گذری تحلیلی بر اصول دادرسی منصفانه در امر کیفری در نظام حقوقی ایران و موازین حقوق بین الملل
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی
1 - کارآموز قضاوت، اداره کل آموزش، قوه قضاییه، جمهوری اسلامی ایران، ایران
کلید واژه: ﻗﻀﺎوت, دادرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ, اﺻﻮل دادرﺳﻲ, ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت دادرﺳﻲ, ﺑﻲاﻋﺘﺒﺎرى دادرﺳﻲ.,
چکیده مقاله :
ﻗﻀﺎوت ﻫﻤﻮاره در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ از دﺷﻮارﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﺣﺘﻲ در ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﻣﻘﺪس اﺳﻼم از ﻗﻀﺎوت ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻲ ﭘﺮ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ اﻧﺒﻴﺎء اﻟﻬﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً اﻣﻴﺮاﻟﻤﻮﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻀﺮت ﻋﻠﻲ)ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻼم( ﻧﺎم ﺑﺮده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻗﻀﺎوت ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ از اﻳﻦ رو در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎى ﺟﻬﺎن از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ و ﻓﻘﻪ اﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ را ﺑﺮاى ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ ﻓﺮدى ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻗﺎﺿﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮدى ﻛﻪ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﻗﻀﺎوت ﮔﻤﺎرده ﺷﺪه ﺷﺮوط ﻻزم را ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﺳﺎﺳﻲ در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻛﺸﻮر ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. اﺻﻞ ١٦٣ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ و ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ. از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاردى ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ اﺻﻮل و ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت دادرﺳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان دادرﺳﻲ ﻋﺎدﻻﻧﻪ و ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ از آن ﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﻧﻘﺾ و زﻳﺮ ﭘﺎ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ اﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ دادرﺳﻲ را از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ و ﻋﺎدﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاى ﻗﺎﺿﻲ رﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل دارد. از اﻳﻦ روز ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ آن ﺑﺮاى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﻀﺎوت و ﺧﻼ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﭘﻴﺶ رو ﺑﺎ روش ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاى ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺻﻮل دادرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﭘﺮدازد.
Judging has always been one of the most difficult tasks across all countries throughout history. Even in the sacred Islamic jurisprudence, the role of judges is viewed as a prestigious position, with the highest honor attributed to the Prophet’s successors, especially Imam Ali (PBUH). Different theories have been advanced regarding the judicial process, with some emphasizing that judgment is not merely a task but a role endowed with special responsibilities. Therefore, in all the legal systems worldwide, including Islamic law, specific conditions are set for the selection of individuals for the judicial office, and if these conditions are not met, it results in fundamental issues within the judicial system of that country. Article 163 of the Iranian Constitution also outlines specific criteria for judges, referring to the necessity of fulfilling religious and legal standards. One of the most important obligations a judge must adhere to, in addition to legal provisions, is the adherence to the principles and procedures of fair trial, which are essential for ensuring justice in a legal system. The violation or disregard of these procedures not only disturbs the fairness of the judicial process but also undermines the judicial authority and credibility. Given the significance of maintaining these principles in judicial practice, this research employs a library-based methodology to analyze the principles of a fair trial in the Iranian legal system. The study examines various standards and procedural regulations that are critical for preserving fairness, such as the right to a public hearing, the right to a defense, and the independence of the judiciary. Violating these rights leads to substantial legal consequences for the accused and judicial officials. The objective of this investigation is to highlight the importance of observing these standards for the legal system and society at large.
