رابطة بين تعهد سازماني و ويژگي‌هاي شخصيتي با توجه به ساختار شغلي
الموضوعات :حمیدرضا عریضی 1 , هاجر براتي 2
1 - دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
2 - دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: كليدواژه‌ها: تعهد سازماني, ويژگي‌هاي شخصيتي, ساختار شغلي,
ملخص المقالة :
چكيده: اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي رابطة بين تعهد سازماني و ويژگي‌هاي شخصيتي با توجه به ساختار شغلي انجام شد. از كاركنان يك شركت 360 نفر به شيوة تصادفي طبقه‌اي انتخاب شدند که با توجه به ساختار شغلي خود، به دو گروه 180 نفره تقسيم می‌شدند. گروه اول شامل مشاغلي بود كه به تفكر مولد و خلاق نياز داشتند (مشاغل داراي ساختار باز نسبت به تجربه)، در صورتي‌كه گروه ديگر نيازمند اين ويژگي‌ها نبود (مشاغل داراي ساختارِ بسته نسبت به تجربه). شركت‌كنندگان به پرسشنامة تعهد سازماني بالفور و وكسلر (1996) و پرسشنامة نشانگرهاي ويژگي‌هاي شخصيتِ سوسير (1994) پاسخ دادند. نتايج نشان داد كه رابطة بين تعهد همانندسازي شده و تعهد پيوستگي، با گشودگي نسبت به تجربه، و تعهد مبادله‌اي با برون‌گرايي در دو گروه متفاوت است.
المصادر:
ارونسون، اليوت (1385). روان¬شناسي اجتماعي (ترجمة حسين شكركن). تهران: رشد.
براتي، هاجر؛ عريضي، حمیدرضا؛ و نوري، ابوالقاسم (1389). رابطة بين جوّ سازماني و وجدان كاري با عملكرد شغلي در شركت ذوب آهن اصفهان، روان¬شناسي كاربردي. زيرچاپ.
پازارگادي، مهرنوش؛ و جهانگير، فریدون (1385). تعهدسازماني پرستاران و عوامل مرتبط با آن. نشريه دانشكده پرستاري و مامايي، 54، 13-3.
حق¬شناس، حسین (1385). طرح پنج عاملي ويژگي¬هاي شخصيت: راهنماي تفسير و هنجارهاي آزمون¬هاي NEO PI-R و NEO FFI. شيراز: دانشگاه علوم پزشكي شيراز.
خسرواني، سولماز؛ و گيلاني، بیژن (1386). خلاقيت و پنج عامل شخصيت. پژوهش¬هاي روان¬شناختي، 10، 45-30.
ريجو. ال.، رونالد (1386). زمينه روان¬شناسي صنعتي ـ سازماني. ترجمة دكتر داود حسين-زاده،
دكتر زهرا لبادي، و پرويز صالحي. تهران: مازيار (تاریخ انتشار به زبان اصلی 1955).
عـريضـي، حمیدرضا؛ علي¬محمدي، سهراب؛ و گل¬پرور، محسن (1386). رابطه تـعهد سازماني و
مـؤلفه¬هاي آن با متـغيرهاي سازمانـي پيشايند و پـسايند مبتنـي بـر تحليل مسير. مجـله روان¬شناسي، 3، 322-302.
عريضـي، حمیدرضا؛ و فراهاني، حجت ¬¬ا... (1386). روش¬هاي كاربردي پژوهش در روان-شناسـي باليني و مشاوره. تهران: دانژه.
كارور. اس.، چارلز؛ و شي¬ير.، ام. اف. (1387). نظريه¬هاي شخصيت. ترجمه احمد رضواني. مشهد: به نشر.
مدنی، حسین؛ و زاهدی، محمدجواد (1384). تعيين اولويت عوامل موثر بر تعهد سازماني كاركنان (مطالعه موردي در شركت¬هاي پالايش گاز فجر و بيدبلند). مجله جامعه¬شناسي ايران. سال ششم، 1، 33-3.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
Allik, J., and McCrae, R. R. (2002). A five-factor theory perspective. In McCrae, R. R., Allik, J. (Eds), The Five-factor Model of personality across cultures. (pp. 220-303). New York: Kluwer.
Barrick M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
Barrick M. R., Mount M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). The FFM personality dimensions and job performance: meta-analysis of meta-analyses. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9-30.
Baulfour, D. L., & Wechsler, B. (1996). Organizational commitment: Antecedents and outcomes in public organizations. Public Productivity and Management Review, 19, 355-368.
Boles, J., Madupalli, R., Rutherford, B., & Wood, J. A. (2007). The relationship of facets of salesperson's job satisfaction with affective organizational commitment. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22, 311-321.
Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R., Judge, T. A., & Bretz, R. D. (2001). Personality and cognitive ability as predictors of job search among employed managers. Personnel Psychology, 54, 25-50.
Bozionelos, N. (2004). The big five of personality and work involvement.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19, 69-81.
Brooks, C. H., & Edward, J. I. (2006). Integrating the unfolding model and Job embeddedness model to better understand voluntary turnover. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18, 435-452.
Carmeli, A., & Freund, A. (2001). Multiple work commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance: An empirical investigation. Paper
presented at the Annual Academy of Management Meetings, OB Division, Washington. D.C.
Cichy, R. F., Cha, J., & Kim, S. (2008). The relationship between organizational commitment and contextual performance among private club leaders. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 53-62.
Claver-Cortés, E., Zaragoza-Sáez, P., & Pertusa-Ortega, E. (2007).
Organizational structure features supporting knowledge management processes. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11, 1-12.
Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: Testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 241-259.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and testing. London: Sage Publications.
Donavan, D. T., Brown, T. J., & Mowen, J. C. (2004). Internal benefits of service-worker customer orientation: Job satisfaction, commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Marketing, 68, 128-146.
Earl, J. K., & Bright, J. E. H. (2007). The relationship between career decision status and important work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 233-246.
Erdheim, J., Wang, M., & Zickar, M. J. (2006). Linking the Big Five personality constructs to organizational commitment. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 959-970.
Germain, R., Claycomb, C., & Dröge, C. (2007). Supply chain variability, organizational structure, and performance: The moderating effect of demand unpredictability. Journal of Operations Management, 25, 420-437.
Grimpe, C. (2006). Making use of the unused: Shelf warmer technologies in
research and development. Technovation, 26, 770-774.
Hackett, R. D., Lapierre, L., & Hausdorf, P. (2001). Understanding the links
between wok commitments constructs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 392-413.
Harris, J. A. (2004). Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 913-929.
Hofstede, G., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 52-88.
Homburg, C., & Stock, R. M. (2004). The link between salespeople's job satisfaction and customer satisfaction in a business-to-business context: A dyadic analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32, 144-158.
Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: the big five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869-79.
Hunter, J. (2002). Improving organizational performance through the use of effective elements of organizational structure. Leadership in Health Services, 15, 12-21.
Jabnoun, N. (2005). Organizational structure for customer-oriented TQM: An empirical investigation. The TQM Magazine, 17, 226-236.
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-Factor Model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530-541.
Kuvass, B. (2003). Employee ownership and effective organizational commitment: Employee's perceptions of fairness and their performance for company. Journal of Management, 19, 193-212.
Kwon, I. G., & Banks, D. W. (2004). Factors related to the organizational and professional commitment of internal auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19, 6-22.
Labatmediene, L. (2007). Individual correlates of organizational commitment and intention to leave the organization. Baltic Journal of Management, 2, 196-212.
Lauver, K. J., & Kristof-Brown, A. (2001). Distinguishing between employees' perceptions of person-job and person-organization fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 454-470.
LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. (2000). Adaptability to changing
task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability. Conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53, 563-593.
McCrae, R. R. (2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 819-46.
McCrae, R. R. (2002). NEO PI-R data from 36 cultures: further intercultural comparisons, In McCrae, R. R., & Allik, J. (Eds), The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures (pp. 105-125). New York: Kluwer.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1988). Links between work experience and organizational commitment during the first year of employment: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 61, 195-209.
Meyer, P. J., Stanley, D. J., Hersovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedent, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20- 52.
Moss, S. A., McFarland, J., Ngu, S., & Kijowska, A. (2007). Maintaining an open mind to closed individuals: The effect of resource availability and leadership style on the association between openness to experience and organizational commitment. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 259-275.
Nasurdin, A. M., Ramayah, T., & Beng, Y. C. (2006). Organizational structure and organizational climate as potential predictors of job stress: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 16, 91-110.
O`Conner, B. P. (2002). A quantitative review of comprehensiveness of the five factor model in relation to popular personality inventories. Assessment, 19, 188-203.
Ogaard, T., Larsen S., & Marnburg, E. (2005). Organizational culture and
performance; Evidence from the fast food restaurant industry. Journal of Food, Service and Technology, 5, 23-34.
Ogaard, T., Marnburg, E., & Larsen, S. (2008). Perceptions of job &
organizational structure in the hospitality industry: Consequences for
commitment, job satisfaction and perceived performance. Tourism Management, 29, 661-671.
Olver, J. M., & Mooradian, T. A. (2003). Personality traits and personal values: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 109-125.
Pierce, J. L., & Gardne, D. G. (2004). Self-Esteem within the work and organizational context: A review of the organization-based self-esteem literature. Journal of Management, 30, 591-622.
Richardsen, A. M., Burke, R. J., & Martinussen, M. (2006). Work and health outcomes among police officers: The mediating role of police cynicism and engagement. Internationals Journal of Stress Management, 3, 555-574.
Robie, C., Brown, D. J., & Bly, P. R. (2005). The big five in the USA and Japan. Journal of Management Development, 24, 720-736.
Salgado, J. F. (2002). The big five personality dimensions and counterpro-ductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 117-125.
Scheaffer, R. L., & Mendhall, W. O. L. (1996). Elementary survey sampling. (5th edition). Pacific Grove, CA. Duxbury Press.
Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2001). Don’t leave me this way! A qualitative study of influences on the organizational commitment and turnover intentions of graduates in their early career. British Journal of Guidance and
Counseling, 29, 447-462.
Sturges, J., Guest, D., Conway, N., & Davey, K. M. (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between career management and organizational commitment among graduates in the first ten years at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 731-748.
Ter Laak, J., Van Leuven, M., & Brugman, G. (2000). Brief report: The effect of the accountability instruction and two job types on the big five scores. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 209-213.
Tett, R. P., & Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based integrationist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 500-517.
Yang, F., & Chang, C. (2008). Emotional labor, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among clinical nurses: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 879-887.
ارونسون، اليوت (1385). روان¬شناسي اجتماعي (ترجمة حسين شكركن). تهران: رشد.
براتي، هاجر؛ عريضي، حمیدرضا؛ و نوري، ابوالقاسم (1389). رابطة بين جوّ سازماني و وجدان كاري با عملكرد شغلي در شركت ذوب آهن اصفهان، روان¬شناسي كاربردي. زيرچاپ.
پازارگادي، مهرنوش؛ و جهانگير، فریدون (1385). تعهدسازماني پرستاران و عوامل مرتبط با آن. نشريه دانشكده پرستاري و مامايي، 54، 13-3.
حق¬شناس، حسین (1385). طرح پنج عاملي ويژگي¬هاي شخصيت: راهنماي تفسير و هنجارهاي آزمون¬هاي NEO PI-R و NEO FFI. شيراز: دانشگاه علوم پزشكي شيراز.
خسرواني، سولماز؛ و گيلاني، بیژن (1386). خلاقيت و پنج عامل شخصيت. پژوهش¬هاي روان¬شناختي، 10، 45-30.
ريجو. ال.، رونالد (1386). زمينه روان¬شناسي صنعتي ـ سازماني. ترجمة دكتر داود حسين-زاده،
دكتر زهرا لبادي، و پرويز صالحي. تهران: مازيار (تاریخ انتشار به زبان اصلی 1955).
عـريضـي، حمیدرضا؛ علي¬محمدي، سهراب؛ و گل¬پرور، محسن (1386). رابطه تـعهد سازماني و
مـؤلفه¬هاي آن با متـغيرهاي سازمانـي پيشايند و پـسايند مبتنـي بـر تحليل مسير. مجـله روان¬شناسي، 3، 322-302.
عريضـي، حمیدرضا؛ و فراهاني، حجت ¬¬ا... (1386). روش¬هاي كاربردي پژوهش در روان-شناسـي باليني و مشاوره. تهران: دانژه.
كارور. اس.، چارلز؛ و شي¬ير.، ام. اف. (1387). نظريه¬هاي شخصيت. ترجمه احمد رضواني. مشهد: به نشر.
مدنی، حسین؛ و زاهدی، محمدجواد (1384). تعيين اولويت عوامل موثر بر تعهد سازماني كاركنان (مطالعه موردي در شركت¬هاي پالايش گاز فجر و بيدبلند). مجله جامعه¬شناسي ايران. سال ششم، 1، 33-3.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
Allik, J., and McCrae, R. R. (2002). A five-factor theory perspective. In McCrae, R. R., Allik, J. (Eds), The Five-factor Model of personality across cultures. (pp. 220-303). New York: Kluwer.
Barrick M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
Barrick M. R., Mount M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). The FFM personality dimensions and job performance: meta-analysis of meta-analyses. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9-30.
Baulfour, D. L., & Wechsler, B. (1996). Organizational commitment: Antecedents and outcomes in public organizations. Public Productivity and Management Review, 19, 355-368.
Boles, J., Madupalli, R., Rutherford, B., & Wood, J. A. (2007). The relationship of facets of salesperson's job satisfaction with affective organizational commitment. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 22, 311-321.
Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R., Judge, T. A., & Bretz, R. D. (2001). Personality and cognitive ability as predictors of job search among employed managers. Personnel Psychology, 54, 25-50.
Bozionelos, N. (2004). The big five of personality and work involvement.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19, 69-81.
Brooks, C. H., & Edward, J. I. (2006). Integrating the unfolding model and Job embeddedness model to better understand voluntary turnover. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18, 435-452.
Carmeli, A., & Freund, A. (2001). Multiple work commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance: An empirical investigation. Paper
presented at the Annual Academy of Management Meetings, OB Division, Washington. D.C.
Cichy, R. F., Cha, J., & Kim, S. (2008). The relationship between organizational commitment and contextual performance among private club leaders. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 53-62.
Claver-Cortés, E., Zaragoza-Sáez, P., & Pertusa-Ortega, E. (2007).
Organizational structure features supporting knowledge management processes. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11, 1-12.
Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: Testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 241-259.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Handbook of personality theory and testing. London: Sage Publications.
Donavan, D. T., Brown, T. J., & Mowen, J. C. (2004). Internal benefits of service-worker customer orientation: Job satisfaction, commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Marketing, 68, 128-146.
Earl, J. K., & Bright, J. E. H. (2007). The relationship between career decision status and important work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 233-246.
Erdheim, J., Wang, M., & Zickar, M. J. (2006). Linking the Big Five personality constructs to organizational commitment. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 959-970.
Germain, R., Claycomb, C., & Dröge, C. (2007). Supply chain variability, organizational structure, and performance: The moderating effect of demand unpredictability. Journal of Operations Management, 25, 420-437.
Grimpe, C. (2006). Making use of the unused: Shelf warmer technologies in
research and development. Technovation, 26, 770-774.
Hackett, R. D., Lapierre, L., & Hausdorf, P. (2001). Understanding the links
between wok commitments constructs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 392-413.
Harris, J. A. (2004). Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 913-929.
Hofstede, G., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 52-88.
Homburg, C., & Stock, R. M. (2004). The link between salespeople's job satisfaction and customer satisfaction in a business-to-business context: A dyadic analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32, 144-158.
Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: the big five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869-79.
Hunter, J. (2002). Improving organizational performance through the use of effective elements of organizational structure. Leadership in Health Services, 15, 12-21.
Jabnoun, N. (2005). Organizational structure for customer-oriented TQM: An empirical investigation. The TQM Magazine, 17, 226-236.
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-Factor Model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530-541.
Kuvass, B. (2003). Employee ownership and effective organizational commitment: Employee's perceptions of fairness and their performance for company. Journal of Management, 19, 193-212.
Kwon, I. G., & Banks, D. W. (2004). Factors related to the organizational and professional commitment of internal auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19, 6-22.
Labatmediene, L. (2007). Individual correlates of organizational commitment and intention to leave the organization. Baltic Journal of Management, 2, 196-212.
Lauver, K. J., & Kristof-Brown, A. (2001). Distinguishing between employees' perceptions of person-job and person-organization fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 454-470.
LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. (2000). Adaptability to changing
task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability. Conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53, 563-593.
McCrae, R. R. (2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 819-46.
McCrae, R. R. (2002). NEO PI-R data from 36 cultures: further intercultural comparisons, In McCrae, R. R., & Allik, J. (Eds), The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures (pp. 105-125). New York: Kluwer.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1988). Links between work experience and organizational commitment during the first year of employment: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 61, 195-209.
Meyer, P. J., Stanley, D. J., Hersovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedent, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20- 52.
Moss, S. A., McFarland, J., Ngu, S., & Kijowska, A. (2007). Maintaining an open mind to closed individuals: The effect of resource availability and leadership style on the association between openness to experience and organizational commitment. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 259-275.
Nasurdin, A. M., Ramayah, T., & Beng, Y. C. (2006). Organizational structure and organizational climate as potential predictors of job stress: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 16, 91-110.
O`Conner, B. P. (2002). A quantitative review of comprehensiveness of the five factor model in relation to popular personality inventories. Assessment, 19, 188-203.
Ogaard, T., Larsen S., & Marnburg, E. (2005). Organizational culture and
performance; Evidence from the fast food restaurant industry. Journal of Food, Service and Technology, 5, 23-34.
Ogaard, T., Marnburg, E., & Larsen, S. (2008). Perceptions of job &
organizational structure in the hospitality industry: Consequences for
commitment, job satisfaction and perceived performance. Tourism Management, 29, 661-671.
Olver, J. M., & Mooradian, T. A. (2003). Personality traits and personal values: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 109-125.
Pierce, J. L., & Gardne, D. G. (2004). Self-Esteem within the work and organizational context: A review of the organization-based self-esteem literature. Journal of Management, 30, 591-622.
Richardsen, A. M., Burke, R. J., & Martinussen, M. (2006). Work and health outcomes among police officers: The mediating role of police cynicism and engagement. Internationals Journal of Stress Management, 3, 555-574.
Robie, C., Brown, D. J., & Bly, P. R. (2005). The big five in the USA and Japan. Journal of Management Development, 24, 720-736.
Salgado, J. F. (2002). The big five personality dimensions and counterpro-ductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 117-125.
Scheaffer, R. L., & Mendhall, W. O. L. (1996). Elementary survey sampling. (5th edition). Pacific Grove, CA. Duxbury Press.
Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2001). Don’t leave me this way! A qualitative study of influences on the organizational commitment and turnover intentions of graduates in their early career. British Journal of Guidance and
Counseling, 29, 447-462.
Sturges, J., Guest, D., Conway, N., & Davey, K. M. (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between career management and organizational commitment among graduates in the first ten years at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 731-748.
Ter Laak, J., Van Leuven, M., & Brugman, G. (2000). Brief report: The effect of the accountability instruction and two job types on the big five scores. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 209-213.
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