چالشهای اجرای آرای حضانت در ایران و راهکارهای حقوقی برای تضمین استرداد طفل
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق خانواده
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی ، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم نسانی، واحد قایم شهر ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قایم شهر ، ایران.
2 - استادیار حقوق خصوصی ، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد قایم شهر ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قایم شهر ، ایران.
کلید واژه: حضانت, استرداد طفل, اجرای احکام, حقوق خانواده, قانون حمایت خانواده, قاعده لا ضرر.,
چکیده مقاله :
اجرای آرای حضانت در نظام حقوقی ایران، بهرغم پیشبینی ضمانتاجراهای قانونی در مواد ۴۰ و ۴۱ قانون حمایت خانواده ۱۳۹۱ و مقررات فصل نهم قانون اجرای احکام مدنی، همچنان با چالشهای اساسی مواجه است. تأخیر در استرداد طفل، امتناع والد از تحویل، نبود نهادهای اجرایی تخصصی و ابهام در نحوه همکاری نیروی انتظامی از مهمترین مشکلات است. این مقاله با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و بهرهگیری از منابع فقهی امامیه، قوانین موضوعه و رویه قضایی، به تحلیل موانع موجود و ارائۀ راهکارهایی برای تضمین اجرای مؤثر آرای حضانت میپردازد. در این راستا، ضمن تبیین مبانی فقهی اجبار در استرداد طفل بر پایه قاعده «لا ضرر» و «حفظالولد»، سازوکارهای حقوق تطبیقی و مقررات بینالمللی مانند کنوانسیون لاهه ۱۹۸۰ بررسی میگردد. یافتهها نشان میدهد خلأ آییننامههای اجرایی، نبود ضمانتاجراهای کیفری مؤثر و فقدان مراجع میانجی خانواده از عوامل ضعف اجرای احکام حضانت در ایران است.
The enforcement of custody judgments in the Iranian legal system, despite the existence of legal enforcement guarantees provided in Articles 40 and 41 of the 2012 Family Protection Act and the provisions of Chapter Nine of the Civil Judgments Enforcement Act, continues to face serious challenges. Delays in the return of the child, refusal by a parent to surrender custody, the absence of specialized enforcement bodies, and ambiguity regarding the manner of cooperation by law enforcement authorities are among the most significant problems.This article, employing a descriptive–analytical method and drawing upon Imami jurisprudential sources, statutory laws, and judicial practice, examines the existing obstacles and proposes solutions to ensure the effective enforcement of custody judgments. In this regard, the jurisprudential foundations for compulsory restitution of the child, based on the principles of “no harm” (lā ḍarar) and “protection of the child” (ḥifẓ al‑walad), are explained, and comparative legal mechanisms as well as international instruments, such as the 1980 Hague Convention, are analyzed.The findings indicate that the lack of executive bylaws, the absence of effective criminal enforcement measures, and the nonexistence of family mediation authorities are key factors contributing to the weakness in the enforcement of custody judgments in Iran.
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