An anthracene‐based metal‐organic framework for selective photo‐reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid coupled with water oxidation. 2021. 27(12): p. 4098–4107
[51] Chen, D., et al., Highly efficient visible-light-driven CO 2 reduction to formate by a new anthracene-based zirconium MOF via dual catalytic routes. 2016. 4(7): p. 2657–2662
[52] Qin, J.-S., et al., Creating well-defined hexabenzocoronene in zirconium metal–organic framework by postsynthetic annulation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019. 141(5): p. 2054–2060.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[53] Qin, J.-S., et al., Creating well-defined hexabenzocoronene in zirconium metal–organic framework by postsynthetic annulation. 2019. 141(5): p. 2054–2060
[54] Sun, M., et al., Enhancement of visible-light-driven CO 2 reduction performance using an amine-functionalized zirconium metal–organic framework. 2018. 47(3): p. 909–915
[55] Xu, H.-Q., et al., Visible-light photoreduction of CO2 in a metal–organic framework: boosting electron–hole separation via electron trap states. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015. 137(42): p. 13440–13443.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[56] Xu, H.-Q., et al., Visible-light photoreduction of CO2 in a metal–organic framework: boosting electron–hole separation via electron trap states. 2015. 137(42): p. 13440–13443
[57] Qiu, Y.-C., et al., Face-sharing Archimedean solids stacking for the construction of mixed-ligand metal–organic frameworks. 2019. 141(35): p. 13841–13848
[58] Ryu, U.J., et al., Synergistic interaction of Re complex and amine functionalized multiple ligands in metal-organic frameworks for conversion of carbon dioxide. 2017. 7(1): p. 612
[59] Hao, Y.-C., et al., Metal-organic framework membranes with single-atomic centers for photocatalytic CO2 and O2 reduction. 2021. 12(1): p. 2682
[60] Wang, S.-S., et al., Encapsulation of single iron sites in a metal–porphyrin framework for high-performance photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2020. 59(9): p. 6301–6307
[61] Liu, Y., et al., Chemical adsorption enhanced CO2 capture and photoreduction over a copper porphyrin based metal organic framework. 2013. 5(15): p. 7654–7658
[62] Zhang, H., et al., Efficient visible‐light‐driven carbon dioxide reduction by a single‐atom implanted metal–organic framework. 2016. 128(46): p. 14522–14526
[63] Fang, Z.-B., et al., Boosting interfacial charge-transfer kinetics for efficient overall CO2 photoreduction via rational design of coordination spheres on metal–organic frameworks. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020. 142(28): p. 12515–12523.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[64] Fang, Z.-B., et al., Boosting interfacial charge-transfer kinetics for efficient overall CO2 photoreduction via rational design of coordination spheres on metal–organic frameworks. 2020. 142(28): p. 12515–12523
[65] Liu, M., et al., Photosensitizing single-site metal− organic framework enabling visible-light-driven CO2 reduction for syngas production. 2019. 245: p. 496–501
[66] Zhang, S., et al., Hierarchical metal–organic framework nanoflowers for effective CO2 transformation driven by visible light. 2015. 3(30): p. 15764–15768
[67] Zhang, S., et al., Construction of interpenetrated ruthenium metal–organic frameworks as stable photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. 2015. 54(17): p. 8375–8379
[68] Yan, Z.-H., et al., Photo-generated dinuclear {Eu (II)} 2 active sites for selective CO2 reduction in a photosensitizing metal-organic framework. 2018. 9(1): p. 3353
[69] Fei, H., et al., Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate using a Mn (I) molecular catalyst in a robust metal–organic framework. 2015. 54(14): p. 6821–6828
[70] Deng, X., et al., Construction of a stable Ru–Re hybrid system based on multifunctional MOF-253 for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2018. 57(14): p. 8276–8286
[71] Lan, G., et al., Photosensitizing metal–organic layers for efficient sunlight-driven carbon dioxide reduction. 2018. 140(39): p. 12369–12373
[72] Feng, X., et al., Metal–organic frameworks significantly enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction with earth-abundant copper photosensitizers. 2020. 142(2): p. 690–695
[73] Karmakar, S., et al., Covalent grafting of molecular photosensitizer and catalyst on MOF-808: effect of pore confinement toward visible light-driven CO 2 reduction in water. 2021. 14(4): p. 2429–2440
[74] Ojha, N. and S.J.A.C.B.E. Kumar, Tri-phase photocatalysis for CO2 reduction and N2 fixation with efficient electron transfer on a hydrophilic surface of transition-metal-doped MIL-88A (Fe). 2021. 292: p. 120166
[75] Dong, H., et al., Regulation of metal ions in smart metal-cluster nodes of metal-organic frameworks with open metal sites for improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction. 2020. 276: p. 119173
[76] Guo, S.-H., et al., A bimetallic-MOF catalyst for efficient CO 2 photoreduction from simulated flue gas to value-added formate. 2020. 8(23): p. 11712–11718
[77] Wang, X., et al., Fabrication of heterostructured UIO-66-NH2/CNTs with enhanced activity and selectivity over photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2020. 45(55): p. 30634–30646
[78] Huang, Q., et al., Multielectron transportation of polyoxometalate-grafted metalloporphyrin coordination frameworks for selective CO2-to-CH4 photoconversion. 2020. 7(1): p. 53–63
[79] Zheng, H.L., et al., Photochemical in situ exfoliation of metal–organic frameworks for enhanced visible‐light‐driven CO2 reduction. 2020. 132(52): p. 23794–23798
[80] Hu, X., et al., Energy transfer on a two-dimensional antenna enhances the photocatalytic activity of CO 2 reduction by metal–organic layers. 2019. 55(65): p. 9657–9660
[81] Liu, N., et al., Boosting visible‐light photocatalytic performance for CO2 reduction via hydroxylated graphene quantum dots sensitized MIL‐101 (Fe). 2020. 7(17): p. 2000468
[82] Liu, S.M., et al., Ti‐Substituted Keggin‐Type Polyoxotungstate as Proton and Electron Reservoir Encaged into Metal–Organic Framework for Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction. 2018. 5(21): p. 1801062
[83] Deng, X., et al., Shape‐defined hollow structural Co‐MOF‐74 and metal nanoparticles@ Co‐MOF‐74 composite through a transformation strategy for enhanced photocatalysis performance. 2019. 15(35): p. 1902287
[84] Fu, Y., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic CO 2 reduction over Co-doped NH 2-MIL-125 (Ti) under visible light. 2017. 7(68): p. 42819–42825
[85] Wei, D., et al., Graphene quantum dot-sensitized Zn-MOFs for efficient visible-light-driven carbon dioxide reduction. 2020. 10(16): p. 5666–5676
[86] Zhao, Y., et al., A highly efficient composite catalyst constructed from NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) and reduced graphene oxide for CO2 photoreduction. 2019. 7: p. 789
[87] Sun, W., et al., Highly efficient photocatalytic CO 2 reduction by a ruthenium complex sensitizing gC 3 N 4/MOF hybrid photocatalyst. 2021. 45(20): p. 8965–8970
[88] Tan, J., et al., MOF-derived synthesis of MnS/In2S3 pn heterojunctions with hierarchical structures for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 588: p. 547–556
[89] Guo, F., et al., Size engineering of metal–organic framework MIL-101 (Cr)–Ag hybrids for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2019. 9(9): p. 8464–8470
[90] Choi, K.M., et al., Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic CO2 conversion within metal–organic frameworks under visible light. 2017. 139(1): p. 356–362
[91] Wang, G., et al., Photoinduction of Cu Single Atoms Decorated on UiO-66-NH₂ for Enhanced Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ to Liquid Fuels. 2020
[92] Hao, Y.-C., et al., Metal-organic framework membranes with single-atomic centers for photocatalytic CO2 and O2 reduction. Nature Communications, 2021. 12(1): p. 2682.Nature Communications
[93] He, T., et al., A practice of reticular chemistry: construction of a robust mesoporous palladium metal–organic framework via metal metathesis. 2021. 143(26): p. 9901–9911
[94] Xu, G., et al., Integrating the g-C3N4 nanosheet with B–H bonding decorated metal–organic framework for CO2 activation and photoreduction. 2018. 12(6): p. 5333–5340
[95] Wu, Z., et al., Doping [Ru (bpy) 3] 2+ into metal-organic framework to facilitate the separation and reuse of noble-metal photosensitizer during CO2 photoreduction. 2021. 42(10): p. 1790–1797
[96] Li, Q., et al., Charge, adsorption, water stability and bandgap tuning of an anionic Cd (II) porphyrinic metal–organic framework. 2019. 48(24): p. 8678–8692
[97] Chen, C., et al., Highly effective photoreduction of CO 2 to CO promoted by integration of CdS with molecular redox catalysts through metal–organic frameworks. 2018. 9(47): p. 8890–8894
[98] Chen, S., et al., Fine-tuning the metal oxo cluster composition and phase structure of Ni/Ti bimetallic MOFs for efficient CO2 reduction. 2021. 125(17): p. 9200–9209
[99] Yu, F., et al., Hierarchically porous metal–organic framework/MoS2 interface for selective photocatalytic conversion of CO2 with H2O into CH3COOH. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021. 60(47): p. 24849–24853.Angewandte Chemie International Edition
[100] Maina, J.W., et al., Inorganic nanoparticles/metal organic framework hybrid membrane reactors for efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO2. 2017. 9(40): p. 35010–35017
[101] Ma, Y., et al., Encapsulation of cobalt oxide into metal‐organic frameworks for an improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 14(3): p. 946–951
[102] Jiang, Z., et al., Filling metal–organic framework mesopores with TiO2 for CO2 photoreduction. 2020. 586(7830): p. 549–554
[103] Wan, S., et al., Perovskite-type CsPbBr3 quantum dots/UiO-66 (NH2) nanojunction as efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. 2019. 358: p. 1287–1295
[104] Kong, Z.-C., et al., Core@ shell CsPbBr3@ zeolitic imidazolate framework nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2018. 3(11): p. 2656–2662
[105] Wu, L.Y., et al., Encapsulating perovskite quantum dots in iron‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2019. 58(28): p. 9491–9495
[106] Mu, Q., et al., Electrostatic charge transfer for boosting the photocatalytic CO2 reduction on metal centers of 2D MOF/rGO heterostructure. 2020. 262: p. 118144
[107] Wang, J.-W., et al., Facile electron delivery from graphene template to ultrathin metal-organic layers for boosting CO2 photoreduction. Nature Communications, 2021. 12(1): p. 813.Nature Communications
[108] Kajiwara, T., et al., Photochemical reduction of low concentrations of CO2 in a porous coordination polymer with a ruthenium (II)–CO complex. 2016. 55(8): p. 2697–2700
[109] Qin, J.-H., et al., High loading of Mn (ii)-metalated porphyrin in a MOF for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction in gas–solid conditions. 2021. 57(68): p. 8468–8471
[110] Huang, N.-Y., et al., Electrostatic attraction-driven assembly of a metal–organic framework with a photosensitizer boosts photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO. Journal of the American chemical society, 2021. 143(42): p. 17424–17430.Journal of the American chemical society
[111] Benseghir, Y., et al., Co-immobilization of a Rh catalyst and a Keggin polyoxometalate in the UiO-67 Zr-based metal–organic framework: in depth structural characterization and photocatalytic properties for CO2 reduction. 2020. 142(20): p. 9428–9438
[112] Deng, B., et al., Metal-organic framework-derived Ga-Cu/CeO2 catalyst for highly efficient photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 298: p. 120519
[113] Wang, Z., et al., Porous Copper/Zinc bimetallic oxides derived from MOFs for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol. 2020. 10(10): p. 1127
[114] Wang, Q., et al., Sulfur doped In2O3-CeO2 hollow hexagonal prisms with carbon coating for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 421: p. 129968
[115] Du, Z.-Y., et al., Polyoxometalate-induced ‘cage-within-cage’metal–organic frameworks with high efficiency towards CO 2 photoreduction. 2021. 5(15): p. 3876–3883
[116] Ren, J.-T., et al., Self-templated synthesis of Co 3 O 4 hierarchical nanosheets from a metal–organic framework for efficient visible-light photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. 2020. 12(2): p. 755–762
[117] Wang, S., et al., Formation of hierarchical In2S3–CdIn2S4 heterostructured nanotubes for efficient and stable visible light CO2 reduction. 2017. 139(48): p. 17305–17308
[118] Khaletskaya, K., et al., Fabrication of gold/titania photocatalyst for CO2 reduction based on pyrolytic conversion of the metal–organic framework NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) loaded with gold nanoparticles. 2015. 27(21): p. 7248–7257
[119] Zhang, H., et al., Surface-plasmon-enhanced photodriven CO2 reduction catalyzed by metal-organic-framework-derived iron nanoparticles encapsulated by ultrathin carbon layers. 2016. 28(19): p. 3703–3710
[120] Gong, Y.-N., et al., Facile synthesis of C3N4-supported metal catalysts for efficient CO2 photoreduction. 2022. 15(1): p. 551–556 [121] Hu, C.Y., et al., HKUST‐1 Derived Hollow C‐Cu2− xS Nanotube/g‐C3N4 Composites for Visible‐Light CO2 Photoreduction with H2O Vapor. 2019. 25(1): p. 379–385
[122] Chen, S., J. Yu, and J.J.J.o.C.U. Zhang, Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity of MOF-derived ZnO/NiO porous hollow spheres. 2018. 24: p. 548–554
[123] Wang, L., et al., Hollow multi-shelled structures of Co3O4 dodecahedron with unique crystal orientation for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2019. 141(6): p. 2238–2241
مراجع [1] Han, B., et al., Hierarchical NiCo2O4 hollow nanocages for photoreduction of diluted CO2: Adsorption and active sites engineering. 2020. 260: p. 118208
[2] Wang, X., et al., Synthesis of Au/UiO-66-NH2/Graphene composites as efficient visible-light photocatalysts to convert CO2. 2021. 46(21): p. 11621–11635
[3] Lin, S., et al., Covalent organic frameworks comprising cobalt porphyrins for catalytic CO2 reduction in water. 2015. 349(6253): p. 1208–1213
[4] Kondratenko, E.V., et al., Status and perspectives of CO 2 conversion into fuels and chemicals by catalytic, photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes. 2013. 6(11): p. 3112–3135
[5] Chang, X., et al., CO 2 photo-reduction: insights into CO 2 activation and reaction on surfaces of photocatalysts. 2016. 9(7): p. 2177–2196
[6] Dhakshinamoorthy, A., Z. Li, and H.J.C.S.R. Garcia, Catalysis and photocatalysis by metal organic frameworks. 2018. 47(22): p. 8134–8172
[7] Wang, H., et al., Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. 2014. 43(15): p. 5234–5244
[8] Yu, S., et al., Opportunities and challenges of solar-energy-driven carbon dioxide to fuel conversion with plasmonic catalysts. 2017. 2(9): p. 2058–2070
[9] Ding, M., X. Cai, and H.-L. Jiang, Improving MOF stability: approaches and applications. Chemical Science, 2019. 10(44): p. 10209–10230.Chemical Science
[10] Sun, D., et al., Construction of a supported Ru complex on bifunctional MOF-253 for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction under visible light. 2015. 51(13): p. 2645–2648
[11] Reddy, D.A., et al., Recent advances in metal–organic framework-based photocatalysts for hydrogen production. 2021. 5(6): p. 1597–1618
[12] Luo, Y.-H., et al., From molecular metal complex to metal-organic framework: The CO2 reduction photocatalysts with clear and tunable structure. 2019. 390: p. 86–126
[13] Ding, M., et al., Carbon capture and conversion using metal–organic frameworks and MOF-based materials. 2019. 48(10): p. 2783–2828
[14] Rhimi, B., et al., Emerging trends in metal organic framework based materials for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2025. 537: p. 216706.Coordination Chemistry Reviews
[15] Shafique, A., et al., Metal-organic frameworks as heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 cycloaddition: A promising strategy for CO2 mitigation and utilization. Materials Today Chemistry, 2024. 41: p. 102296.Materials Today Chemistry
[16] Zhang, H., et al., Metal–organic frameworks and their derived materials as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for CO2 reduction: progress, challenges, and perspectives. 2018. 24(69): p. 18137–18157
[17] Dao, X.-Y. and W.-Y.J.I.C.F. Sun, Single-and mixed-metal–organic framework photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. 2021. 8(13): p. 3178–3204
[18] Han, B., et al., Nickel metal–organic framework monolayers for photoreduction of diluted CO2: metal‐node‐dependent activity and selectivity. 2018. 57(51): p. 16811–16815
[19] Alkhatib, I.I., et al., Metal-organic frameworks for photocatalytic CO2 reduction under visible radiation: A review of strategies and applications. 2020. 340: p. 209–224
[20] Hisatomi, T., J. Kubota, and K.J.C.S.R. Domen, Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting. 2014. 43(22): p. 7520–7535
[21] Ikreedeegh, R.R. and M.J.J.o.C.U. Tahir, A critical review in recent developments of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) with band engineering alteration for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to solar fuels. 2021. 43: p. 101381
[22] Crake, A., et al., CO2 capture and photocatalytic reduction using bifunctional TiO2/MOF nanocomposites under UV–vis irradiation. 2017. 210: p. 131–140
[23] Li, D., et al., Photocatalytic CO2 reduction over metal-organic framework-based materials. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2020. 412: p. 213262.Coordination Chemistry Reviews
[24] Fu, Y., et al., An amine-functionalized titanium metal-organic framework photocatalyst with visible-light-induced activity for CO2 reduction. 2012. 51(14): p. 3364–3367
[25] Laurier, K.G., et al., Iron (III)-based metal–organic frameworks as visible light photocatalysts. 2013. 135(39): p. 14488–14491
[26] Wang, G., et al., A Bismuth‐Based Metal–Organic Framework as an Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalyst. 2015. 21(6): p. 2364–2367
[27] Zhan, W., et al., Rational design of metal–organic framework‐based materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, 2022. 3(7): p. 2200004.Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research
[28] Qian, Y., F. Zhang, and H.J.A.F.M. Pang, A review of MOFs and their composites‐based photocatalysts: synthesis and applications. 2021. 31(37): p. 2104231
[29] Li, S., et al., Strategies for improving the performance and application of MOFs photocatalysts. 2019. 11(13): p. 2978–2993
[30] Liang, Z., et al., Metal–organic frameworks: pristine metal–organic frameworks and their composites for energy storage and conversion (Adv. Mater. 37/2018). 2018. 30(37): p. 1870276
[31] Cui, Y., et al., Metal–organic frameworks as platforms for functional materials. 2016. 49(3): p. 483–493
[32] Wu, H., et al., Metal–organic framework decorated cuprous oxide nanowires for long‐lived charges applied in selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4. 2021. 60(15): p. 8455–8459
[33] Becerra, J., et al., Plasmonic Au nanoparticles incorporated in the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) for the efficient sunlight-driven photoreduction of CO2. 2020. 3(8): p. 7659–7665
[34] Hussain, M.Z., et al., Recent advances in metal–organic frameworks derived nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications in energy and environment. 2021. 8(14): p. 2100625
[35] Li, X.-X., et al., Hydrophobic polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework for efficient CO2 photoconversion. 2019. 11(29): p. 25790–25795
[36] Taddei, M., et al., Band gap modulation in zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks by defect engineering. 2019. 7(41): p. 23781–23786
[37] Fu, Y., et al., Temperature modulation of defects in NH 2-UiO-66 (Zr) for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. 2019. 9(65): p. 37733–37738
[38] Sun, D., et al., Studies on photocatalytic CO2 reduction over NH2‐Uio‐66 (Zr) and its derivatives: towards a better understanding of photocatalysis on metal–organic frameworks. 2013. 19(42): p. 14279–14285
[39] Wang, D., et al., Fe-based MOFs for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: role of coordination unsaturated sites and dual excitation pathways. 2014. 4(12): p. 4254–4260
[40] Payra, S. and S.J.T.J.o.P.C.C. Roy, From trash to treasure: probing cycloaddition and photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over cerium-based metal–organic frameworks. 2021. 125(16): p. 8497–8507
[41] Dao, X.-Y., et al., Solvent-free photoreduction of CO2 to CO catalyzed by Fe-MOFs with superior selectivity. 2019. 58(13): p. 8517–8524
[42] Luo, T., et al., Metal–organic framework-stabilized CO2/water interfacial route for photocatalytic CO2 conversion. 2017. 9(47): p. 41594–41598
[43] Taddei, M., et al., Band gap modulation in zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks by defect engineering. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019. 7(41): p. 23781–23786.Journal of Materials Chemistry A
[44] Cheng, X.-M., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity over NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) by facet regulation. 2020. 11(2): p. 650–658
[45] Cheng, X.-M., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity over NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) by facet regulation. Acs Catalysis, 2020. 11(2): p. 650–658.Acs Catalysis
[46] Gong, Y.-N., et al., Incorporation of chromophores into metal–organic frameworks for boosting CO2 conversion. 2021. 60(19): p. 14924–14931
[47] Wang, Y., et al., Hydroxide ligands cooperate with catalytic centers in metal–organic frameworks for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2018. 140(1): p. 38–41
[48] Wang, Y., et al., Hydroxide ligands cooperate with catalytic centers in metal–organic frameworks for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018. 140(1): p. 38–41.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[49] Wei, Y.-P., et al., Different functional group modified zirconium frameworks for the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. 2019. 48(23): p. 8221–8226
[50] Sk, M., et al., An anthracene‐based metal‐organic framework for selective photo‐reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid coupled with water oxidation. 2021. 27(12): p. 4098–4107
[51] Chen, D., et al., Highly efficient visible-light-driven CO 2 reduction to formate by a new anthracene-based zirconium MOF via dual catalytic routes. 2016. 4(7): p. 2657–2662
[52] Qin, J.-S., et al., Creating well-defined hexabenzocoronene in zirconium metal–organic framework by postsynthetic annulation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019. 141(5): p. 2054–2060.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[53] Qin, J.-S., et al., Creating well-defined hexabenzocoronene in zirconium metal–organic framework by postsynthetic annulation. 2019. 141(5): p. 2054–2060
[54] Sun, M., et al., Enhancement of visible-light-driven CO 2 reduction performance using an amine-functionalized zirconium metal–organic framework. 2018. 47(3): p. 909–915
[55] Xu, H.-Q., et al., Visible-light photoreduction of CO2 in a metal–organic framework: boosting electron–hole separation via electron trap states. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015. 137(42): p. 13440–13443.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[56] Xu, H.-Q., et al., Visible-light photoreduction of CO2 in a metal–organic framework: boosting electron–hole separation via electron trap states. 2015. 137(42): p. 13440–13443
[57] Qiu, Y.-C., et al., Face-sharing Archimedean solids stacking for the construction of mixed-ligand metal–organic frameworks. 2019. 141(35): p. 13841–13848
[58] Ryu, U.J., et al., Synergistic interaction of Re complex and amine functionalized multiple ligands in metal-organic frameworks for conversion of carbon dioxide. 2017. 7(1): p. 612
[59] Hao, Y.-C., et al., Metal-organic framework membranes with single-atomic centers for photocatalytic CO2 and O2 reduction. 2021. 12(1): p. 2682
[60] Wang, S.-S., et al., Encapsulation of single iron sites in a metal–porphyrin framework for high-performance photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2020. 59(9): p. 6301–6307
[61] Liu, Y., et al., Chemical adsorption enhanced CO2 capture and photoreduction over a copper porphyrin based metal organic framework. 2013. 5(15): p. 7654–7658
[62] Zhang, H., et al., Efficient visible‐light‐driven carbon dioxide reduction by a single‐atom implanted metal–organic framework. 2016. 128(46): p. 14522–14526
[63] Fang, Z.-B., et al., Boosting interfacial charge-transfer kinetics for efficient overall CO2 photoreduction via rational design of coordination spheres on metal–organic frameworks. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020. 142(28): p. 12515–12523.Journal of the American Chemical Society
[64] Fang, Z.-B., et al., Boosting interfacial charge-transfer kinetics for efficient overall CO2 photoreduction via rational design of coordination spheres on metal–organic frameworks. 2020. 142(28): p. 12515–12523
[65] Liu, M., et al., Photosensitizing single-site metal− organic framework enabling visible-light-driven CO2 reduction for syngas production. 2019. 245: p. 496–501
[66] Zhang, S., et al., Hierarchical metal–organic framework nanoflowers for effective CO2 transformation driven by visible light. 2015. 3(30): p. 15764–15768
[67] Zhang, S., et al., Construction of interpenetrated ruthenium metal–organic frameworks as stable photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. 2015. 54(17): p. 8375–8379
[68] Yan, Z.-H., et al., Photo-generated dinuclear {Eu (II)} 2 active sites for selective CO2 reduction in a photosensitizing metal-organic framework. 2018. 9(1): p. 3353
[69] Fei, H., et al., Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate using a Mn (I) molecular catalyst in a robust metal–organic framework. 2015. 54(14): p. 6821–6828
[70] Deng, X., et al., Construction of a stable Ru–Re hybrid system based on multifunctional MOF-253 for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2018. 57(14): p. 8276–8286
[71] Lan, G., et al., Photosensitizing metal–organic layers for efficient sunlight-driven carbon dioxide reduction. 2018. 140(39): p. 12369–12373
[72] Feng, X., et al., Metal–organic frameworks significantly enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction with earth-abundant copper photosensitizers. 2020. 142(2): p. 690–695
[73] Karmakar, S., et al., Covalent grafting of molecular photosensitizer and catalyst on MOF-808: effect of pore confinement toward visible light-driven CO 2 reduction in water. 2021. 14(4): p. 2429–2440
[74] Ojha, N. and S.J.A.C.B.E. Kumar, Tri-phase photocatalysis for CO2 reduction and N2 fixation with efficient electron transfer on a hydrophilic surface of transition-metal-doped MIL-88A (Fe). 2021. 292: p. 120166
[75] Dong, H., et al., Regulation of metal ions in smart metal-cluster nodes of metal-organic frameworks with open metal sites for improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction. 2020. 276: p. 119173
[76] Guo, S.-H., et al., A bimetallic-MOF catalyst for efficient CO 2 photoreduction from simulated flue gas to value-added formate. 2020. 8(23): p. 11712–11718
[77] Wang, X., et al., Fabrication of heterostructured UIO-66-NH2/CNTs with enhanced activity and selectivity over photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2020. 45(55): p. 30634–30646
[78] Huang, Q., et al., Multielectron transportation of polyoxometalate-grafted metalloporphyrin coordination frameworks for selective CO2-to-CH4 photoconversion. 2020. 7(1): p. 53–63
[79] Zheng, H.L., et al., Photochemical in situ exfoliation of metal–organic frameworks for enhanced visible‐light‐driven CO2 reduction. 2020. 132(52): p. 23794–23798
[80] Hu, X., et al., Energy transfer on a two-dimensional antenna enhances the photocatalytic activity of CO 2 reduction by metal–organic layers. 2019. 55(65): p. 9657–9660
[81] Liu, N., et al., Boosting visible‐light photocatalytic performance for CO2 reduction via hydroxylated graphene quantum dots sensitized MIL‐101 (Fe). 2020. 7(17): p. 2000468
[82] Liu, S.M., et al., Ti‐Substituted Keggin‐Type Polyoxotungstate as Proton and Electron Reservoir Encaged into Metal–Organic Framework for Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction. 2018. 5(21): p. 1801062
[83] Deng, X., et al., Shape‐defined hollow structural Co‐MOF‐74 and metal nanoparticles@ Co‐MOF‐74 composite through a transformation strategy for enhanced photocatalysis performance. 2019. 15(35): p. 1902287
[84] Fu, Y., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic CO 2 reduction over Co-doped NH 2-MIL-125 (Ti) under visible light. 2017. 7(68): p. 42819–42825
[85] Wei, D., et al., Graphene quantum dot-sensitized Zn-MOFs for efficient visible-light-driven carbon dioxide reduction. 2020. 10(16): p. 5666–5676
[86] Zhao, Y., et al., A highly efficient composite catalyst constructed from NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) and reduced graphene oxide for CO2 photoreduction. 2019. 7: p. 789
[87] Sun, W., et al., Highly efficient photocatalytic CO 2 reduction by a ruthenium complex sensitizing gC 3 N 4/MOF hybrid photocatalyst. 2021. 45(20): p. 8965–8970
[88] Tan, J., et al., MOF-derived synthesis of MnS/In2S3 pn heterojunctions with hierarchical structures for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 588: p. 547–556
[89] Guo, F., et al., Size engineering of metal–organic framework MIL-101 (Cr)–Ag hybrids for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2019. 9(9): p. 8464–8470
[90] Choi, K.M., et al., Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic CO2 conversion within metal–organic frameworks under visible light. 2017. 139(1): p. 356–362
[91] Wang, G., et al., Photoinduction of Cu Single Atoms Decorated on UiO-66-NH₂ for Enhanced Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂ to Liquid Fuels. 2020
[92] Hao, Y.-C., et al., Metal-organic framework membranes with single-atomic centers for photocatalytic CO2 and O2 reduction. Nature Communications, 2021. 12(1): p. 2682.Nature Communications
[93] He, T., et al., A practice of reticular chemistry: construction of a robust mesoporous palladium metal–organic framework via metal metathesis. 2021. 143(26): p. 9901–9911
[94] Xu, G., et al., Integrating the g-C3N4 nanosheet with B–H bonding decorated metal–organic framework for CO2 activation and photoreduction. 2018. 12(6): p. 5333–5340
[95] Wu, Z., et al., Doping [Ru (bpy) 3] 2+ into metal-organic framework to facilitate the separation and reuse of noble-metal photosensitizer during CO2 photoreduction. 2021. 42(10): p. 1790–1797
[96] Li, Q., et al., Charge, adsorption, water stability and bandgap tuning of an anionic Cd (II) porphyrinic metal–organic framework. 2019. 48(24): p. 8678–8692
[97] Chen, C., et al., Highly effective photoreduction of CO 2 to CO promoted by integration of CdS with molecular redox catalysts through metal–organic frameworks. 2018. 9(47): p. 8890–8894
[98] Chen, S., et al., Fine-tuning the metal oxo cluster composition and phase structure of Ni/Ti bimetallic MOFs for efficient CO2 reduction. 2021. 125(17): p. 9200–9209
[99] Yu, F., et al., Hierarchically porous metal–organic framework/MoS2 interface for selective photocatalytic conversion of CO2 with H2O into CH3COOH. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021. 60(47): p. 24849–24853.Angewandte Chemie International Edition
[100] Maina, J.W., et al., Inorganic nanoparticles/metal organic framework hybrid membrane reactors for efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO2. 2017. 9(40): p. 35010–35017
[101] Ma, Y., et al., Encapsulation of cobalt oxide into metal‐organic frameworks for an improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 14(3): p. 946–951
[102] Jiang, Z., et al., Filling metal–organic framework mesopores with TiO2 for CO2 photoreduction. 2020. 586(7830): p. 549–554
[103] Wan, S., et al., Perovskite-type CsPbBr3 quantum dots/UiO-66 (NH2) nanojunction as efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. 2019. 358: p. 1287–1295
[104] Kong, Z.-C., et al., Core@ shell CsPbBr3@ zeolitic imidazolate framework nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2018. 3(11): p. 2656–2662
[105] Wu, L.Y., et al., Encapsulating perovskite quantum dots in iron‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2019. 58(28): p. 9491–9495
[106] Mu, Q., et al., Electrostatic charge transfer for boosting the photocatalytic CO2 reduction on metal centers of 2D MOF/rGO heterostructure. 2020. 262: p. 118144
[107] Wang, J.-W., et al., Facile electron delivery from graphene template to ultrathin metal-organic layers for boosting CO2 photoreduction. Nature Communications, 2021. 12(1): p. 813.Nature Communications
[108] Kajiwara, T., et al., Photochemical reduction of low concentrations of CO2 in a porous coordination polymer with a ruthenium (II)–CO complex. 2016. 55(8): p. 2697–2700
[109] Qin, J.-H., et al., High loading of Mn (ii)-metalated porphyrin in a MOF for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction in gas–solid conditions. 2021. 57(68): p. 8468–8471
[110] Huang, N.-Y., et al., Electrostatic attraction-driven assembly of a metal–organic framework with a photosensitizer boosts photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO. Journal of the American chemical society, 2021. 143(42): p. 17424–17430.Journal of the American chemical society
[111] Benseghir, Y., et al., Co-immobilization of a Rh catalyst and a Keggin polyoxometalate in the UiO-67 Zr-based metal–organic framework: in depth structural characterization and photocatalytic properties for CO2 reduction. 2020. 142(20): p. 9428–9438
[112] Deng, B., et al., Metal-organic framework-derived Ga-Cu/CeO2 catalyst for highly efficient photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 298: p. 120519
[113] Wang, Z., et al., Porous Copper/Zinc bimetallic oxides derived from MOFs for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol. 2020. 10(10): p. 1127
[114] Wang, Q., et al., Sulfur doped In2O3-CeO2 hollow hexagonal prisms with carbon coating for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2021. 421: p. 129968
[115] Du, Z.-Y., et al., Polyoxometalate-induced ‘cage-within-cage’metal–organic frameworks with high efficiency towards CO 2 photoreduction. 2021. 5(15): p. 3876–3883
[116] Ren, J.-T., et al., Self-templated synthesis of Co 3 O 4 hierarchical nanosheets from a metal–organic framework for efficient visible-light photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. 2020. 12(2): p. 755–762
[117] Wang, S., et al., Formation of hierarchical In2S3–CdIn2S4 heterostructured nanotubes for efficient and stable visible light CO2 reduction. 2017. 139(48): p. 17305–17308
[118] Khaletskaya, K., et al., Fabrication of gold/titania photocatalyst for CO2 reduction based on pyrolytic conversion of the metal–organic framework NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) loaded with gold nanoparticles. 2015. 27(21): p. 7248–7257
[119] Zhang, H., et al., Surface-plasmon-enhanced photodriven CO2 reduction catalyzed by metal-organic-framework-derived iron nanoparticles encapsulated by ultrathin carbon layers. 2016. 28(19): p. 3703–3710
[120] Gong, Y.-N., et al., Facile synthesis of C3N4-supported metal catalysts for efficient CO2 photoreduction. 2022. 15(1): p. 551–556 [121] Hu, C.Y., et al., HKUST‐1 Derived Hollow C‐Cu2− xS Nanotube/g‐C3N4 Composites for Visible‐Light CO2 Photoreduction with H2O Vapor. 2019. 25(1): p. 379–385
[122] Chen, S., J. Yu, and J.J.J.o.C.U. Zhang, Enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity of MOF-derived ZnO/NiO porous hollow spheres. 2018. 24: p. 548–554
[123] Wang, L., et al., Hollow multi-shelled structures of Co3O4 dodecahedron with unique crystal orientation for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. 2019. 141(6): p. 2238–2241
