ارزیابی قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد از سوی دولت‌ها
الموضوعات :
1 - دانشگاه آزاد - واحد پردیس
2 - دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
الکلمات المفتاحية: صلاحیت ارزیابی منشور ملل متحد قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت نظارت قضایی اتحادیه اروپا,
ملخص المقالة :
در تاریخ سازمان ملل، قانونی‌بودن قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت در موارد متعددی به چالش کشانده شده است. این چالش‌ها عمدتاً توسط دولت‌هایی که تحت تأثیر تصمیمات شورای امنیت بوده‌اند، صورت گرفته است. با توجه به اینکه دولت‌ها نمایندگان اجرای قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت هستند، دیدگاه و ارزیابی خود را در نحوه اجرای تصمیمات شورای امنیت دخالت می‌دهند. دادگاه‌های داخلی و حتی منطقه‌ای نیز در مواردی اقدام به بررسی اقدامات صورت‌گرفته از سوی دولت‌ها در اجرای قطعنامه‌ها كرده‌اند. این موضوع اگرچه نتوانسته است نظارت قضایی مستقیم بر قطعنامه‌ها را ایجاد كند در نحوه اجرای آنها بسیار مؤثر بوده است. مسئله ارزیابی دولت‌ها می‌تواند نگرانی‌هایی را در مورد کاهش کارایی شورای امنیت در موارد حفظ صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی ایجاد كند.
المصادر:
حدادی، مهدی (1383)، نظارت دادگاه‌های ملی بر اجرای حقوق بین‌الملل، حقوق خصوصی، شماره 6.
شایگان، فریده (1380)، شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد و مفهوم صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
شریفی طراز‌کوهی، حسین و ساسان مدرس سبزواری(1392)، «ضرورت و امکان نظارت قضایی بر عملکرد شورای امنیت در نظام حقوقی ملل متحد»، فصلنامه سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، شماره 4.
موسوی، سید‌فضل‌الله، سيدمهدي چهل‌تنی و سیدمهدی موسوی (1391)، «بررسی و تحلیل رأی قضيه کادی علیه شورای اتحادیه اروپا»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق، سال چهاردهم، شماره 36.
میرزاده، مناسادات (1390)، «تحقق رؤیای نظارت قضایی بر قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت، تأملی بر رأی دیوان دادگستری اروپا در قضیه فولمن محمودیان»، مجله پژوهش‌های حقوقی، شماره 19.
Abdelrazik, A. (2009), The Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Attorney General of Canada, Federal Court of Canada, Ruling of June, 4.
Bowett, D. (1994), “The Impact of Security Council Decisions on Dispute Settlement Procedures”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.5, No.89.
Cassese A. (2005), International Law, Oxford; Oxford university press.
De Sena, P. (2009), “Critical Review of Jurisprudence: An Occasional Series The European Courts and the Security Council: Between Dédoublement Functional and Balancing of Values”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.20, No.1.
De Wet, E. (2002), “Review of Security Council decisions by national courts”, German YB Int'l L, Vol.45, 166.
De Wet, E. (2003), Review of the Security Council by Member States, Intersentia, Antwerp/ Oxford/ New York.
De Wet, E. (2004), The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council, New York: Hart Publishing.
De Wet, E. (2010), Human rights considerations in the enforcement of Security Council Sanctions in the EU Legal Order, collected courses of the Academy of European Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford
De Wet, E. (2013), “From Kadi to Nada: judicial techniques favouring human rights over United Nations Security Council sanctions”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.12, No.4: 787-808.
Doehring, K. (1997), “Unlawful resolutions of the security council and their legal consequences”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol.1: 91-109.
Fassbender, B. (1998), The United Nations Charter as constitution of the international community, Colum. J. Transnat'l L, Vol.36, 529.
Gill, T. D. (1995), “Legal and some political limitations on the power of the UN Security Council to exercise its enforcement powers under Chapter VII of the Charter”, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Vol.26: 33-138.
Gowlland-Debbas, V (2004), National implementation of United Nations sanctions: A comparative study (Vol.4), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Hovell, D. (2013), “A dialogue model: the role of the domestic judge in security council decision-making”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol.26, No.3: 579-597.
Kelsen, H. (1992), Introduction to the problems of legal theory (p.37), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kokott, J., & Sobotta, C. (2012), “The Kadi case–constitutional core values and international law–finding the balance?”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.23, No.4: 1015-1024.
Koskenniemi, M. (2007), International Law: Constitutionalism, Managerialism and the Ethos of Legal Education, Eur. J. Legal Stud, Vol.1: 8.
Kreczko, A. J. (1980), “The Unilateral Termination of UN Sanctions Against Southern Rhodesia by the United Kingdom”, Va. J. Int'l L., Vol.21: 97.
Lyman, P. N. (2000), “Saving the UN Security Council—a challenge for the United States”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol.4: 127-146.
Mariani, P. (2009), The Implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions Imposing Economic Sanctions in the EU/EC Legal System: Interpillar Issues and Judicial Review.
Martenczuk, B. (1999). “The Security Council, the International Court and judicial review: what lessons from Lockerbie?”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.10. No.3: 517-547.
Martinico, G. (2012), “Is the European Convention going to be ‘Supreme’? A comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.23, No.2: 401-424.
Matthew, Parish (2012), International Courts and the European Legal Order”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, No.1:141-153.
Pavoni, R. (2009), “Freedom to Choose the Legal Means for Implementing UN Security Council Resolutions and the ECJ Kadi Judgment: A Misplaced Argument Hindering the Enforcement of International Law in the EC”, Yearbook of European Law, Vol.28, No.1: 626.
Portela, C. (2010), “National implementation of United Nations sanctions: towards fragmentation”, International Journal, Vol.65, No.1: 13-30.
Posch, A. (2009), “The Kadi Case: Rethinking the Relationship Between EU Law and International Law?”, Columbia journal of European law, Vol.15.
Simma Bruno (2012), The Charter of United Nations, Third Edition, Oxford: Oxford Commentaries on International Law.
Sloan, B. (1989), “The United Nations Charter as a Constitution”, Pace Yearbook of International Law, 61.
Spaak T. (2013), Kelsen on Monism and Dualism.
Spijkers, O. (2006), “Unusual Checks and Balances: The European Court of Justice and the UN Security Council”, EU Political Multilateralism: Interactions with the UN.
Tzanakopoulos, A. (2010), “United Nations Sanctions in Domestic Courts From Interpretation to Defiance in Abdelrazik v. Canada”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, mqq006.
Tzanakopoulos, A. (2013), Disobeying the Security Council: countermeasures against wrongful sanctions, Oxford University Press.
Von Staden, A. (2012), “The democratic legitimacy of judicial review beyond the state: Normative subsidiarity and judicial standards of review”, International journal of constitutional law, Vol.10, No.4: 1023-1049.
اسناد
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001
UN Doc. 2, G/7(k)(1), 3
UN Doc. CCPR/C/94/D/1472/2006, 29 December 2008.
UNCIO Docs, 4 May 1945
Legal Consequences for states of the continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security council Resolution 276(Advisory Opinion) (1971).
ICJ Reports “Certain expenses of the United Nations” (Advisory Opinions)(1962).
ICJ Reports, “Reservation”,1951.
ICJ Reports, “Reparation for injured Suffered in the service of the UN” (Advisory Opinion) 1949.
UN. Doc A/Cn.4/L.689 (2006) 169.
Appeals Chamber Decision on the Tadic Jurisdictional Motion, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadica/k/a “Dule”, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, 2 Oct. 1995.
Youssef Mustapha Nada v. SECO, Case No. 1A 45/2007 BGE, 133 II 450 (14 November 2007), ILDC 461 (CH 2007).
Nada v. Switzerland, Appl. No. 10593/08, ECtHR (Judgment) [Grand Chamber] (12 September 2012(.
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 3 September 2008 Yassin Abdullah Kadi, Al Barakat International Foundation v Council of the European Union and commission of the European Communities.
Al-Jedda v The United Kingdom, ECHR, applic no 27021/08, Judgment of 7 July 2011; Nada v Switzerland, ECHR, applic no 10593/08, Judgment of 12 September 2012
Milosevic v Netherland( Interlocutory Injuction)KG 01/975(2001) 48 NILR 357
Ntakirutimana v Reno, Judgment of 24 January 2000, 528 U.S. 1135, 120 S. Ct. 977.
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United States of America) (Provisional Measures)(1992) ICJ Rep 114
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United States of America) (Preliminary Objections)(1998) ICJ Reports 115
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United Kingdom) (Preliminary Objections)(1998) ICJ Reports 9
حدادی، مهدی (1383)، نظارت دادگاه‌های ملی بر اجرای حقوق بین‌الملل، حقوق خصوصی، شماره 6.
شایگان، فریده (1380)، شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد و مفهوم صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
شریفی طراز‌کوهی، حسین و ساسان مدرس سبزواری(1392)، «ضرورت و امکان نظارت قضایی بر عملکرد شورای امنیت در نظام حقوقی ملل متحد»، فصلنامه سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، شماره 4.
موسوی، سید‌فضل‌الله، سيدمهدي چهل‌تنی و سیدمهدی موسوی (1391)، «بررسی و تحلیل رأی قضيه کادی علیه شورای اتحادیه اروپا»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق، سال چهاردهم، شماره 36.
میرزاده، مناسادات (1390)، «تحقق رؤیای نظارت قضایی بر قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت، تأملی بر رأی دیوان دادگستری اروپا در قضیه فولمن محمودیان»، مجله پژوهش‌های حقوقی، شماره 19.
Abdelrazik, A. (2009), The Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Attorney General of Canada, Federal Court of Canada, Ruling of June, 4.
Bowett, D. (1994), “The Impact of Security Council Decisions on Dispute Settlement Procedures”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.5, No.89.
Cassese A. (2005), International Law, Oxford; Oxford university press.
De Sena, P. (2009), “Critical Review of Jurisprudence: An Occasional Series The European Courts and the Security Council: Between Dédoublement Functional and Balancing of Values”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.20, No.1.
De Wet, E. (2002), “Review of Security Council decisions by national courts”, German YB Int'l L, Vol.45, 166.
De Wet, E. (2003), Review of the Security Council by Member States, Intersentia, Antwerp/ Oxford/ New York.
De Wet, E. (2004), The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council, New York: Hart Publishing.
De Wet, E. (2010), Human rights considerations in the enforcement of Security Council Sanctions in the EU Legal Order, collected courses of the Academy of European Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford
De Wet, E. (2013), “From Kadi to Nada: judicial techniques favouring human rights over United Nations Security Council sanctions”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.12, No.4: 787-808.
Doehring, K. (1997), “Unlawful resolutions of the security council and their legal consequences”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol.1: 91-109.
Fassbender, B. (1998), The United Nations Charter as constitution of the international community, Colum. J. Transnat'l L, Vol.36, 529.
Gill, T. D. (1995), “Legal and some political limitations on the power of the UN Security Council to exercise its enforcement powers under Chapter VII of the Charter”, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, Vol.26: 33-138.
Gowlland-Debbas, V (2004), National implementation of United Nations sanctions: A comparative study (Vol.4), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Hovell, D. (2013), “A dialogue model: the role of the domestic judge in security council decision-making”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol.26, No.3: 579-597.
Kelsen, H. (1992), Introduction to the problems of legal theory (p.37), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kokott, J., & Sobotta, C. (2012), “The Kadi case–constitutional core values and international law–finding the balance?”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.23, No.4: 1015-1024.
Koskenniemi, M. (2007), International Law: Constitutionalism, Managerialism and the Ethos of Legal Education, Eur. J. Legal Stud, Vol.1: 8.
Kreczko, A. J. (1980), “The Unilateral Termination of UN Sanctions Against Southern Rhodesia by the United Kingdom”, Va. J. Int'l L., Vol.21: 97.
Lyman, P. N. (2000), “Saving the UN Security Council—a challenge for the United States”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Vol.4: 127-146.
Mariani, P. (2009), The Implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions Imposing Economic Sanctions in the EU/EC Legal System: Interpillar Issues and Judicial Review.
Martenczuk, B. (1999). “The Security Council, the International Court and judicial review: what lessons from Lockerbie?”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.10. No.3: 517-547.
Martinico, G. (2012), “Is the European Convention going to be ‘Supreme’? A comparative-constitutional overview of ECHR and EU law before national courts”, European Journal of International Law, Vol.23, No.2: 401-424.
Matthew, Parish (2012), International Courts and the European Legal Order”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, No.1:141-153.
Pavoni, R. (2009), “Freedom to Choose the Legal Means for Implementing UN Security Council Resolutions and the ECJ Kadi Judgment: A Misplaced Argument Hindering the Enforcement of International Law in the EC”, Yearbook of European Law, Vol.28, No.1: 626.
Portela, C. (2010), “National implementation of United Nations sanctions: towards fragmentation”, International Journal, Vol.65, No.1: 13-30.
Posch, A. (2009), “The Kadi Case: Rethinking the Relationship Between EU Law and International Law?”, Columbia journal of European law, Vol.15.
Simma Bruno (2012), The Charter of United Nations, Third Edition, Oxford: Oxford Commentaries on International Law.
Sloan, B. (1989), “The United Nations Charter as a Constitution”, Pace Yearbook of International Law, 61.
Spaak T. (2013), Kelsen on Monism and Dualism.
Spijkers, O. (2006), “Unusual Checks and Balances: The European Court of Justice and the UN Security Council”, EU Political Multilateralism: Interactions with the UN.
Tzanakopoulos, A. (2010), “United Nations Sanctions in Domestic Courts From Interpretation to Defiance in Abdelrazik v. Canada”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, mqq006.
Tzanakopoulos, A. (2013), Disobeying the Security Council: countermeasures against wrongful sanctions, Oxford University Press.
Von Staden, A. (2012), “The democratic legitimacy of judicial review beyond the state: Normative subsidiarity and judicial standards of review”, International journal of constitutional law, Vol.10, No.4: 1023-1049.
اسناد
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001
UN Doc. 2, G/7(k)(1), 3
UN Doc. CCPR/C/94/D/1472/2006, 29 December 2008.
UNCIO Docs, 4 May 1945
Legal Consequences for states of the continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security council Resolution 276(Advisory Opinion) (1971).
ICJ Reports “Certain expenses of the United Nations” (Advisory Opinions)(1962).
ICJ Reports, “Reservation”,1951.
ICJ Reports, “Reparation for injured Suffered in the service of the UN” (Advisory Opinion) 1949.
UN. Doc A/Cn.4/L.689 (2006) 169.
Appeals Chamber Decision on the Tadic Jurisdictional Motion, Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadica/k/a “Dule”, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, 2 Oct. 1995.
Youssef Mustapha Nada v. SECO, Case No. 1A 45/2007 BGE, 133 II 450 (14 November 2007), ILDC 461 (CH 2007).
Nada v. Switzerland, Appl. No. 10593/08, ECtHR (Judgment) [Grand Chamber] (12 September 2012(.
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 3 September 2008 Yassin Abdullah Kadi, Al Barakat International Foundation v Council of the European Union and commission of the European Communities.
Al-Jedda v The United Kingdom, ECHR, applic no 27021/08, Judgment of 7 July 2011; Nada v Switzerland, ECHR, applic no 10593/08, Judgment of 12 September 2012
Milosevic v Netherland( Interlocutory Injuction)KG 01/975(2001) 48 NILR 357
Ntakirutimana v Reno, Judgment of 24 January 2000, 528 U.S. 1135, 120 S. Ct. 977.
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United States of America) (Provisional Measures)(1992) ICJ Rep 114
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United States of America) (Preliminary Objections)(1998) ICJ Reports 115
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v United Kingdom) (Preliminary Objections)(1998) ICJ Reports 9
