بررسی تطبیقی قوانین حمایتی اطفال و نوجوانان در ایران و مصر
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق کودک
1 - استادیار، گروه آموزشی حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق کیفری اطفال و نوجوانان، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: مسؤولیت کیفری, اطفال و نوجوانان, ایران, مصر, اسناد بین‌المللی,
چکیده مقاله :
پژوهش حاضر با مطالعه قوانین و مقررات ایران و مصر راجع به کودکان و نوجوانان و اسناد و موازین بین‌المللی از جمله کنوانسیون حقوق کودک و مقررات پکن به تطبیق موضوعاتی چون قوانین حمایتی راجع به اطفال و نوجوانان در ایران و مصر، حداقل و حداکثر سن مسؤولیت کیفری، نوع و میزان مسؤولیت کیفری در دوره‌های سنی مختلف در دو کشور ایران و مصرپرداخته است و با تحلیل و بررسی موضوعات مذکور میزان انطباق دو کشور ایران و مصر با موازین بین‌المللی را مورد مداقه قرار داده است. حاصل پژوهش این است که کشور ما در تدوین قوانین حمایتی اطفال و نوجوانان اصول قانون‌نویسی رعایت نشده است، وضع قوانین متعدد و پراکنده در قبل و بعد از انقلاب اصل قابل دسترس‌بودن قوانین را مخدوش نموده است و این موضوع حمایت از کودکان و نوجوانان را با مشکل مواجه می‌کند و مانع تحقق عدالت است. در قانون مصر حداقل سن مسؤولیت کیفری را در تمام جرائم 12 سال و حداکثر سن مسؤولیت کیفری 18 و سن رشد در معاملات مدنی را 21 سال تمام میلادی است، در حالی که قانون ما با توجه به تقسیم‌بندی جرائم به حدود، قصاص و تعزیرات رویکرد یکسانی نسبت به حداقل و حداکثر سن مسؤولیت کیفری نداشته و این اقدام مخالف صریح مقررات بین‌المللی است.
This study was conducted by reviewing the laws and regulations of Iran and Egypt concerning children and adolescents, and also international standards such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Beijing Rules as well to compare and analyze issues including children and adolescents protection rules in Iran and Egypt, the minimum and maximum age of criminal responsibility, type and extent of criminal responsibility in different age groups in both Iran and Egypt. Then, the extent of compliance of two countries rules with international rules was assessed. Our results revealed that Iran has not complied with the principles of legislation in drafting the protection laws for children and adolescents. The adoption of numerous and dispersed laws in the pre and post revolution has undermined the principle of accessibility of the law, then these circumstances make it difficult to protect children and adolescents with It is a problem and finally prevent the realization of access to justice. In Egypt, the minimum and maximum age for criminal responsibility is 12 and 18 years, respectively, also the minimum age of civilian custody is 21 years, while in Iran’s law, there is not the same approach regarding minimum and maximum age of criminal responsibility due to punishments of crimes are classified into discretionary, retaliate. This result has controversy with international regulations.
1. Ali Mohammad J. History of Laws an Introduction to the Study of Customary Laws. Beirut: Academic Institute for Studies and Publication; 1998. p.29.
2. Heidary H, Khaksar Arani J. Comparative study of Hebrew and Hammurabi penal codes. Criminal Law J 2014; 3(8): 115-143.
3. Zare T. Investigating the Criminal Protection of Children in Iranian Law &International Documents. Tehran: Master's thesis, University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences; 2005.
4. Moazen Zadegan H. The evolution of protective criminal law, children and juvenile in Iranian law. The Judiciary Law J 2008; 1(62-63): 15-40.
5. Bavi H. Criminal Protection of Victim Children and Juveniles in Iranian and Egyption laws. Tehran: Master's thesis, Allame Tabataba’i University, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences; 2018.
6. Jassim Mohammed al-Hamdani SH. Criminal Responsibility for a Child between Sharia and international law. Jordan: Master's Thesis, Middle East University, Faculty of Law; 2014-2015.
7. Marmoon R. The Effect of Child Right Treaty on Juvenile Justice System. Algeria: University of Constantine 1 (University of Mentouri Brothers Constantine); 1013.
8. Egyption child law Law No.12 of 1996 adopted law No.126 of 2008.
9. Markaz Malmiri A, Mahdizade M. Scattered Legislation in Iranian Legistative System. Public Law J 2015; 17(47): 157-184.
10. Rajab Zadeh I. The Challenges of Iran's Criminal Legislation after the Islamic Revolution. Babbolsar: Mazandaran University, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences; 2012.
11. Rohami M. Criminal Liability. Law and Political Sciences J 2002; 1(58): 167-198.
12. Saboori M, Alavi F. Juveniles Age of Criminal Responsibility in Islamic Penal Code. Criminal Law Research 2013; 6(1): 171-194.
13. Convention on the Rights of the Child.
14. Provisions of Beijing adopted by General Assembly resolution 33/40 of 29 1985, November.
15. Asadi Gandomani F. Juveniles Age of Criminal Responsibility in Iran criminal law whith a view to the Islamic Penal Code. Yazd: Master’s Thesis, Islamic Azad University; 2016.
16. Jamshidi A. Discourse on Criminal Policy in the Judicial Bill on the Establishment of the Children's and Juvenile Court. The Judiciary Law J 2003; 1(45): 61-102.
17. The Constitution of Egypt amended. 2014.
18. The Civil Law of Egypt No. 131 of 1948.
19. Jafari Langrudi J. Law Terminilogy. Tehran: Ganje Danesh; 1990.p. 335.
20. Najafi MH. Javaher alkalam fi Sharaye Islam. Beirut: Dar Ehya Altarat Alarabi; 1981. p.4-5.
21. Jebei Ameli Z. Al-Roze albahiyat. Qom: Elmiyeh Qom; 1395. p.65-66.
22. Abachi M. Child Criminal law in United Nations Documents. Tehran: Majd Publication; 1395. p.10.
23. Aloji M. Criminal Responsibility in Economical Institute. Beirut: Nofel Institute; 1982. p.27.
24. Heidari M. Comparative Assessment of Penal Responsibility Age - According to Islamic Juris Pradent - International Documents and Islamic Penal Code. Quarteriy Journal of Comparative Study Islamic and Western Law 2016; 3(1): 91-114.
25. Sharif SK. Criminal Protection of Children Rights. Cairo: Dar ah-Nahzat al-Aradia; 2014. p.58.
26. Egyptian Penal Code No.58 of 1937 amending. 2018.
