طراحی مدار XOR کارامد مبتنی بر منطق نانومغناطیس
محورهای موضوعی : مهندسی برق و کامپیوترسمیرا سیدصالحی 1 , زینب آزادی مطلق 2
1 - دانشگاه آزاد تهران جنوب
2 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران جنوب
کلید واژه: سلول نانومغناطيسيگيت اکثريتمدار XORمنطق نانومغناطیسنانوالكترونيك,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف این مقاله ارائه طرحی جدید و کارامد برای مدار XOR بر پایه تکنولوژی منطق نانومغناطیس در راستای تحقق‌بخشیدن به پیاده‌سازی مدارهای محاسباتی نانومغناطیسی از جمله جمع‌کننده، تفریق‌کننده و ضرب‌کننده می‌باشد. منطق نانومغناطیس به دلايلي از جمله سرعت بسيار بالا، توان مصرفي به شدت پايين، قابليت مجتمع‌سازي و کارکرد در دمای اتاق، یک جایگزین مناسب برای تکنولوژی ساخت ترانزیستورهای متعارف است. برای پیشبرد هدف این پژوهش، ابتدا به معرفی گیت‌های اکثریت در فناوری نانومغناطیس پرداخته می‌شود و سپس دو طرح کارامد با کمترین مساحت، کمترین تعداد المان نانومغناطیس و کمترین تأخیر برای XOR بر اساس یک گیت اقلیت سه ورودی و یک گیت اکثریت پنج ورودی پیشنهاد می‌شوند. المان‌های پایه مورد استفاده در این دو طرح از نوع سلول‌های نانومغناطیس عمودی متشکل از مواد Co/Pt، به دلیل مزیت‌های نسبی این ماده هستند. در جهت ایجاد عملکرد درست مدار همچنین نیاز به اعمال ساعت است که در این پژوهش ایجاد پارامتر ساعت با یک میدان مغناطیسی خارجی یکنواخت اعمال می‌شود. برای پیاده‌سازی این مدارها از ابزار MagCAD و برای بررسی صحت عملکرد این مدارها از شبیه‌ساز Modelsim استفاده شده است. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این شبیه‌سازی می‌توان گفت که طرح پیشنهادی XOR سه ورودی تک‌لایه‌ای و چندلایه‌ای پیشنهادی در تعداد گیت‌ها به ترتیب 50% و 25%، در تأخیر به ترتیب 80% و 80% و در تعداد المان‌های به کار رفته به ترتیب 23% و 21% نسبت به پژوهش مشابه دارای عملکرد بهتری هستند.
The aim of this paper is to suggest new and efficient designs for XOR circuits based on nanomagnetic logic technology in order to implementation of nanomagnetic computational circuits such as adders, subtractors and multipliers. Nanomagnetic logic due to its properties such as very high speed, low power consumption, scalability and working on room temperature is a suitable alternative for conventional transistor technology. First, nanomagnetic majority gates are introduced then two efficient designs with minimum area, minimum number of nanomagnetic elements and lowest delays for XOR circuits are proposed based on a three-input minority gate and a five-input majority gate. Basic elements in these designs are out-of-plane nanomagnetic cells made of Co/Pt, due to relative advantages of this alloy. Clocking field which is an external uniform magnetic field is required for proper performance of these proposed circuits. MagCAD tool was used for implementation of these designs, and the accuracy of operation of these circuits was proved by applying Modelsim simulator. According to the results of this simulation, it is shown that the proposed single layer and multilayer three-input XOR gates have improvement in comparison to the state-of-art design in number of gates 50% and 25%, in delay 80% and 80%, and in the number of elements 23% and 21%, respectively.
[1] م. حاجی‌رحیمی و ا. ا. کبیر، "طراحي عملگر گسترش تصاوير دوسطحي در تكنولوژي CMOS با توان كم و سرعت بالا،" نشریه مهندسی برق و مهندسی کامپیوتر ایران، سال 6، شماره 4، صص. 278-286، زمستان 1387.
[2] L. A. Ponomarenko, et al., "Chaotic Dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots." Science, vol. 320, no. 5874, pp.356-358, Apr. 2008.
[3] S. Wolf, et al., "Spintronics: a spin-based electronics vision for the future," Science, vol. 294, no. 5546, pp. 1488-1495, Nov. 2001.
[4] C. S. Lent, P. D. Tougaw, W. Porod, and G. H. Bernstein, "Quantum cellular automata," Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 49-57, Jan. 1993.
[5] S. Lin, Y. B. Kim, and F. Lombardi, "A novel CNTFET-based ternary logic gate design," in Proc. 52nd IEEE Int. Midwest Symp. on Circuits and Systems, MWSCAS'09, pp. 435-438, Cancun, Mexico, 2-5 Aug. 2009.
[6] G. Turvani, L. D'Alessandro, and M. Vacca, "Physical simulations of high speed and low power nanomagnet logic circuits," J. of Low Power Electronics and Applications, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 37-52, Oct. 2018.
[7] S. X. Hu, J. Nahas, M. T. Niemier, and A. Orlov, "Nanomagnet logic (NML)," Field-Coupled Nanocomputing: Paradigms, Progress, and Perspectives, vol. 8280, pp. 21-32, May 2014.
[8] A. Imre, G. Csaba, L. Ji, A. Orlov, G. Bernstein, and W. Porod, "Majority logic gate for magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata," Science, vol. 311, no. 5758, pp. 205-208, Jan. 2006.
[9] M. Niemier, et al., "Clocking structures and power analysis for nanomagnet-based logic devices," in Proc. of the Int. Symp. on Low Power Electronics and Design, pp. 26-31, Portland, OR, USA, 27-29 Aug. 2007.
[10] R. Cowburn and M. Welland, "Room temperature magnetic quantum cellular automata," Science, vol. 287, no. 5457, pp. 1466-1468, Feb. 2000.
[11] A. Orlov, A. Imre, G. Csaba, L. Ji, W. Porod, and G. Bernstein, "Magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata: recent developments and prospects," J. of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 55-68, Mar. 2008.
[12] T. R. Soares, I. F. Silva, L. G. Melo, and O. P. V. Neto, "A new methodology for design and simulation of NML circuits," in Proc. IEEE 7th Latin American Symp. on Circuits & Systems, LASCAS'16, pp. 259-262, Florianopolis, Brazil, 28 Feb.-2 Mar. 2016.
[13] X. Yang, L. Cai, and Q. Kang, "Magnetic quantum cellular automata-based logic computation structure: a full-adder study," J. of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 621-625, Apr. 2012.
[14] B. Zhang, X. Yang, Z. Wang, and M. Zhang, "Innovative orderly programmable in-plane majority gates using trapezoid shape nanomagnet logic devices," Micro & Nano Letters, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 359-362, May 2014.
[15] T. R. Soares, J. G. N. Rahmeier, V. C. De Lima, L. Lascasas, L. G. C. Melo, and O. P. V. Neto, "NMLSim: a nanomagnetic logic (NML) circuit designer and simulation tool," J. of Computational Electronics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1370-1381, Sept. 2018.
[16] J. Kiermaier, S. Breitkreutz, X. Ju, G. Csaba, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel, and M. Becherer, "Field-coupled computing: investigating the properties of ferromagnetic nanodots," Solid-State Electronics, vol. 65, pp. 240-245, Nov. 2011.
[17] J. F. Pulecio and S. Bhanja, "Magnetic cellular automata coplanar cross wire systems," J. of Applied Physics, vol. 107, no. 3, Article ID 034308, Feb. 2010.
[18] S. Breitkreutz, et al., "Experimental demonstration of a 1-bit full adder in perpendicular nanomagnetic logic," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 4464-4467, Jul. 2013.
[19] C. Vieu, et al., "Modifications of magnetic properties of Pt/Co/Pt thin layers by focused gallium ion beam irradiation," J. of Applied Physics, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 3103-3110, Mar. 2002.
[20] S. Breitkreutz, J. Kiermaier, S. Vijay Karthik, G. Csaba, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel, and M. Becherer, "Controlled reversal of Co/Pt dots for nanomagnetic logic applications," J. of Applied Physics, vol. 111, no. 7, Article ID 07A715, Apr. 2012.
[21] S. Breitkreutz, J. Kiermaier, X. Ju, G. Csaba, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel, and M. Becherer, "Nanomagnetic logic: demonstration of directed signal flow for field-coupled computing devices," in Proc. IEEE Proceedings of the European Solid-State Device Research Conf., ESSDERC'11, pp. 323-326, Helsinki, Finland, 12-16 Sept. 2011.
[22] M. Vacca, et al., "Electric clock for nanomagnet logic circuits," Field-Coupled Nanocomputing, vol. 8280, pp. 73-110, Jun. 2014.
[23] X. Ju, M. T. Niemier, M. Becherer, W. Porod, P. Lugli, and G. J. I. T. O. N. Csaba, "Systolic pattern matching hardware with out-of-plane nanomagnet logic devices," IEEE Trans. on Nanotechnology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 399-407, Mar. 2013.
[24] I. Eichwald, et al., "Nanomagnetic logic: error-free, directed signal transmission by an inverter chain," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 4332-4335, Oct. 2012.
[25] A. Orlov, et al., "Magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata: recent developments and prospects," Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 55-68, Mar. 2008.
[26] E. Varga, M. T. Niemier, G. Csaba, G. H. Bernstein, and W. Porod, "Experimental realization of a nanomagnet full adder using slanted-edge magnets," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 4452-4455, Jul. 2013.
[27] F. Riente, U. Garlando, G. Turvani, M. Vacca, M. R. Roch, and M. Graziano, "MagCAD: tool for the design of 3-D magnetic circuits," IEEE J. on Exploratory Solid-State Computational Devices and Circuits, vol. 3, pp. 65-73, Sept. 2017.
[28] U. Garlando and F. Riente, "ToPoliNano & MagCAD: a complete framework for design and simulation of digital circuits based on emerging technologies," in Proc. IEEE 15th Int. Conf. on Synthesis, Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Methods and Applications to Circuit Design, SMACD'18, pp. 153-156, Jul. 2018.
[29] A. Papp, et al., "Threshold gate-based circuits from nanomagnetic logic," IEEE Trans. on Nanotechnology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 990-996, Sept. 2014.
[30] S. Breitkreutz, et al., "Experimental demonstration of a 1-bit full adder in perpendicular nanomagnetic logic," IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 4464-4467, Jul. 2013.
