ارائه الگوی شایستگی های مدیران در سازمان های پیچیده
الموضوعات :
1 - دانشگاه تهران
الکلمات المفتاحية: شایستگی هاپیچیدگیشایستگی های مدیرانسازمان های پیچیده پیچیدگی ساختاری پیچیدگی فناوری پیچیدگی محیط,
ملخص المقالة :
امروزه سازمان ها نسبت به گذشته بسیار پیچیده شده اند و لازم است مدیران شایستگی های جدید و مهمی را کسب کنند تا بتوانند سازمان ها را در رسیدن به اهداف خود یاری دهند. هدف پژوهش حاضر ارائه الگوی شایستگی های مدیران در سازمان های پیچیده می باشد که پژوهشی کاربردی محسوب می شود. این پژوهش در دو فاز صورت گرفته است که در فاز اول طراحی مدل و در فاز دوم اعتبار بخشی آن صورت گرفته است. در اولین مرحله از فاز نخست، بر اساس فراوانی پیچیدگی های مشاهده شده در ادبیات تحقیق و با مطالعه سیستماتیک مبانی نظری و همچنین بر اساس مصاحبه با خبرگان، سه نوع پیچیدگی ساختاری، فناوری و محیطی، مبنای ارزیابی پیچیدگی سازمان در نظر گرفته شد. در مرحله دوم که رویکردی کمی داشت و هدف آن شناسایی و انتخاب سازمان پیچیده بود، پرسشنامه ای 21 سوالی طراحی شد و روایی آن با نظر خبرگان و پایایی آن با محاسبه آّلفای کرونباخ تایید گردید و دربین291 نفر از مدیران میانی شهرداری توزیع شد که با انجام آزمون تی یک نمونه ای، سازمان پیچیده انتخاب گردید. در مرحله بعد که رویکردی کیفی داشت با 18نفر از خبرگان که با روش گلوله برفی انتخاب شده بودند، مصاحبه ای نیمه ساختاریافته انجام شد و مدل اولیه شایستگی های مدیران متناسب با هرنوع پیچیدگی، حاصل شد. در مرحله چهارم که رویکردی کمی داشت بر اساس مدل اولیه، پرسشنامه ای طراحی گردید و دربین 5 نفر از خبرگان به روش دلفی توزیع شده و بعد از انجام سه مرحله رفت و برگشت، مدل اصلاح شده حاصل گردید. در فاز دوم پژوهش که هدف آن اعتبار بخشی مدل اصلاح شده بود و رویکردی کمی داشت، بر اساس مدل اصلاح شده پرسشنامه ای طراحی شد و دربین 15 نفر از خبرگان توزیع گردید و با محاسبه ضریب نسبی روایی محتوا، مدل نهایی شایستگی مدیران متناسب با هر نوع پیچیدگی تدوین شد.
المصادر:
Rimita K, Hoon SN, Levasseur R. Leader Readiness in a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Business Environment. Journal of Social Change. 2020;12(1):2.
Horney N, O'Shea T. Focused, fast and flexible: Creating agility advantage in a VUCA world: BookBaby; 2015.
Deaton AV. VUCA tools for a VUCA world: Developing leaders and teams for sustainable results: Ann V. Deaton; 2018.
Sinar E, Wellins R, Ray R, Abel A, Neal S. Global Leadership Forecast 2014–2015. Development Dimensions International. 2015.
Rimita K. Leader Readiness in a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA) Business Environment. 2019.
Abdelzaher D, Latheef Z, Abdelzaher A. Recovering from conflict and uncertainty post Arab Spring. International Journal of Conflict Management. 2017.
Rodríguez R, Molina-Castillo F-J, Svensson G. The mediating role of organizational complexity between enterprise resource planning and business model innovation. Industrial Marketing Management. 2020;84:328-41.
Heinonen S, Karjalainen J, Ruotsalainen J, Steinmüller K. Surprise as the new normal–implications for energy security. European Journal of Futures Research. 2017;5(1):1-13.
Kayes DC. Are you ready to lead in a crisis? Organizational Dynamics. 2019;48(2):1-7.
Bereznoy A. Corporate foresight in multinational business strategies. Форсайт. 2017;11(1 (eng)
Matthysen M, Harris C. The relationship between readiness to change and work engagement: A case study in an accounting firm undergoing change. SA Journal of Human Resource Management. 2018;16(1):1-11.
Levy DL. Complexity Theory in Organization Theory and Strategy. Handbook of strategic management. 2000:67.
Stacey R. Emerging strategies for a chaotic environment. Long Range Planning. 1996;29(2):182-9.
Lowell K. An Application of Complexity Theory for Directing Organizational Change: Fielding Graduate University; 2020.
Uhl-Bien M, Arena M. Complexity leadership: Enabling people and organizations for adaptability. Organizational Dynamics. 2017.
Lewin AY, Volberda HW. Prolegomena on coevolution: A framework for research on strategy and new organizational forms. Organization science. 1999;10(5):519-34.
Linkner J, Chapman C. Steps to a Culture of Innovation. Innovation Generation. 2011.
Birkinshaw J, Bouquet C, Barsoux J. The 5 myths of innovation. MIT Sloan management review. 2011;4:1-8.
Frangos C. How to embed innovation into your organizational culture. Balance scorecard report. 2011;13(1)
Sawhney M, Wolcott RC, Arroniz I. The 12 different ways for companies to innovate. MIT Sloan management review. 2006;47(3):75.
Millar CC, Groth O, Mahon JF. Management innovation in a VUCA world: Challenges and recommendations. California Management Review. 2018;61(1):5-14.
Flood MD, Kenett DY, Lumsdaine RL, Simon JK. The Complexity of Bank Holding Companies: A Topological Approach. Journal of Banking & Finance. 2020:105789.
Alunni L, Llambías N. EXPLORANDO LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DIGITAL DESDE ADENTRO. Palermo Business Review. 2018(17):11-30.
Bushe GR, Marshak RJ. The Dialogic Mindset: Leading Emergent Change in a Complex World. Organization development journal. 2016;34(1).
González-Cruz TF, Botella-Carrubi D, Martínez-Fuentes C. The effect of firm complexity and founding team size on agile internal communication in startups. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 2020:1-21.
Rahmati MH, Razavi Saeedi SR, Shahbazi M, Zareie Matin H. Classifying Types of Complexity and Ranking Organizations Based on the Complexity Rate. Organizational Culture Management. 2019;17(2):279-98.
Olmedo E. Complexity and chaos in organisations: complex management. International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management. 2010;1(1):72-82.
Heylighen F. Five questions on complexity. arXiv preprint nlin/0702016. 2007.
Benbya H, Nan N, Tanriverdi H, Yoo Y. Complexity and Information Systems Rsearch in the Emerging Digital World. Benbya, H, Nan, N, Tanriverdi, H, Yoo, Y. 2020:1-17.
Cilliers P. 'Complexity and postmodernism. Understanding complex systems' Reply to David Spurrett. South African Journal of Philosophy. 1999;18(2):275-8.
Bennett N, Lemoine GJ. What a difference a word makes: Understanding threats to performance in a VUCA world. Business Horizons. 2014;57(3):311-7.
Schoemaker PJ, Heaton S, Teece D. Innovation, dynamic capabilities, and leadership. California Management Review. 2018;61(1):15-42.
Okręglicka M, Gorzeń-Mitka I, Ogrean C. Management challenges in the context of a complex view-SMEs perspective. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2015;34:445-52.
Park Y, Mithas S. Organized Complexity of Digital Business Strategy: A Configurational Perspective. MIS Quarterly. 2020;44(1)
Geraldi J, Maylor H, Williams T. Now, let's make it really complex (complicated). International journal of operations & production management. 2011.
Gorzeń-Mitka I. Complexity in management: Opportunity or threat. Problems of Management in the 21st Century. 2015;10(1):4-5.
Boisot M, Child J. Organizations as adaptive systems in complex environments: The case of China. Organization Science. 1999;10(3):237-52.
Remington K, Zolin R, Turner R, editors. A model of project complexity: distinguishing dimensions of complexity from severity. Proceedings of the 9th International Research Network of Project Management Conference; 2009: IRNOP Berlin.
Rego A. Complexity, simplicity, simplexity. European Management Journal. 2010;28(2):85-94.
Gregory RW, Piccinini E. The nature of complexity in IS projects and programmes. 2013.
Botchkarev A, Finnigan P. Complexity in the Context of Systems Approach to Project Management. arXiv preprint arXiv:14121027. 2014.
Foss NJ, Saebi T. Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Journal of Management. 2017;43(1):200-27.
Leukert P, Vollmer A, Alliet B, Reeves M. IT Complexity metrics–How do you measure up? The Capco Institute Journal of Financial Transformation. 2011;34:11-5.
Pigagaite G, Silva P, Hussein B, editors. Sources of complexities in new product and process development projects. International Workshop of Advanced Manufacturing and Automation (IWAMA 2013) Akademika forlag; 2013.
Stephen RP. Organizational Theory: Structure, Design, and Applications. Prentice Hall, New Jersey; 1990.
Reed R, Storrud‐Barnes SF. Uncertainty, risk, and real options: who wins, who loses? Management Decision. 2010.
Spivey DA. An Exploration of the Skills, Competencies, and Requirements of Effective Middle Managers in Pro-Profit Organizations: North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; 2020.
Razavi Saeedi SR. Designing a competency model for middle managers in Tehran Municipality and validating it with a Structural Equation Model. Iranian Society for Training and Development. 2020;7(25):68-92.
Skorková Z. Competency models in public sector. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2016;230:226-34.
Staškeviča A. The importance of competency model development. International Journal of Arts Management. 2019;20(2):20-31.
Salleh KM, Khalid NH, Sulaiman NL, Mohamad MM, Sern LC. Competency of adult learners in learning: application of the iceberg competency model. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;204(5-6):326-34.
Ahn J-W. Structural equation modeling of cultural competence of nurses caring for foreign patients. Asian nursing research. 2017;11(1):65-73.
Chongwony L, Gardner JL, Tope A. Instructional Design Leadership and Management Competencies: Job Description Analysis. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration. 2020;23(1):1-18.
Moradi S, Kähkönen K, Aaltonen K. Project Managers’ Competencies in Collaborative Construction Projects. Buildings. 2020;10(3):50.
Horak M, Matošková J, Danko L. Development of a cluster manager's competencies towards competitiveness. Journal of Competitiveness. 2020.
Derakhshide H, Ansari ME. The Effects of Managerial Competency and Management Commitment to Employee Empowerment on Employee Job Performance -- Case Study: ENBank Employees. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2015;27(1):73-114.
Gangani N, McLean GN, Braden RA. A competency‐based human resource development strategy. Performance Improvement Quarterly. 2006;19(1):127-39.
Schippmann JS. Competencies, job analysis, and the next generation of modeling. Handbook of workplace assessment. 2010;32:197.
Ehtesham A, Jahangiri A, Agha-Mohammad-Ali Shirazi M, Zahedi SM. Developing a Model to Assess Managers’ General Competencies in the Iranian State-Owned Banks. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2019;32(2):63-90.
Hashemian F, Abbaspour A, Rahimian H, Delavar A, Ghiasi S. Identifying Factors Affecting Competency Improvement of Managers. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2017;30(3):161-80.
Hasani K, Sheikhesmaeili S, Maghsoudi K. Dimensions and Components of Meritocracy in Managers and Employees of Educational Institutions. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2013;26(2):119-40.
Mahmoudi A-H, Abedi A, Heydari Y. Professional Competencies of Educational Directors. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2012;25(1):69-92.
Ekrami M, Rajabzadeh S. Developing the Factors of Managers’ Competency Measurement Scale. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2011;24(3):49-69.
sadraei s, zolfaghari zaferani r, vedadi a. Communication Competency Model for Human Resource Managers of Banking Industry. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2020;32(4):59-91.
Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology. 1975;28(4):563-75.
Lartey FM. Chaos, Complexity, and Contingency Theories: A Comparative Analysis and Application to the 21st Century Organization. Journal of Business Administration Research. 2020;9(1):44-51.
Rimita K, Hoon SN, Levasseur R. Leader Readiness in a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Business Environment. Journal of Social Change. 2020;12(1):2.
Horney N, O'Shea T. Focused, fast and flexible: Creating agility advantage in a VUCA world: BookBaby; 2015.
Deaton AV. VUCA tools for a VUCA world: Developing leaders and teams for sustainable results: Ann V. Deaton; 2018.
Sinar E, Wellins R, Ray R, Abel A, Neal S. Global Leadership Forecast 2014–2015. Development Dimensions International. 2015.
Rimita K. Leader Readiness in a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA) Business Environment. 2019.
Abdelzaher D, Latheef Z, Abdelzaher A. Recovering from conflict and uncertainty post Arab Spring. International Journal of Conflict Management. 2017.
Rodríguez R, Molina-Castillo F-J, Svensson G. The mediating role of organizational complexity between enterprise resource planning and business model innovation. Industrial Marketing Management. 2020;84:328-41.
Heinonen S, Karjalainen J, Ruotsalainen J, Steinmüller K. Surprise as the new normal–implications for energy security. European Journal of Futures Research. 2017;5(1):1-13.
Kayes DC. Are you ready to lead in a crisis? Organizational Dynamics. 2019;48(2):1-7.
Bereznoy A. Corporate foresight in multinational business strategies. Форсайт. 2017;11(1 (eng)
Matthysen M, Harris C. The relationship between readiness to change and work engagement: A case study in an accounting firm undergoing change. SA Journal of Human Resource Management. 2018;16(1):1-11.
Levy DL. Complexity Theory in Organization Theory and Strategy. Handbook of strategic management. 2000:67.
Stacey R. Emerging strategies for a chaotic environment. Long Range Planning. 1996;29(2):182-9.
Lowell K. An Application of Complexity Theory for Directing Organizational Change: Fielding Graduate University; 2020.
Uhl-Bien M, Arena M. Complexity leadership: Enabling people and organizations for adaptability. Organizational Dynamics. 2017.
Lewin AY, Volberda HW. Prolegomena on coevolution: A framework for research on strategy and new organizational forms. Organization science. 1999;10(5):519-34.
Linkner J, Chapman C. Steps to a Culture of Innovation. Innovation Generation. 2011.
Birkinshaw J, Bouquet C, Barsoux J. The 5 myths of innovation. MIT Sloan management review. 2011;4:1-8.
Frangos C. How to embed innovation into your organizational culture. Balance scorecard report. 2011;13(1)
Sawhney M, Wolcott RC, Arroniz I. The 12 different ways for companies to innovate. MIT Sloan management review. 2006;47(3):75.
Millar CC, Groth O, Mahon JF. Management innovation in a VUCA world: Challenges and recommendations. California Management Review. 2018;61(1):5-14.
Flood MD, Kenett DY, Lumsdaine RL, Simon JK. The Complexity of Bank Holding Companies: A Topological Approach. Journal of Banking & Finance. 2020:105789.
Alunni L, Llambías N. EXPLORANDO LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DIGITAL DESDE ADENTRO. Palermo Business Review. 2018(17):11-30.
Bushe GR, Marshak RJ. The Dialogic Mindset: Leading Emergent Change in a Complex World. Organization development journal. 2016;34(1).
González-Cruz TF, Botella-Carrubi D, Martínez-Fuentes C. The effect of firm complexity and founding team size on agile internal communication in startups. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. 2020:1-21.
Rahmati MH, Razavi Saeedi SR, Shahbazi M, Zareie Matin H. Classifying Types of Complexity and Ranking Organizations Based on the Complexity Rate. Organizational Culture Management. 2019;17(2):279-98.
Olmedo E. Complexity and chaos in organisations: complex management. International Journal of Complexity in Leadership and Management. 2010;1(1):72-82.
Heylighen F. Five questions on complexity. arXiv preprint nlin/0702016. 2007.
Benbya H, Nan N, Tanriverdi H, Yoo Y. Complexity and Information Systems Rsearch in the Emerging Digital World. Benbya, H, Nan, N, Tanriverdi, H, Yoo, Y. 2020:1-17.
Cilliers P. 'Complexity and postmodernism. Understanding complex systems' Reply to David Spurrett. South African Journal of Philosophy. 1999;18(2):275-8.
Bennett N, Lemoine GJ. What a difference a word makes: Understanding threats to performance in a VUCA world. Business Horizons. 2014;57(3):311-7.
Schoemaker PJ, Heaton S, Teece D. Innovation, dynamic capabilities, and leadership. California Management Review. 2018;61(1):15-42.
Okręglicka M, Gorzeń-Mitka I, Ogrean C. Management challenges in the context of a complex view-SMEs perspective. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2015;34:445-52.
Park Y, Mithas S. Organized Complexity of Digital Business Strategy: A Configurational Perspective. MIS Quarterly. 2020;44(1)
Geraldi J, Maylor H, Williams T. Now, let's make it really complex (complicated). International journal of operations & production management. 2011.
Gorzeń-Mitka I. Complexity in management: Opportunity or threat. Problems of Management in the 21st Century. 2015;10(1):4-5.
Boisot M, Child J. Organizations as adaptive systems in complex environments: The case of China. Organization Science. 1999;10(3):237-52.
Remington K, Zolin R, Turner R, editors. A model of project complexity: distinguishing dimensions of complexity from severity. Proceedings of the 9th International Research Network of Project Management Conference; 2009: IRNOP Berlin.
Rego A. Complexity, simplicity, simplexity. European Management Journal. 2010;28(2):85-94.
Gregory RW, Piccinini E. The nature of complexity in IS projects and programmes. 2013.
Botchkarev A, Finnigan P. Complexity in the Context of Systems Approach to Project Management. arXiv preprint arXiv:14121027. 2014.
Foss NJ, Saebi T. Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Journal of Management. 2017;43(1):200-27.
Leukert P, Vollmer A, Alliet B, Reeves M. IT Complexity metrics–How do you measure up? The Capco Institute Journal of Financial Transformation. 2011;34:11-5.
Pigagaite G, Silva P, Hussein B, editors. Sources of complexities in new product and process development projects. International Workshop of Advanced Manufacturing and Automation (IWAMA 2013) Akademika forlag; 2013.
Stephen RP. Organizational Theory: Structure, Design, and Applications. Prentice Hall, New Jersey; 1990.
Reed R, Storrud‐Barnes SF. Uncertainty, risk, and real options: who wins, who loses? Management Decision. 2010.
Spivey DA. An Exploration of the Skills, Competencies, and Requirements of Effective Middle Managers in Pro-Profit Organizations: North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; 2020.
Razavi Saeedi SR. Designing a competency model for middle managers in Tehran Municipality and validating it with a Structural Equation Model. Iranian Society for Training and Development. 2020;7(25):68-92.
Skorková Z. Competency models in public sector. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2016;230:226-34.
Staškeviča A. The importance of competency model development. International Journal of Arts Management. 2019;20(2):20-31.
Salleh KM, Khalid NH, Sulaiman NL, Mohamad MM, Sern LC. Competency of adult learners in learning: application of the iceberg competency model. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015;204(5-6):326-34.
Ahn J-W. Structural equation modeling of cultural competence of nurses caring for foreign patients. Asian nursing research. 2017;11(1):65-73.
Chongwony L, Gardner JL, Tope A. Instructional Design Leadership and Management Competencies: Job Description Analysis. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration. 2020;23(1):1-18.
Moradi S, Kähkönen K, Aaltonen K. Project Managers’ Competencies in Collaborative Construction Projects. Buildings. 2020;10(3):50.
Horak M, Matošková J, Danko L. Development of a cluster manager's competencies towards competitiveness. Journal of Competitiveness. 2020.
Derakhshide H, Ansari ME. The Effects of Managerial Competency and Management Commitment to Employee Empowerment on Employee Job Performance -- Case Study: ENBank Employees. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2015;27(1):73-114.
Gangani N, McLean GN, Braden RA. A competency‐based human resource development strategy. Performance Improvement Quarterly. 2006;19(1):127-39.
Schippmann JS. Competencies, job analysis, and the next generation of modeling. Handbook of workplace assessment. 2010;32:197.
Ehtesham A, Jahangiri A, Agha-Mohammad-Ali Shirazi M, Zahedi SM. Developing a Model to Assess Managers’ General Competencies in the Iranian State-Owned Banks. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2019;32(2):63-90.
Hashemian F, Abbaspour A, Rahimian H, Delavar A, Ghiasi S. Identifying Factors Affecting Competency Improvement of Managers. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2017;30(3):161-80.
Hasani K, Sheikhesmaeili S, Maghsoudi K. Dimensions and Components of Meritocracy in Managers and Employees of Educational Institutions. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2013;26(2):119-40.
Mahmoudi A-H, Abedi A, Heydari Y. Professional Competencies of Educational Directors. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2012;25(1):69-92.
Ekrami M, Rajabzadeh S. Developing the Factors of Managers’ Competency Measurement Scale. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2011;24(3):49-69.
sadraei s, zolfaghari zaferani r, vedadi a. Communication Competency Model for Human Resource Managers of Banking Industry. Journal of Management and Development Process. 2020;32(4):59-91.
Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology. 1975;28(4):563-75.
Lartey FM. Chaos, Complexity, and Contingency Theories: A Comparative Analysis and Application to the 21st Century Organization. Journal of Business Administration Research. 2020;9(1):44-51.
